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stylas stylas
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12 years ago
from Human Anatomy and Physiology Marieb 8th Edition Test Bank
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12 years ago
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stylas Author
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12 years ago
Endocrine System: Endocrine System Review

Endocrine System: Biochemistry, Secretion and Transport of Hormones

1.   Place the following hormones into one of the three categories of hormones (peptides, amines or steroids): T4 (thyroxin), estradiol, norepinephrine, insulin, aldosterone, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, T3 (triiodothyronine), epinephrine, testosterone and vasopressin (ADH).
Peptides   Amines   Steroids
      

2.   Peptide hormones are synthesized as large precursor hormones called ______________.  The hormones (or prohormones) are stored in _______  ________ and released from the cell by ___________.  Do peptide hormones require a carrier in the blood stream?
3.   Catecholemines are produced in the _________ of the adrenal gland and are classified as  ___________ hormones since they are derived from ___________.  Stimulation of the chromaffin cells causes an influx of ________ ions, which causes the vesicles to merge with the plasma membrane and release the hormone by __________.  Are catecholemines water-soluble or lipid-soluble? 
4.   Thyroid hormones include two molecules called _____and ____.  T3 consists of two ________ molecules plus ___ iodine molecules and is (more or less) abundant than T4.  Are carriers required for the transport of thyroid hormones?
5.   All steroid hormones are derived from ____________, which steroid hormone is produced is determined by the _________ present in the cell.   The common precursor molecule for all steroid hormones is _______________.  Steroid hormones enter the blood stream by __________ and __________ (do or do not) require a carrier.  The rate of secretion of steroid hormones is (faster or slower) than catecholemines because steroid hormones are not ____________.
6.   Preganglionic sympathetic fibers trigger the release of  ___________ and __________ (hormones) from the ________  _______ (gland), this is an example of neural regulation of hormone secretion.
7.   Two examples of hormonal regulation of hormone secretion include: 1) the negative feedback of T3 & T4 to decrease _____ levels; and 2) the negative feedback of cortisol which decreases both ______ and _____ levels. 
8.   Besides increased levels of plasma glucose and amino acids (humoral regulation), increased levels of both  _______ (hormone) and the __________ nervous system increase plasma insulin levels.
9.   Some hormones are released in rhythmic 24 hour patterns know as _____________ rhythms.  _____________ is a hormone where stressful stimuli can override this pattern and increase the plasma hormone levels.  In contrast, _______ hormones (amine hormones) are an example where large amounts of the hormones are bound to carrier proteins in the plasma forming a large circulating reservoir.  Thus, acute changes do not produce large changes in the plasma level of this hormone.
10.   The _______ and _________ are the major organs that metabolize hormones. The type of hormone determines how fast they are metabolized.  _________ and ____________ are rapidly metabolized, while __________ and _________ take longer to metabolize.

11.   Nuclei in the ventral hypothalamus produce two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary.  Name the two nuclei that produce these hormones and name the two hormones, one of which is important for water balance.





Endocrine System: The Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis

1.   The anterior pituitary is composed of __________ tissue.  Name the six classic hormones whose functions are well known.
   a.
   b.
   c.
   d.
   e.
   f.
2.   TRH, GNRH, CRH etc. are known as ____________ hypothalamic hormones which regulate the function of the _________ pituitary.  These hormones are released into capillary beds and carried directly to the pituitary by the __________ ________  ________ located in the __________________.
3.   _____________ and ________________, the posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the ____________ and _______________ nuclei of the hypothalamus.  They are stored in the axon terminals located in the __________ pituitary.  Similar to neurotransmitters, an ________ ________ in the neuron causes their release.
4.   In negative feedback, the target hormone feeds back to alter the release of the anterior or hypothalamic hormones thus (increasing or decreasing) its own release.
5.   Give an example of a hormone that has negative feedback mainly to the anterior pituitary.  __________
Give an example of a hormone that has negative feedback to both the anterior pituitary and the ventral hypothalamus.  ____________
6.   Prolactin is unique in that the main ventral hypothalamic hormone regulating its secretion (___________), inhibits its release.
____________ (hormone) increases prolactin release.   Very high levels of this hormone during pregnancy actually block the effect of prolactin on milk production.
7.   _________ hormones are necessary for the release of __________ hormone.  This is an example of modulation of a hormone by a target hormone of another series.
8.   Suckling of an infant causes milk letdown by stimulating what hormone? ____________
   Changes in osmolarity detected by chemically sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus will alter what hormone’s level? ______________
9.   Cortisol release is synchronized by the light/dark cycle and has a 24 hour pattern of secretion known as a _____________ rhythm.  Levels are highest at what part of the day? ___________
10.   Besides controlling levels of T3 and T4, TSH also promotes __________ of the thyroid gland.  T3 and T4 are carried in the blood stream bound to _________ ________ because they are (hydrophilic or lipophilic).
11.   T3 and T4 enter the target cells by __________ and bind to receptors located ______________.  T3 and T4 are synthesized from ___________ and __________.
12.   Which of the following would be symptoms of hypothyroidism also known as ___________?
         lethargy    or    hyperexcitability
         high BMR    or    low BMR
         high heart rate or    low to normal heart rate
         feeling cold   or    sweating
         weight loss   or    weight gain   
13.   Lack of dietary iodine would cause (primary or secondary) hypothyroidism and the patient would probably get an iodine-deficient _________.
14.   Graves’ disease is the most common cause of primary ___________________.  The body secretes _________ __________ ____________, which mimics the action of TSH and thus may cause a ___________ as well as high levels of thyroid hormones.


Endocrine System: The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells

1.   The receptor is activated by the input signal that is the ______________.
This signal causes a biochemical change in the cell.  Name three of the five possible changes listed.   _________________
            _________________
            _________________
2.   Water soluble proteins such as __________ and ______________ bind to receptors located where on the cell? __________________
3.   G proteins:
   -What is bound to the G protein in the inactive state? ________ In the active state? __________
   -What catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP? _________  _________
   -What is known as the first messenger?  _________Second messenger? _________
   -A molecule of cAMP activates  ________ ________ __, which can phosphorylate many proteins.
   -A single molecule of a hormone can have a large effect on the cell due to this process called ___________.
   -What is the enzyme that inactivates cAMP? _________________
4.   Insulin:
   -Insulin decreases plasma glucose, amino acids and fatty acids by stimulating the conversion of them to their storage form.  Name these storage forms.
      glucose        ? _____________
      amino acids ? ____________
      fatty acids    ?  ____________
- Conversion to the storage form is known as _________ metabolism.
   -After a meal, high levels of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids lead to a/an (decrease or increase) in insulin secretion.
   -The autonomic nervous system also regulates insulin secretion.  What effects would the sympathetic and parasympathetic system have on insulin secretion?
      Sympathetic       ? ____________
      Parasympathetic ? ____________
    -Insulin travels in the blood and binds to what type of receptors on the cell membrane? _________
-What is the approximate half-life of insulin?  _________
   -What hormone increases plasma glucose levels?  _________ This hormone breaks down the storage forms and this is known as __________ metabolism.
5.   Diabetes:
   -Type (1 or 2) diabetes is characterized by a resistance of the target cells to insulin.  Plasma insulin levels are normal or high.
   -In type 1 diabetes, the lack of insulin and glycogenolysis in the liver leads to (hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia).
   - With the increase in filtration of glucose at the kidneys the carriers become ________ and glucose appears in the urine, also known as ___________.
   -Glucose acts as an _________ __________ leading to increased urine flow.
   -Increased lipolysis produces an increase in _______ ______ which when used as fuel produces _________.
   - The presence of these in plasma and urine is known respectively as ___________ and ___________.
6.   -Lipid soluble hormones such as _________ and __________ hormone bind to receptors located _______________.
   -Once the hormone binds to the receptor, the ___________ dissociates from the receptor complex.
   -The hormone receptor complexes act as ____________ _________.
-The receptor-hormone complex then binds to ______.
-The mRNA produces _________________ that catalyze biochemical reactions in the cell.
7.   Cortisol is classified as a ________ hormone.  Name 4 major actions of Cortisol.
      _____________________      _______________________
      _____________________      _______________________
   These actions are important for the stress response.
8.   The main function of thyroid hormones is: ______________________.
   Three other specific functions include:
            ___________________________
            ___________________________
            _________________________


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bio_manbio_man
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stylas Author
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12 years ago
thanks! so i would have to start a new forum for each of the other two topic areas?
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Educator
12 years ago
thanks! so i would have to start a new forum for each of the other two topic areas?

Yes, a new topic for each section...
wrote...
12 years ago
Please need Help! Help! Any body have solution below questions
Endocrine System: Endocrine System Review

Endocrine System: Biochemistry, Secretion and Transport of Hormones

1.   Place the following hormones into one of the three categories of hormones (peptides, amines or steroids): T4 (thyroxin), estradiol, norepinephrine, insulin, aldosterone, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, T3 (triiodothyronine), epinephrine, testosterone and vasopressin (ADH).
Peptides   Amines   Steroids
     

2.   Peptide hormones are synthesized as large precursor hormones called ______________.  The hormones (or prohormones) are stored in _______  ________ and released from the cell by ___________.  Do peptide hormones require a carrier in the blood stream?
3.   Catecholemines are produced in the _________ of the adrenal gland and are classified as  ___________ hormones since they are derived from ___________.  Stimulation of the chromaffin cells causes an influx of ________ ions, which causes the vesicles to merge with the plasma membrane and release the hormone by __________.  Are catecholemines water-soluble or lipid-soluble? 
4.   Thyroid hormones include two molecules called _____and ____.  T3 consists of two ________ molecules plus ___ iodine molecules and is (more or less) abundant than T4.  Are carriers required for the transport of thyroid hormones?
5.   All steroid hormones are derived from ____________, which steroid hormone is produced is determined by the _________ present in the cell.   The common precursor molecule for all steroid hormones is _______________.  Steroid hormones enter the blood stream by __________ and __________ (do or do not) require a carrier.  The rate of secretion of steroid hormones is (faster or slower) than catecholemines because steroid hormones are not ____________.
6.   Preganglionic sympathetic fibers trigger the release of  ___________ and __________ (hormones) from the ________  _______ (gland), this is an example of neural regulation of hormone secretion.
7.   Two examples of hormonal regulation of hormone secretion include: 1) the negative feedback of T3 & T4 to decrease _____ levels; and 2) the negative feedback of cortisol which decreases both ______ and _____ levels. 
8.   Besides increased levels of plasma glucose and amino acids (humoral regulation), increased levels of both  _______ (hormone) and the __________ nervous system increase plasma insulin levels.
9.   Some hormones are released in rhythmic 24 hour patterns know as _____________ rhythms.  _____________ is a hormone where stressful stimuli can override this pattern and increase the plasma hormone levels.  In contrast, _______ hormones (amine hormones) are an example where large amounts of the hormones are bound to carrier proteins in the plasma forming a large circulating reservoir.  Thus, acute changes do not produce large changes in the plasma level of this hormone.
10.   The _______ and _________ are the major organs that metabolize hormones. The type of hormone determines how fast they are metabolized.  _________ and ____________ are rapidly metabolized, while __________ and _________ take longer to metabolize.

11.   Nuclei in the ventral hypothalamus produce two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary.  Name the two nuclei that produce these hormones and name the two hormones, one of which is important for water balance.





Endocrine System: The Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis

1.   The anterior pituitary is composed of __________ tissue.  Name the six classic hormones whose functions are well known.
   a.
   b.
   c.
   d.
   e.
   f.
2.   TRH, GNRH, CRH etc. are known as ____________ hypothalamic hormones which regulate the function of the _________ pituitary.  These hormones are released into capillary beds and carried directly to the pituitary by the __________ ________  ________ located in the __________________.
3.   _____________ and ________________, the posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the ____________ and _______________ nuclei of the hypothalamus.  They are stored in the axon terminals located in the __________ pituitary.  Similar to neurotransmitters, an ________ ________ in the neuron causes their release.
4.   In negative feedback, the target hormone feeds back to alter the release of the anterior or hypothalamic hormones thus (increasing or decreasing) its own release.
5.   Give an example of a hormone that has negative feedback mainly to the anterior pituitary.  __________
Give an example of a hormone that has negative feedback to both the anterior pituitary and the ventral hypothalamus.  ____________
6.   Prolactin is unique in that the main ventral hypothalamic hormone regulating its secretion (___________), inhibits its release.
____________ (hormone) increases prolactin release.   Very high levels of this hormone during pregnancy actually block the effect of prolactin on milk production.
7.   _________ hormones are necessary for the release of __________ hormone.  This is an example of modulation of a hormone by a target hormone of another series.
8.   Suckling of an infant causes milk letdown by stimulating what hormone? ____________
   Changes in osmolarity detected by chemically sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus will alter what hormone’s level? ______________
9.   Cortisol release is synchronized by the light/dark cycle and has a 24 hour pattern of secretion known as a _____________ rhythm.  Levels are highest at what part of the day? ___________
10.   Besides controlling levels of T3 and T4, TSH also promotes __________ of the thyroid gland.  T3 and T4 are carried in the blood stream bound to _________ ________ because they are (hydrophilic or lipophilic).
11.   T3 and T4 enter the target cells by __________ and bind to receptors located ______________.  T3 and T4 are synthesized from ___________ and __________.
12.   Which of the following would be symptoms of hypothyroidism also known as ___________?
         lethargy    or    hyperexcitability
         high BMR    or    low BMR
         high heart rate or    low to normal heart rate
         feeling cold   or    sweating
         weight loss   or    weight gain   
13.   Lack of dietary iodine would cause (primary or secondary) hypothyroidism and the patient would probably get an iodine-deficient _________.
14.   Graves’ disease is the most common cause of primary ___________________ .  The body secretes _________ __________ ____________, which mimics the action of TSH and thus may cause a ___________ as well as high levels of thyroid hormones.


Endocrine System: The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells

1.   The receptor is activated by the input signal that is the ______________.
This signal causes a biochemical change in the cell.  Name three of the five possible changes listed.   _________________
            _________________
            _________________
2.   Water soluble proteins such as __________ and ______________ bind to receptors located where on the cell? __________________
3.   G proteins:
   -What is bound to the G protein in the inactive state? ________ In the active state? __________
   -What catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP? _________  _________
   -What is known as the first messenger?  _________Second messenger? _________
   -A molecule of cAMP activates  ________ ________ __, which can phosphorylate many proteins.
   -A single molecule of a hormone can have a large effect on the cell due to this process called ___________.
   -What is the enzyme that inactivates cAMP? _________________
4.   Insulin:
   -Insulin decreases plasma glucose, amino acids and fatty acids by stimulating the conversion of them to their storage form.  Name these storage forms.
      glucose        ? _____________
      amino acids ? ____________
      fatty acids    ?  ____________
- Conversion to the storage form is known as _________ metabolism.
   -After a meal, high levels of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids lead to a/an (decrease or increase) in insulin secretion.
   -The autonomic nervous system also regulates insulin secretion.  What effects would the sympathetic and parasympathetic system have on insulin secretion?
      Sympathetic       ? ____________
      Parasympathetic ? ____________
    -Insulin travels in the blood and binds to what type of receptors on the cell membrane? _________
-What is the approximate half-life of insulin?  _________
   -What hormone increases plasma glucose levels?  _________ This hormone breaks down the storage forms and this is known as __________ metabolism.
5.   Diabetes:
   -Type (1 or 2) diabetes is characterized by a resistance of the target cells to insulin.  Plasma insulin levels are normal or high.
   -In type 1 diabetes, the lack of insulin and glycogenolysis in the liver leads to (hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia).
   - With the increase in filtration of glucose at the kidneys the carriers become ________ and glucose appears in the urine, also known as ___________.
   -Glucose acts as an _________ __________ leading to increased urine flow.
   -Increased lipolysis produces an increase in _______ ______ which when used as fuel produces _________.
   - The presence of these in plasma and urine is known respectively as ___________ and ___________.
6.   -Lipid soluble hormones such as _________ and __________ hormone bind to receptors located _______________.
   -Once the hormone binds to the receptor, the ___________ dissociates from the receptor complex.
   -The hormone receptor complexes act as ____________ _________.
-The receptor-hormone complex then binds to ______.
-The mRNA produces _________________ that catalyze biochemical reactions in the cell.
7.   Cortisol is classified as a ________ hormone.  Name 4 major actions of Cortisol.
      _____________________      _______________________
      _____________________      _______________________
   These actions are important for the stress response.
8.   The main function of thyroid hormones is: ___________________ ___.
   Three other specific functions include:
            ___________________________
            ___________________________
            _________________________
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