1) Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having
a)a sufficient colony of H. pylori.
b)a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.
c) a high level of secretion by chief cells.
d) a high level of secretion from parietal cells.
e) secretions enter the stomach from the pancreas.
3) To maintain adequate nutrition, animals require dietary access to certain amino acids. An amino acid that is referred to as "nonessential" would be best described as one that
a) can be made by the animal's body from other substances.
b)is not used by the animal in biosynthesis.
c) must be ingested in the diet.
d) is not readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.
e) is not found in many proteins.
4) After ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is
a) proteins.
b) carbohydrates.
c) cholesterol and other lipids.
d) nucleic acids.
e) minerals
5) A neuron consists of _____.
a) a cell body, dendrites, and axons
b) a cell body, matrix, and myosin
c) effectors, actin, and striated muscle fibers
d) sarcomeres, axons, and dendrites
e) none of the above
6) An example of a connective tissue is the
a)skin.
b) nerves.
c) blood.
d) smooth muscle.
e)cuboidal epithelium.
7) Humans can lose, but not gain, heat through the process of
a) conduction.
b) convection.
c) radiation.
d) evaporation.
e) metabolism.
8) In most animals, food is digested by _____, _____ are absorbed by body cells, and most energy-containing molecules are used to generate _____.
a) acids; nutrients; ATP
b) blood cells; nutrients; DNA
c) enzymatic hydrolysis; DNA and RNA; more cells
d) enzymatic hydrolysis; nutrients; ATP
e) mitochondria; carbon dioxide; DNA
9) All skeletal muscle fibers are both
a) smooth and under involuntary control.
b) smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibers.
c) striated and under voluntary control.
d) smooth and under voluntary control.
e) striated and electrically coupled to neighboring fibers.
10) Interstitial fluid is _____.
a) the internal environment inside animal cells
b) identical to the composition of blood
c) the route for the exchange of materials between body cells and their environments
d) found only in the lumen of the small intestine
e) any place beneath the skin
11) When a jogger starts to run, the rate at which his muscles produce CO2 rises sharply. But the CO2 in his blood rises only slightly before he starts to breathe faster and his heart starts beating stronger. Soon his increased rate of CO2 production is balanced by an increased rate of CO2 removal. This would be an example of _____ feedback because the jogger's circulatory and respiratory systems are _____.
a) negative; acting to oppose the increase of CO2 from the preferred concentration
b) positive; improving the operating conditions in the jogger's body
c) negative; acting in opposition to one another
d) positive; decreasing the CO2 concentration
e) positive; restoring the CO2 concentration to the set point
12)Of the following, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion difference is
a)simple squamous epithelium.
b) simple cuboidal epithelium.
c) simple columnar epithelium.
d) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
e) stratified squamous epithelium.
14) Humid weather makes you feel warmer because humid air, which is saturated with water molecules _____.
a) holds warm water vapor
b) interferes with heat loss by conduction
c) interferes with heat loss by evaporation
d) increases metabolic heat production
e) prevents countercurrent heat exchange from occurring
15) Obesity in humans is most clearly linked to
a) type 1 diabetes and prostate cancer.
b) type 1 diabetes and breast cancer.
c) type 2 diabetes and muscle hypertrophy.
d) type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
e) type 2 diabetes and decreased appetite.
16) Historically inaccurate diagnosis of acid reflux disorders and gastric ulcers has been improved by
a) pH monitoring.
b) X-ray technology.
c) the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection.
d) colonoscopy.
e) sonography.
17) You measure body temperatures of desert animals at 7:00am and again at 2:00pm. You obtain the following data:
7:00am 2:00pm
snake 77o F 87o F
mouse 100o F 99o F
lizard 80o F 105o F
beetle 72o F 102o F
Which animal is most likely endothermic?
a) snake
b) mouse
c) lizard
d) beetle
18) An organ such as the heart or liver consists of _____.
a) nervous tissue
b) connective tissue
c) epithelial tissue
d) muscle tissue
e) all of the above
19) Hypoglycemia, or low levels of glucose in the blood of a healthy human, is "corrected" by a(n)
a)increase in the secretion of insulin.
b) increase in the secretion of glucagon.
c) increase in the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
d) decrease in the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.
e) increase in the secretion of thyroid hormones.
20) Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells
a) initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.
b) initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
c) initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach.
d) include pepsinogen.
e) delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine.
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