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Exercise 10: Acid-BaseACTIVITY 1: Hyperventilation Answers
1. A substance that dissolves in water to release hydrogen (H+) ions is called a(n) _______. Acid
2. Which of the following is not a regulatory mechanism for acid/base balance in the body?
a. the kidneys
b. the respiratory system
c. protein buffers
d. the digestive system A – the Kidneys
3. The maximum pH measured during hyperventilation was _______. 7.58
4. Describe the normal ranges for pH and PCO2 in the blood. Normal range for pH 7.35-7.45
Normal range for PCO2 35-45
5. Describe what happened to the pH and the carbon dioxide in the blood with hyperventilation. pH increased and the carbon dioxide decreased
6. Explain how returning to normal breathing after hyperventilation differed from hyperventilation without returning to normal breathing. With straight hyperventilation the pH stayed within average and the carbon dioxide lowered tremendously. With Hyperventilation then back to normal breathing the carbon dioxide levels did not lower as much and the pH stayed around the normal zone as well.
7. Describe some possible causes of respiratory alkalosis. Serious cardiac disorder, traveling at high altitudes, hyperventilation from anxiety or panic attacks
ACTIVITY 2: Rebreathing
8. In cases of acidosis, the pH of the blood is
a. Between 7.4 and 7.55
b. Between 7.35 and 7.45
c. Less than 7.35
d. Greater than 7.55 C – Less than 7.35
9. In this lab simulation, the minimum pH during rebreathing was _______. 7.32
10. If a person is “treated” in a hospital emergency department by breathing in and out of a paper sack, this is a classic example of _________ to lower the blood pH. Rebreathing
11. Hypoventilation results in
a. lightheadedness.
b. numbness around the lips. Answer: _________
c. an accumulation of CO2 in the blood.
d. a good treatment for respiratory acidosis. C – an accumulation of CO, in the blood
12. Describe what happened to the pH and the PCO2 levels in the blood during rebreathing. Min PCO2 stayed the same at 40 max PCO2 raised to 53.02
13. Describe several possible causes of respiratory acidosis. Airway obstructions, over production of PCO2, inadequate ventilation, lung disease, drug overdose
14. Explain how the renal system can compensate for respiratory acidosis. It retains HCO3 and excretes hydrogen ions
ACTIVITY 3: Renal Responses to Respiratory Acidosis and Respiratory Alkalosis
15. When carbon dioxide (CO2) mixes with water in the blood stream, carbonic acid is formed. This carbonic acid can then dissociate into the _______ ion and the _______ ion. Hydrogen
Bicarbonate
16. When more CO2 is produced by the body than can be expired from the lungs, the pH of the blood might
a. increase
b. stay normal
c. decrease
d. either stay in the normal range or decrease. C – Decrease
17. True or False: The renal system is able to fully compensate for acidosis or alkalosis. True
18. Describe what happened to the concentration of ions in the urine when the blood PCO2 was lowered. H decreased, HCO3 increased
19. What condition was simulated when the blood PCO2 was lowered? Alkalosis
20. Describe what happened to the concentration of ions in the urine when the blood PCO2 was raised. H incrased, HCO3 decreased
21. What condition was stimulated when the blood PCO2 was raised? Acidosis
ACTIVITY 4: Respiratory Responses to Metabolic Acidosis and Metabolic Alkalosis
22. The cellular gaseous waste product than can accumulate in the blood stream is ______ ______. Carbon Dioxide
23. In this lab simulation, when the metabolic rate was increased to 80 kcal/hour, the pH of the blood lowered to ______ because of an accumulation of _______ [H+] in the blood.
a. 7.32; 45
b. 7.30; 42
c. 7.25; 63
d. 7.09; 92 C – 7.25 ; 63
24. When the metabolism was decreased, the number of breaths/minute _________. Decreased
25. True or False: In a hospital, the treatments for respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis are usually the same because these conditions are so similar. False
26. Describe what happened to the blood pH when the metabolic rate was increased to 80 kcal/hr. What body system was compensating? The blood pH decreased to 7.26, BPM increased tremendously, PCO2 and H increased as well and HCO3 decreased
27. List and describe some possible causes of metabolic acidosis, i.e. how the acidosis is caused. A buildup of keto acids that result from diabetes, salicylate poisoning
28. Describe what happened to the blood pH when the metabolic rate was decreased to 20 kcal/hr.
What body system was compensating? pH increased
29. List and describe some possible causes of metabolic alkalosis, i.e. how the alkalosis is caused. Ingestion of alkali, vomiting, constipation
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