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PBHE112 Exam 1 Quiz
Part 1 of 1 -100.0 Points Question 1 of 20 5.0 Points
Explain the Concept of Healthy People 2010.
Healthy People 2010 is a government-sponsored statement of national health objectives in 28 focus areas designed to identify and reduce the most significant preventable health threats within the United States. The overall goals of the program are to increase the quality and length of life and to eliminate health disparities.
Question 2 of 20 5.0 Points
Both for individuals and for a population of individuals, health determinants include the physical environments in which people live and work; their behaviors; their biology and a host of social factors. In your book, biology refers to what three things? genetic makeup, family history, acquired physical and mental health problems
Answer Key: Individual's genetic makeup, family history and the physical and mental health problems acquired during life
Question 3 of 20 5.0 Points
The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (P.L. 104-193) is also known as _______________. Welfare Reform Act
Answer Key: Welfare Reform Act
Question 4 of 20 5.0 Points
What's the expected Medicare expenditures in the year 2017?
A.3.637 Trillion
B.884 Billion
C.1.532 Trillion
D.2.637 Billion
Answer Key: B
Question 5 of 20 5.0 Points
Define good health according to the textbook.
A state of physical and mental well-being necessary to live a meaningful, pleasant life and productive life.
Question 6 of 205.0 Points Medicaid expenditures will exceed $417 billion in 2010 and could reach $______ billion by the year 2017. 717
Answer Key: 717
Question 7 of 20 5.0 Points
Name one of the five basic categories of regulatory health policies. market-entry restrictions
Answer Key: market-entry restrictions; rate- or price-setting controls on health services providers; quality controls on the provision of health services; market-preserving controls; and social regulation.
Question 8 of 20 5.0 Points
Health Policies are consciously made _____________ decisions. Thus, policies always are developed to achieve someone's desires or preferences. albeit
Answer Key: authoritative
Question 9 of 20 5.0 Points
The most effective demanders of policies are the well-organized ________ groups. interest
Answer Key: interest
Question 10 of 20 5.0 Points
Describe the functions of the Medicare Payment Advisory Board Commission.
The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) is an independent US federal body. MedPAC was established by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (P.L. 105-33). Its primary role is to advise the US Congress on issues affecting the administration of the Medicare program. Specifically the commission's mandate is to advise the US Congress on payments to private health plans participating in Medicare and health providers serving Medicare beneficiaries. MedPAC is also relied on by Medicare administrators and policy makers to evaluate beneficiary's access to care and the quality of care received. MedPAC's mandate is broad enough that it can also evaluate other issues affecting Medicare. MedPAC produces two major reports to the United States Congress each year that contain recommendations to improve Medicare.
Question 11 of 20 5.0 Points
Define the Elitist Perspective.
The elitist perspective is the opposite of the pluralist viewpoint, the view that power in all communities is concentrated in a small number of hands, particularly in the elites that hold the top positions in the major institutions of the economy, society, and politics
Question 12 of 20 5.0 Points
Describe the power and influence of Interest Groups on Medicare.
Every policy affects one or more interest groups. Because rules established to implement health-related public laws often target members of interest groups, these groups routinely seek to influence rulemaking. Regulatory policies are implemented to prescribe and control the actions, behaviors, and decisions of certain individuals or organizations. Allocative policies provide income, services, or other benefits to certain individuals or organizations at the expense of others. Interest groups that represent the individuals and organizations directly affected by such policies are actively interested in all aspects of policymaking, including rulemaking. These groups tend to be well organized and aggressive in pursuit of their preferences, seeking to influence the formulation and implementation of policies that affect them. Many of these interest groups represent people in the elderly community and are voters. These voters, through interest groups, influence the politicians to make adjustments in the favor of their particular group. This can be seen through changes made to Medicare policies over time and it’s interaction with the Social Security administration.
Health policy is replete with examples of the influence of interest groups on rulemaking. One such example can be seen in the rulemaking that stemmed from enactment of the Medicare program. In part to improve its chances for passage, the Medicare legislation (P.L. 89-97) was written so that the Social Security Administration (
www.ssa.gov; the original implementing agency, later replaced by the Health Care Financing Administration, which became the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services) would reimburse hospitals and physicians in their customary manner. This meant that they would be paid on a fee-for-service basis, with the fees established by the providers. Each time providers gave services to Medicare program beneficiaries, they were paid their “usual and customary” fees for doing so. These changes were driven by interest groups and their power and influence over policy makers.
Question 13 of 205.0 PointsThe way in which a nation defines health varies and therefore the way it is defined by a nation is not important.
A. True
B. False
Answer Key: False
Question 14 of 20 5.0 Points
Describe Legitimate Power.
Legitimate power refers to actual power to control a country or events. It is also called formal power or authority. You have the position and authority to maintain control.
Question 15 of 20 5.0 Points
Describe Expert Power.
Expert power is derived from possessing knowledge or expertise in a particular area. Such people are highly valued by organizations for their problem solving skills. People who have expert power perform critical tasks and are therefore deemed indispensable.
Question 16 of 20 5.0 Points
Describe the difference between Egalitarian Perspective, Libertarian Perspective and Utilitarian perspective.
Egalitarianism seeks to enforce a state of equality on people regardless of their actual state. In an egalitarian society there would be no advantages, to anybody, for being smart, attractive, strong, fast, or wise. Libertarianism, on the other hand, simply states that you own yourself, for good or bad.
Question 17 of 20 5.0 Points
Define policy competence.
Policy competency is the dual abilities to analyze the impact of public policies on one's domain of interest or responsibility and exert influence in the public policymaking process.
Question 18 of 20 5.0 Points
__________ ___________ usually belongs to a select few people, who typically have strong convictions about the correctness of their preferences and great self-confidence in their own abilities and who are widely perceived to be legitimate agents of change. charismatic power
Answer Key: charismatic power
Question 19 of 20 5.0 Points
Explain how ethical considerations help guide and shape the development of new Public Policy Environments.
Ethical considerations shape and guide the development of new policies by contributing to the definition of problems and the structure of policy solutions. The ethical behavior of all participants in the political markets where policymaking occurs should be guided by four philosophical principles: respect for the autonomy of other people, justice, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. In the context of seeking to influence policymaking, autonomy pertains to the rights inherent in U.S. citizenship. Specifically, autonomy relates to the rights of individuals to independent self-determination regarding how they live their lives and to their rights regarding the integrity of their bodies and minds. Respect for autonomy in seeking to influence health policymaking reflects issues that pertain to privacy and individual choice, including behavioral or lifestyle choices. Respect for autonomy can sometimes be better understood in contrast to its opposite: paternalism. Paternalism implies that someone else determines what is best for people. Policies guided by a preference for autonomy limit paternalism.
I ran out of time but the answer is on page 205
Question 20 of 20 5.0 Points
_____________ is a principle with deep roots in medical ethics and is exemplified in the dictum "primum non nocere"--first, do no harm. Policymakers who are guided by this principle make decisions that minimize harm. nonmaleficence
Answer Key: Nonmaleficence
PBHE112 exam #2
Question 1 of 20
5.0 Points
The formulation phase of health policymaking includes two distinct and sequentially related parts, What are they?
A.Agenda Setting and Policymaking
Correct B.Agenda Setting and Legislation Development
C.Policy Implementation
D.Redesigned Policy Making
Answer Key: B
Question 2 of 20
5.0 Points
New health related laws or amendments that eventually emerge from the activities associated with the development of legislation originate from __________? Correctpolicy agenda
Answer Key: Policy Agenda
Question 3 of 20
5.0 Points
Most health policies are the result of modifying prior policies.
Correct
A. True
B. False
Answer Key: True
Question 4 of 20
5.0 Points
The U.S. Constitution prohibits the enactment of laws that are not specifically and directly made known to the ______ who are bound by them. Correctpeople
Answer Key: People
Question 5 of 20
5.0 Points
At the federal level, enacted laws are first printed in pamphlet form called ______.
Correct A.Slip Law
B.Bills
C.Policy
D.Act
Answer Key: A
Question 6 of 20
5.0 Points
The development of legislation begins with the conversion of the ideas, hopes, and hypotheses about how problems might be addressed through changes in policy, ideas that emerge from agenda setting, into concrete legislative proposals are called_____. Correctagenda setting
Answer Key: Bills
Question 7 of 20
5.0 Points
The Constitution requires that any bill raising revenue must originate in the _______. CorrectHouse of Representatives
Answer Key: House of Representatives
Question 8 of 20
5.0 Points
No matter who drafts legislation, the legislative sponsors are ultimately responsible for the _________ in their bills. Correctlanguage
Answer Key: Language
Question 9 of 20
5.0 Points
When bills are introduced in either chamber of Congress, they are assigned a __________ based on the order of introduction by the presiding officer.
A.Sequential letter
Correct B.Sequential number
C.A slip
D.Numbers and letters
Answer Key: B
Question 10 of 20
5.0 Points
The President can _______ a bill, in which case it must returned to Congress along with an explanation of the basis for rejection.
A.sign
B.Reject
Correct C.Veto
D.Disregard
Answer Key: C
Question 11 of 20
5.0 Points
The _____________ branch bears most of the responsibility for implementing policies. Correctexecutive
Answer Key: Executive
Question 12 of 20
5.0 Points
Describe the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
The Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act was enacted to "assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women." The OSH Act created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) at the federal level and provided that states could run their own safety and health programs as long as those programs were at least as effective as the federal program. Enforcement and administration of the OSH Act in states under federal jurisdiction is handled primarily by OSHA. Safety and health standards related to field sanitation and certain temporary labor camps in the agriculture industry are enforced by the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) Employment Standards Administration's Wage and Hour Division (WHD) in states under federal jurisdiction.
http://www.dol.gov/compliance/laws/comp-osha.htmQuestion 13 of 20
5.0 Points
Describe Conceptual Competency.
A managerial competency that refers to a leader's ability to integrate information and make judgements using a number of relevant factors. For example, the successful selection of a team depends on understanding the interactions of a number of factors, such as the interrelationships between players, their level of ability, the environmental conditions of the game, and the characteristics of the opposing team.
Question 14 of 20
5.0 Points
Describe Technical Competency.
Technical Competency is the ability of a person to do their job comparatively and on the same level as other professionals in their field. This means that a healthcare provider must have reasonable methods while working on you as a patient. Always ask for technical credentials before letting anyone perform any work for you.
Question 15 of 20
5.0 Points
Describe Interpersonal and Collaborative Competency.
Interpersonal competence permits managers to develop and instill a common vision and stimulate determination to pursue that vision. The essence of interpersonal competence is knowledge of and skill in motivating people, communicating visions and preferences, handling negotiations,
and managing conflicts.
Collaborative competence is the ability to partner with other entities. This requires the abilities to create and maintain multiparty organizational arrangements; to negotiate complex agreements, perhaps even contracts, that sustain these arrangements; and to produce mutually beneficial outcomes through such arrangements.
Longest, B. B. Jr., and K. Darr. 2008. Managing Health Services Organizations and Systems, 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: Health Professions Press.
Question 16 of 20
5.0 Points
Distinguish Policy Modification from Policy Initiation.
Question 17 of 20
5.0 Points
When was Medicare PPS implemented and what was the result?
The Medicare Prospective Payment System (PPS) was introduced by the federal government in October, 1 1983, as a way to change hospital behavior through financial incentives that encourage more cost-efficient management of medical care. Under PPS, hospitals are paid a pre-determined rate for each Medicare admission. Each patient was classified into a diagnosis-related group (DRG) on the basis of clinical information. Except for certain patients with exceptionally high costs (“outliers”), the hospital is paid a flat rate for the DRG, regardless of the actual services provided.
Question 18 of 20
5.0 Points
What changes to Medicare were made because of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997?
The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 changed Medicare in the following ways. It established an array of new Medicare managed care and other
private health plan choices for beneficiaries, offered through a
coordinated open enrollment process. It expanded education and information to help beneficiaries make informed choices about their healthcare. It required CMS to develop and implement five new prospective
payment systems for Medicare services (for inpatient rehabilitation
hospital or unit services, skilled nursing facility services, home health
services, hospital outpatient department services, and outpatient
rehabilitation services).
Question 19 of 20
5.0 Points
What is the GAO and what is their mission?
GAO examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal programs and activities; and provides analyses, options, recommendations, and other assistance to help the Congress make effective oversight, policy, and funding decisions. In this context, GAO works to continuously improve the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of the federal government by conducting financial audits, program reviews and evaluations, policy analyses, legal opinions, investigations, and other services. GAO’s activities are designed to ensure the executive branch’s accountability to the Congress under the Constitution and the federal government’s accountability to the American people.
Question 20 of 20
5.0 Points
Why is the way a nation defines health important?
The way a nation defines health reflects its values regarding health, the
resources it is prepared to devote to the pursuit of health, and how far it would be willing to go to aid or support the pursuit of health among its citizens.
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