Please try to understand the questions and answers, and not just copy them without processing the information. If you understand something and make it meaningful, then you will remember it much easier.
Activity 1:1. How do you calculate the hematocrit after you centrifuge the total blood sample? What does the result of this calculation indicate? By measuring the height of the RBCs layer (in mm) and dividing that by the height of the total blood sample (in mm). The result indicates the % of RBCs in a sample of whole blood.
2. What is the significance of the “buffy coat” after you centrifuge the total blood sample? It is a layer of WBCs between heavier RBCs and lighter yellow plasma.
3. As noted in the Exercise Overview, the average hematocrit for males in 42-52% (…). Given this information, explain how a female could have a consistent hematocrit of 48 (…). She has a hormonal imbalance where body produces higher than normal testosterone.
Activity 2:1. Why is ESR useful, even though it is neither specific nor sensitive? It can be used to follow the progression of certain diseases, including sickle cell anemia, some cancers, and inflammatory diseases (ex. rheumatoid arthritis).
2. Describe the physical process underlying an accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. An increased production of fibrinogen and immunoglobulins cause the RBCs to clump together, stack up and form a rouleaux formation. The RBCs in this case are heavier and settle faster.
Activity 3:1. As mentioned in the introduction to this activity, hemoglobin levels increase for people living in high altitudes. Given that atmospheric pressure of oxygen significantly declines as you ascend to higher elevations, why do you think hemoglobin levels would increase for those living at high altitudes? Because the need for more O2; the body responds to lower levels of O2 in the environment by producing more RBCs in an effort to efficiently take in as much O2 that is available.
2. Just by looking at the color of freshly drawn blood sample, how could you distinguish between blood that is well oxygenated and blood that is poorly oxygenated? O2 rich blood is bright red color; poor oxygenated blood is a dark red.
Activity 4:1. Antibodies against A and B antigens are found in the plasma, and a person has antibodies only for the antigens that are not present on their red blood cells. Using this information, list the antigens found on red blood cells and the antibodies in the plasma for blood types 1) AB-, 2) O+, 3) B-, and 4) A+. 1) A&B antigens, none for antibodies; 2) none for antigens, anti-A & anti-B, Rh+; 3) B antigens; anti-A; 4)A antigens; anti-B, Rh+.
2. If an individual receives a bone marrow transplant from someone with a different ABO blood type, what happens to the recipient’s ABO blood type? The recipient’s blood type will change eventually to the donor’s blood type.
Activity 5:1. Why do cholesterol plaques occur in arteries and not veins? Due to high volume of blood that passes through + pressure.
2. Phytosterols can alter absorption of certain molecules by the intestinal tract. Why do they be a beneficial dietary supplement for people with high LDL levels? They stop or slow the absorption of LDL. Phytosterols thus inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol.
Pre Lab Quiz Answers:1. B hematocrit
2. Hemoglobin
3. D anemia
4. C within 24 hours of acute appendicitis
5. Hemoglobinometer
6. O
7. False.
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