15. A microscope focuses well under low power but not under higher magnifications. There is nothing wrong with the microscope. The most likely reason is:
a) the slide is upside down
b) the condenser is out of adjustment
c) too much oil was placed on the slide
d) the slide is too thick
16. The major difference between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell is:
a) nuclear material
b) amount of cytoplasm
c) presence of a cell wall
d) one lacks a cell membrane
17. The size of a typical bacterial cell is approximately:
a) 2 _m
b) 8 _m
c) 30 _m
d) 50 _m
18. A microscope slide focuses properly under low power but does not do so under oil immersion. Nothing is wrong with the microscope. The most probable reason is:
a) the light is not adjusted properly
b) the slide was not heat-fixed properly
c) the slide was placed on the microscope upside down
d) the coarse adjustment was not used under low power
19. Which of the following is a probable source of contamination for the microbiology student?
a) eating in the laboratory
b) placing personal objects on the laboratory table
c) chewing gum in the laboratory
d) all of these
20. The most common shape of bacteria seen in a typical cheek smear is:
a) streptococci
b) spirilla
c) diplococci
d) single rod
21. Gregor Mendel was:
a) an English scientist who carried out research with Charles Darwin
b) a little known Central European monk
c) an early 20th century Dutch biologist who carried out genetics research
22. Which of the following statements is true about Mendel?
a) His discoveries concerning genetic inheritance were generally accepted by the scientific community when he published them during the mid-19th century.
b) He believed that genetic traits of parents will usually blend in their children.
c) His ideas about genetics apply equally to plants and animals.
23. Mendel believed that the characteristics of pea plants are determined by the:
a) inheritance of units or factors from both parents
b) inheritance of units or factors from one parent
c) relative health of the parent plants at the time of pollination
24. An allele is:
a) another word for a gene
b) a homozygous genotype
c) a heterozygous genotype
d) one of several possible forms of a gene
25. In pea plants, tall plants are dominant to short plants. A pea plant that is short must be
a) Dihybrid
b) Heterozygous
c) Homozygous dominant
d) Homozygous recessive
26. Phenotype refers to the ______________________ of an individual.
a) genetic makeup
b) actual physical appearance
c) recessive alleles
27. What are non sex chromosmes called
a) Nucleusomes
b) Autosomes
c) Trisasomes
d) Ribosomes
e) None
28. When the genotype consists of a dominant and a recessive allele, the phenotype will be like _________________ allele.
a) the dominant
b) the recessive
c) neither
29. This type of square predicts the possible genotypes for offspring.
a) Mendel
b) Watson
c) Algbraic
d) Johnson
e) Punnett
30. The idea that different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring independently is Mendel’s principle of:
a) unit inheritance
b) segregation
c) independent assortment
31. The idea that for any particular trait, the pair of alleles of each parent separate and only one allele from each parent passes to an offspring is Mendel’s principle of:
a) independent assortment
b) hybridization
c) segregation
32. This is a term for when the alleles are different from one another.
a) Homozygous
b) Peterozygous
c) Deterozygous
d) Heterozygous
e) Dominant
33. State the principal of heredity transmission:
a) Inheritance obeys Mendels Laws
b) Law of independent assortment
c) Law of gene frequencies
d) Organisms inherit structural and functional origination from their parents
34. Indicate the main thought behind the Law of independent assortment.
a) Inheritance of a particular gene is by chance alone.
b) Genes are independently assorted on the chromosome
c) Genes are independent of their assortment
35. A particular pair of alleles that an individual inherits for a special trait is called an______
a) Phenotype
b) Genotype
c) Heterozygous
36. What type of picture shows all chromosomes of an organism?
a) Punnett square
b) Pedigree
c) Karyotype
d) Polygenic chart
37. A farmer breeds a white flower (Ww) with a Red flower (Rr) what is the possible offspring genotypes?
a) RW, Rw, Wr, rw
b) WW, RR, rr, ww
c) RW, Rw, ww, rr
d) WR, RR, wr, WW
38. The process of meiosis produce?
a) None of these
b) Gene pairs
c) Chromosomes
d) Sex cells
39. What is the name of a chemical that can cause cancer?
a) Nutrient
b) Carcinogen
c) Mutation
d) Synthetic chemical
40. The physical structure in a cell that contains the cell’s genetic material is a
a) Chromosome
b) Pedigree
c) Punnet Square
d) Trait
41. The genetic material found in all living cells that contain the information needed for an organism to grow, maintain itself, and reproduce is?
a) RNA
b) DNA
c) MITOCHONDRIA
d) CHLOROPLAST
42. Which statement about nucleic acids is not correct?
a) They are macromolecules.
b) They are organic molecules.
c) They are typically long, linear molecules.
d) None; all of these statements are correct.
43. Haploid cells in the human body:
a) Are a typical example of human cells?
b) Are caused by allelic variation.
c) Are gametes, which allow sexual reproduction?
d) Contain 46 chromosomes.
44. Why did Mendel choose pea plants for his experiments?
a) They had many different visible traits
b) They were easy to grow
c) Their mating was easy to control
d) They grew quickly and in large amounts
e) All of the above
45. How many copies of a gene do offspring inherit from their parents?
a) One
b) Two
c) Four
d) Eight
46. Which theory did Mendel’s experiments disprove?
a) Natural Selection
b) Survival of the fittest
c) Blended Inheritance
d) All of the above
47. What is a Punnett Square good for?
a) Deciding what time of year is best to plant vegetables.
b) Predicting what the offspring will look like when mating plants and animals.
c) Looking at the size and shape of chromosomes in a cell.
d) Deciding how much water to give pea plants.
48. Which of the following is true?
a) Mendel came up with and used Punnett Squares in his experiments.
b) Mendel did not come up with Punnett Squares, but used them in his experiments.
c) Mendel did not come up with Punnett Squares or use them in his experiments, Punnett Squares were invented later.
49. A very often used in the context of pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and their effect on the biota, because they are understood as substances foreign to an entire biological system, i.e. artificial substances, which did not exist in nature before their synthesis by humans.
a. Xenobiotics
b. Pollutions
50. It can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to detoxify or degrade and return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition.
a. Sedimentation
b. Bioremediation
51. A pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. In effect, the element is recycled, although in some cycles there may be places (called reservoirs) where the element is accumulated or held for a long period of time (such as an ocean or lake for water).
a. Nutrient Cycle
b. Geological Cycle
52. The biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. It is one of the most important cycles of the earth and allows for carbon to be recycled and reused throughout the biosphere and all of its organisms.
a. Water Cycle
b. Carbon Cycle
53. The bacteria in the benthic region/zone that use sulphide as an electron acceptor and reduce it to hydrogen sulphide.
a. Desulfovibrio
b. Synechococcus
54. It is commonly describes close and often long-term interactions between different biological species, “the living together of unlike organisms.”
a. Symbiosis
b. Mutualism
55. The tank-like digestive organ found in ruminants is called __________.
a. Rumen
b. Vesicles
56. The fungus that serves a very important contribution in plant growth because they extend the surface area through which plants can absorb nutrients.
a. Mycorrhizae
b. Archae
57. The substance/chemical which is the most important component of a truffle’s odor.
a. Dimethyl sulfide
b. Dimethyl oxide
58. In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is needed by all organisms for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds, proteins, and __________________.
a. Glycoproteins
b. Nucleic Acids
59. The process by which amino acids are broken down when too much protein has been taken in.
a. Decomposition
b. Deamination
60. The groups of microorganisms that live in extreme temperature are called __________.
a. Arbuscukes
b. Extremophiles
61. The heat-resistant enzyme found in Thermus aquaticus is called __________.
a. Polymerase chain enzyme
b. Taq polymerase enzyme
62. The bacteria that is so useful in making dairy products for the reason that this organism will create an environment inhospitable to other competing microorganisms.
a. Nitric Acid Bacteria
b. Lactic Acid Bacteria
63. In cyanobacteria, what do you call the specialized structure that contains the nitrogenase enzyme and providing anaerobic condition for fixation?
a. Heterocysts
b. Actinomycysts
64. A group of organism (archaeum, bacterium, fungus, lichen, alga or amoeba) that lives inside rock, coral, animal shells, or in the pores between mineral grains of a rock. Many are extremophiles; living in places previously thought inhospitable to life.
a. Producers
b. Endoliths
65. The common chemical used to kill lawn weeds and it is a component Agent Orange.
a. 2,4,5-T
b. 2,4-D
66. It refers to the cell-to-cell communication which allows bacteria to coordinate their activity and group together into communities that provide benefits in the biofilms.
a. Flock communication
b. Quorum sensing
67. Because ammonia is a _______, it is rapidly disappears from dry soil, but in moist soil it becomes solubilized in water, and ammonium ions are formed.
a. Liquid
b. Gas
68. The biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite. Degradation of ammonia to nitrite is usually the rate limiting step of the process. It is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil.
a. Ammonification
b. Nitrification
69. A microbially facilitated process of dissimilatory nitrate reduction that may ultimately produce molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products.
a. Nitrification
b. Denitrification
70. A combination of fungus and alga in a mutualistic relationship which play an important contribution to the nitrogen economy of forest.
a. Lichens
b. Root Noodles
71. It is generally refers to the natural process, either biological or abiotic, by which nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia.
a. Nitrogen Fixation
b. Denitrification
72. The enzyme present in bacteria whereby responsible for nitrogen fixation of which the said enzyme can be inactivated by oxygen.
a. Nitrogenase
b. Nitroginase
73. It refers to the study of microorganisms as well as their activities in natural waters are called _____.
a. Aeromicrobiology
b. Aquatic microbiology
74. It is a deep zone of a body of water, such as an ocean or a lake, located below the range of effective light penetration.
a. Limnetic Zone
b. Profundal Zone
75. The ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. Organisms living in this zone are called benthos. They generally live in close relationship with the substrate bottom; many such organisms are permanently attached to the bottom.
a. Benthic Zone
b. Profundal Zone
76. It refers to the wandering plants, a photosynthetic microscopic oceanic or marine lifeforms.
a. Phytoplankton
b. Zooplankton
77. A generic term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is distinct from a photoprotein which aid in attracting and capturing prey in the complete darkness of the ocean depths.
a. Xenoferase
b. Luciferase
78. When it comes to water pollution, our primary interest and concern is the present of microbial agents especially _____________.
a. Non-pathogenic microorganisms
b. Pathogenic microorganisms
79. Many diseases are transmitted in which a pathogen is shed in human or animal feces whereby contaminating water and ingested.
a. Intravenous transmission
b. Fecal-oral transmission
80. What is the common age commonly affected when it comes to the transmission of infectious agents and diseases regarding water pollution?
a. Under the age of 5
b. Above the age of 5
81. How much molecular nitrogen makes up in the Earth’s atmosphere?
a. 80%
b. 85%
82. The microorganisms that can convert nitrites to nitrates.
a. Nitrobacter
b. Nitrosomonas
83. It is an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other and/or to a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) which is also referred to as slime. It may form on living or non-living surfaces, and represent a prevalent mode of microbial life in natural, industrial and hospital settings.
a. Quorum sensing
b. Biofilms
84. The substance/chemical abundant in many human secretions which can inhibit biofilm formation by chelating the iron thus inhibiting the aggregation of bacteria into biofilm.
a. Lactoferrin
b. Transferrin
85. Many aquatic microorganisms whose main habitat is water often have appendages and ________ that is/are use for attachment to various surfaces. One example is Caulobacter.
a. Holdfasts
b. Hyphae
86. It refers to that part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore that has considerable rooted vegetation and light penetrates throughout it.
a. Littoral Zone
b. Profundal Zone
87. The most important group of bacteria in the denitrification of soils.
a. Azotobacter
b. Pseudomonas
88. These are soil bacteria that fix nitrogen (diazotrophy) after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). They cannot independently fix nitrogen. Morphologically, they are generally gram negative, motile, non-sporulating rods.
a. Lichens
b. Rhizobia
89. The most reduced forms of sulfur are ________.
a. Sulfides
b. Sulfates
90. The bacteria that can use hydrogen sulfide as an energy source to produce sulfate ions and sulfuric acid. This bacterium has a practical use in mining.
a. Xenobacillus
b. Thiobacillus
91. The availability of this important nutritional element of the biogeochemical cycle may determine whether plants and other organisms can grow in the area.
a. Nitrogen
b. Phosphorous
92. The group of organisms that can also fix carbon dioxide into organic matter while metabolizing compounds such as hydrogen sulphide for energy.
a. Chemoautotrophs
b. Photoautotrophs
93. The introduction of a group of natural microbial strains or a genetically engineered variant to treat contaminated soil or water and/or specially adapted to metabolize certain pollutant.
a. Bioaugmentation
b. Bioremediation
94. The process used by gardeners to convert any plant remains into the equivalent of natural humus serving as a soil conditioner and/or fertilizer which is rich in nutrients.
a. Bioaugmentation
b. Composting
95. All organisms contain large amounts of carbon in the form of organic compounds such as starches, fats, proteins, and __________.
a. Glycerol
b. Cellulose
96. How many percent of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere where great mass of cellulose is derived from?
a. 0.04%
b. 0.03%
97. One of the greatest concerns among many scientists is the effect of an increased in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere thus causing problem to our planet Earth. Most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which results from human activity such as the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation.
a. Global warming
b. Atmospheric Bio-effect
98. A more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide which would result to environmental crises if this gas escaped into the atmosphere.
a. Oxygen
b. Methane
99. Which contaminants found in some drinking water should young children avoid?
a. Lead
b. Nitrate
c. Phosphate
d. Calcium
e. A and B
100. What is the purpose of flocculation in water treatment?
a. removes dissolve substances
b. kills bacteria
c. removes colloidal clay
d. removes odor from water
e. all of these
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