EXERCISE 9:  RENAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY
Here is 9 got 95% Still need help on final 132

ACTIVITY 1:  The Effect of Arteriole Radius on Glomerular Filtration   Answers
1.   According to your lab manual, in humans the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ranges from _____ to _____ ml/minute.   80
140
2.   When the radii of both the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole were set at 0.45mm, the GFR was approximately ______ ml/minute.
a.   40
b.   60          
c.   80
d.   120   C.
3.   True or False:  Drinking a lot of caffeine (coffee or cola) leads to an increased urine volume.  This might result from a decrease in the radius of the efferent arteriole.    True
4.   What are two primary functions of the kidney?   Excretion-filters water and solutes in the blood, the kidneys are able to excrete excess water
Regulation- regulates plasma osmolarity which is the concentration of solution expressed as osmoles of solute per liter of solvent, plasma volume, body’s acid-base balance, and body’s electrolyte balance.
5.   What are the components of the renal corpuscle?   Bowman’s capsule- renal corpuscle consist of a ball of capillaries called glomerulus and enclosed by a fluid-filled capsule called Bowman’s capsule
Glomerular Capillaries- this is another name for the renal corpuscle. An afferent arteriole supplies the blood to the glomerulus. The blood flows through the glomerular capillaries, protein-free plasma filters into the Bowman’s capsule, and known as the glomerular filtration. The afferent arteriole then drains glomerulus of the remaining blood.
6.   Starting at the renal corpuscle, list the components of the renal tubule as they are encountered by filtrate.   1.Proximal convoluted tubule
2.Loop of Henle (U-shaped hairpin loop)
3.Distal convoluted tubule- before emptying into a collecting duct, from collecting duct, filtrate flows and collects in the minor calyces.
7.   Describe the effect of decreasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate.   By decreasing the afferent arteriole radius, this increases the glomerular filtration rate and pressure increases.
8.   Describe the effect of increasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate.   Increasing afferent arteriole radius, glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate increases.
9.   Describe the effect of decreasing the efferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate.   Efferdent arteriole radius is decreased, glomerular filtration rate would increase.
10.   Describe the effect of increasing the efferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate.   Efferent arteriole radius if increased, the glomerular filtration rate would decrease.
ACTIVITY 2:  The Effect of Pressure on Glomerular Filtration
11.   True or False:  In humans, glomerular capillaries can filter as much as 180 liters of filtrate in 24 hours.   True
12.   In this simulation, when the radius of the afferent arteriole was 50mm, the radius of the efferent arteriole was 0.45mm, and the beaker pressure was set to 100mmHg, the GFR was approximately _____ ml/min.   158.20
13.   When the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder was closed and when the beaker pressure was 100mmHg, the GFR was approximately _____ ml/min and the urine volume was approximately ______ ml.
a.   100;  100
b.   110;  50        
c.   60;  0
d.   110;  0   D.
14.   As the systemic blood pressure increased, what happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and the GFR?   As the systemic blood pressure increased, the glomerular capillary pressure and GFR increased.
15.   Compare the urine volume in your baseline data with the urine volume as you increased the systemic blood pressure.   Urine volume was increased as systemic blood pressure increased.
16.   How could the change in urine volume with the increase in blood pressure be viewed as being beneficial to the body?   Increased urine volume causes more filtrates such as salt to be excreted. This can affect any harming effects of accumulating excess fluid or waste. The increase of blood pressure can increase blood volume and the increase of urine volume will help to stabilize blood volume.
17.   When the one-way valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder was closed, what happened to the filtrate pressure in Bowman’s capsule (was not directly measured) and the GFR?   The filtrate pressure and GFR increased.
18.   How did increasing the systemic blood pressure alter the results when the valve was closed?   Increase in blood pressure can be increase in blood volume.  An increase in urine volume can stabilize blood volume. Increase of pressure caused GFR to increase.
ACTIVITY 3:  Renal Response to Altered Blood Pressure
19.   True or False:  The renal system (the kidneys) is very important in regulating plasma osmolarity, plasma volume, and the body’s electrolyte balance.     True
20.   In this simulation, when the radius of the afferent arteriole was 0.60mm, the radius of the efferent arteriole was 0.45mm, and the beaker pressure was 70mmHg, the GFR was approximately _______ mm/min.   114.72
21.   When the radius of the afferent arteriole was 0.60mm, the radius of the efferent arteriole was 0.35mm, and the beaker pressure was 70mmHg, the urine volume changed to approximately ______ ml.
a.   50
b.   80          
c.   200
d.   240   D
22.   List the several “mechanisms” you have explored that change the GFR.  How does each of them specifically alter the GFR?   Renal mechanisms have effects on water excretion . GFR is large compared to the amount of urine produced. Most water in the filtrate because of renal processes and independent of ADH action (Brandis, 2001):
1.Glomerulotubular Balance- this is a local renal mechanism. The proximal tubule is involved, and  changes in oncotic pressure. Changes in hydrostatic pressure and delivery of certain solutes. When GFR increases protein concentration in efferent arteriole increases. Along with increase in oncotic pressure in peritubular capillaries. Increased gradient for reabsorption and balances increasing GFR on volume of fluid exiting proximal tubule.
2.Auto-regulation of Blood flow- This affects water excretion, when renal perfusion pressure increases. The afferent arterioles vasco-constrict and renal plasma flow and GFR are constant. Urine flow is not auto-regulated. The rise in blood pressure will increase urine flow, and GFR is slightly affected.
3.Intrinsic Pressure- Volume Control System- This maintains constant blood volume- pressure diuresis and pressure natriuresis.
The kidneys regulate excreting water and sodium into urine, to regulate blood volume (Klabunde, 1998-2010):
1.Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterne system increases sodium retention and reduces water loss into urine. This occurs in renal artery stenosis and can cause secondary hypertension.
2.Use of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) which is released by posterior pituitary. This simulates water reabsorption in collection duct, and decreases water loss and increases blood volume.
3.Blood volume affects arterial pressure and change cardiac output. Increase in blood volume increases central venous pressure. This causes increase in the right atrial, right ventricular and volume.
 

23.   Describe and explain what happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and GFR when both arteriole radii changes were implemented simultaneously with the low blood pressure condition.   The simultaneously implementation of both arteriole rates changing caused glomerular filtration rate and low blood pressure conditions went above the baseline value.
24.   Which arteriole radius adjustment was more effective at compensating for the effect of low blood pressure on the GFR?   There was a greater increase of glomerular pressure when afferent radius is increased rather than the decrease of the efferent radius.
ACTIVITY 4:  Solute Gradients and Their Impact on Urine Concentration
25.   Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a.   is synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted from the posterior pituitary gland.
b.   affects the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.
c.   if absent from the body, results in a condition named diabetes insipidus.
d.   All of the above are correct.            D.
26.   If a person is very dehydrated, compared to normal, the urine volume will ______ and the concentration of the urine will ________.
a.   increase;  increase
b.   increase;  decrease         
c.   decrease;  increase
d.   decrease;  decrease   C.
27.   True or False:   ADH affects water reabsorption by its effect on the glomerular arterioles.     False
28.   What happened to the urine concentration as the solute concentration in the interstitital space was increased?   Concentration of urine was increased.
29.   What happened to the volume of urine as the solute concentration in the interstitial space was increased?   The volume of urine decreased.
30.   What do you think would happen to the urine volume if you did not add ADH to the collecting duct?   Without adding ADH to the collecting duct, urine volume would increase highly and no significant amount of water permeability would be in collecting duct or distal tubule. Less water is reabsorbed, so more urine is formed
31.   Is most of the tubule filtrate reabsorbed into the blood stream (the body) or excreted in urine?  Explain.   To maintain homeostasis balance and loss of fluid, most tubule filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood stream.
ACTIVITY 5:  Reabsorption of Glucose via Carrier Proteins
35.   True or False:  Renal processing of glucose that is filtered in the glomeruli is primarily by secretion back into the blood stream.         True
36.   In this simulation, you varied the number of glucose carriers.  When the glucose concentration in the tubules and urinary bladder became zero, the total number of glucose carriers was ______.
   400
37.   True or False:  The kidneys of a person with type 1 diabetes are able to synthesize extra glucose carrier molecules so that no glucose is excreted in urine.      False
38.   When there were 200 glucose carriers, the glucose concentration in the distal tubule and urinary bladder was approximately
a.   0
b.   2.5         
c.   5
d.   10   B
39.   What happens to the concentration of glucose in the urinary bladder as the number of glucose carriers increases?   There is a decrease in the glucose concentration. The carriers are able to carry glucose across the walls of the glomerulus for the reabsorption.
40.   What types of transport are utilized during glucose reabsorption and where do they occur?   The first absorption is by active transport. This occurs at the apical membrane of PCT cells. Then a facilitated diffusion along the basolateral membrane.
41.   Why does the concentration of glucose in the urinary bladder become zero in these experiments?   The concentration of glucose becomes zero because when 400 glucose carriers were added, enough were added to facilitate the re-up of glucose. This left nothing in the unabsorbed water and became urine.
42.   A person with type 1 diabetes cannot make insulin in the pancreas; a person with type 2 diabetes does not respond normally to the insulin that is made in the pancreas.  In either case, why (or when) would you expect to find glucose in the person’s urine?   There is a high glucose concentration in the urine of a diabetic. With the lack of glucose carriers, a less amount of glucose is transported. A high amount of the glucose cannot be transported across and leaves a high concentration to be discarded with the formation of urine.
ACTIVITY 6:  The Effect of Hormones on Urine Formation
43.   The hormone aldosterone promotes renal absorption of _______ in the body and the secretion of _______ from the body.
a.   Water;  NaCl 
b.   sodium;  potassium         
c.   NaCl;  potassium
d.   Glucose;  NaCl   C.
44.   In this simulation, when both aldosterone and ADH were added, the concentration of potassium in the urine increased from approximately 6 to ______.   65.37
45.   How did the addition of aldosterone affect urine volume (compared with baseline)?    By adding the aldosterone, there was a slight increase in the potassium concentration of urine. This indicates the hormone has a re-absorption of potassium.
46.   How did the addition of ADH affect urine volume (when compared with baseline)?
Why did the addition of ADH also affect the concentration of potassium in the urine (when compared with baseline)?   Adding ADH increases urine and potassium concentration, and decreases urine volume.
This causes water to be absorbed from the urine back into the body. The potassium concentration is 10 times the amount without ADH, and urine volume is 1/10 without ADH.
47.   What is the principal determinant for the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?   Aldosterone is stimulated by production of angiotensin II.  The renin-angiotensin system in which the body controls this.
48.   How did the addition of both aldosterone and ADH affect urine volume (compared with baseline)?    Adding both aldosterone and ADH decreases urine volume. When both were absent the volume was 201.00 and decreased when both were present to 12.67
49.   What is the principal determinant for the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland?
Does ADH favor the formation of dilute urine or of concentrated urine?     Aldosterone is stimulated by producing angiotensin II and controlled by the renin-angiotensin system. Water is reabsorbed back into the blood and raises blood pressure.
ADH favors the formation of concentrated urine. ADH is to increase the permeability of the collection ducts, so more water is reabsorbed by the body.  ADH is influenced by volume, pressure of cardiovascular system, and osmolality of fluids.
50.   Which hormone (aldosterone or ADH) has the greater effect on urine volume?   ADH causes decreases in the amount. ADH increases water permeability of the distal tubule, and collecting duct. This means more water can be reabsorbed making urine volume less and keep water balance. Aldosterone only decreases urine volume a small amount.                             
References
Brandis K., (2001). Research for Question 22: Fluid Physiology and other Mechanisms of Water Balance. Retrieved from:

         http://www.anasthesiamcq.com/FluidBook/fl5_9.php

Klabunde R. E., (1998-2010). Research on Question 22: Blood volume. Retrieved from:

        http://www.cvcphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP025.htm

Chang 19 to False

Slabbapop,

Here is 7 got 91 change 3 to false and 4 to D Hope this helps someone else as you and others have helped me Just need to pass final todayEST Work killed me this week(retail)
EXERCISE 7:  RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MECHANICS


ACTIVITY 1:  Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacities   Answers
1.   Which of the following processes does not occur during inspiration?
a.   The diaphragm moves to a flattened position.
b.   Gas pressure inside the lungs is lowered.
c.   Inspiratory muscles relax.
d.   The size of the thoracic cavity increases.   C.
2.   During normal quiet breathing, about ______ ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.
a.   300
b.   500
c.   1000
d.   1500   B.
3.   True or False:  At the beginning of expiration, the air pressure of the atmosphere decreases so that air can flow from the lungs outward.    TRUE
4.   The changing of the airway radius in this lab simulation represents changing the size of the
a.   Nose and mouth
b.   Pharynx       
c.   Trachea
d.   Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, other bronchi and bronchioles   C.
5.   When the airway radius was decreased to 4.00 mm, the airflow changed to _______ L/minute and the FEV1 changed to ________ ml.   3.075L
1422ML
6.   If the TV of a person’s lungs is 600ml, the ERV is 1200ml, the RV is 1200ml, and the IRV is 3000 ml, the total lung capacity (TLC) is _______ ml.   6000ml
7.   What would be an example of an everyday respiratory event the ERV simulates?   There is a simulation of forced expiration on the ERV. Coughing is an example.
8.   What additional skeletal muscles are utilized in an ERV activity?   The abdominal wall and the internal intercostal muscles contract in forced expiration.
9.   What was the FEV1 (in %) at the original radius of 5.00 mm?   74%
10.   What happened to the FEV1 (in %) as the radius of the airways decreased?   While the airway radius decreased the FEV1 (in%) decreased.
11.   Explain why the results from the experiment suggest that there is an obstructive, rather than a restrictive, lung problem?   The airflow was constantly decreasing making this an obstructive lung problem.  If the problem had been restrictive there would have had more effect on the volume and capacities.
ACTIVITY 2:  Comparative Spirometry
12.   Which of these volumes or capacities of the lungs changed the most in the patient with emphysema?
a.   TV
b.   IRV
c.   FVC    
d.   FEV1    D.
13.   In the patient having an acute asthma attack, the FEV1 (%) decreased to _____ %.   40%
14.   Which of these volumes or capacities changed the most in the person doing the heavy aerobic exercise?
a.   TV
b.   ERV       
c.   FVC
d.   TLC   A.
15.   What happened to the RV for both the emphysema patient and the asthma patient (before inhaled medication)?
a.   It decreased for both patients.
b.   It increased for the emphysema patient and decreased for the asthma patient.     
c.   It remained unchanged for both patients.
d.   It increased for both patients.   D.
16.   What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient with emphysema was selected? 
Why did these values change as they did?   The lung values changed because of emphysema.  The experiment showed a loss of elastic recoil in the lung tissue and exhausting muscle effort that is needed for expiration. Inspiration is easier when the lungs are in compliance.
17.   Which of these two values changed more for the patient with emphysema, the FVC or the FEV1?   The two values that changed were FVC and FEV1. The FEV1 was more for the patient with emphysema.
FVC- by 1750ml
FEV1-by 2375ml-30%
18.   What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient experiencing an acute asthma attack was selected?
Why did these values change as they did?    The lung values that changed were: TV, ERV, IRV, FVC, FEV1 (ml and %).
The acute asthma attack for the airway resistance can be increased by thick mucus and smooth muscle spasms.
19.   How is having an acute asthma attack similar to having emphysema? How is it different?    Similar- The airways collapse, are restricted, and pinch closed.  This causes the forced expiration not to be completed.
Different- The volumes and peaks flow rates are reduced and there are bronchiole smooth muscle spasms in the asthma attack and in emphysema the elastic recoil in lung tissue is lost and destroys the walls of the alveoli.
20.   Describe the effect that the inhaler medication had on the asthmatic patient. 
Did all the spirogram values return to “normal”? 
Why do you think some values did not return all the way to normal?   The inhaler relieved bronchospasms and inducing the bronchiole dilation and reduces airway resistance.
No, the IRV, FVC, FEV1 ml and % returned to almost normal.
There are remains of mucus and inflammation.
21.   How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required for it to be considered significantly improved by the medication?    10-15% increase
22.   With moderate aerobic exercise, which changed more from normal breathing, the ERV or the IRV?    The IRV with moderate exercise.
23.   Compare the breathing rates during normal breathing, moderate exercise, and heavy exercise.   Normal – the normal adults is 15 BPM
Moderate Exercise-  breathing rates increase and tidal volumes increase more
Heavy Exercise- breathing rates and tidal volumes increase to tolerable levels (Maximum).
ACTIVITY 3:  Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on Respiration
24.   True or False:  Surfactant is often added to the lungs of a very premature infant in a hospital in order for her/him to be able to breathe better.   TRUE
25.   If a person suffers a severe chest injury such as a gunshot or explosion or auto accident, the pressure in the intrapleural cavity becomes the same as the atmospheric pressure.  The patient then is said to have developed a _____________.   Preumothorax, which leads to a lung collapse and a condition called atelectasis.
26.   In this lab simulation, when the valve on the left side of the glass bell jar was opened, the total airflow decreased to about ________ ml/minute.
   49.69ml/min
27.   If a chest tube is placed into the pleural cavity of the patient in question 2 and the opposite end is placed to suction or to an “underwater” seal, we are trying to
a.   remove any blood that might be present in the thoracic cavity.
b.   re-expand the lung.
c.   decrease the pressure in the intrapleural cavity.      
d.   accomplish all of the above.   D.
28.   What effect does the addition of surfactant have on the airflow?   Surfactant increases airflow.
29.   Why does surfactant affect airflow in this manner?   Surfactant affects airflow by the alveoli expanding more and surface tension in alveoli to decrease.
There is a reduction in lung inflation.
30.   What effect did opening the valve have on the left lung?   The left lung deflated when the valve was opened.
31.   What effect on the collapsed lung in the left side of the glass bell jar did you observe when you closed the valve?   After closing the valve the left lung remained to be deflated.
32.   What is the name of the emergency medical condition that opening the left valve simulates?   Collapsed Lung/Atelectrasis
33.   When you clicked the “Reset” button, the air was drawn out of the intrapleural space and the lung returned to its normal condition.  What emergency procedure would be used to achieve this result if these were the lungs in a living person?    A chest tube is inserted by professionals, which pulls a partial vacuum from the intraplueral space  creating a value below atmospheric pressure.
34.   What do you think would happen when the valve is opened if the two lungs were in a single large cavity rather than separate cavities?   The lungs being in separate cavities are better than being in a single cavity, because the value opening would cause both lungs to collapse.


         
 

Can you send me the answers to exercise 6. On all of my previous labs I thought I did well, but I guess not, so I want to make sure I get a good grade this time. Thanks!

I need help with exersise 6-7

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I have most of the answers for Exercise 6, but there are a few I need help with and I want to double check my work! Please help!

Looking for help with Physico 9 exercise 7...can anyone assist

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Does anyone have the answers for the Activity Questions in the lab book for Exercise One: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability?

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