How do cells make ATP and what are the inputs and products of each process
Glycolysis
Oxidation of Pyruvate
Electron Transport Chain
All of these processes take place in and around the mitochondria/ cytosol
1. glycolysis- this happens in the cytoplasm, the sugar glucose is taken and through a series of steps broken down from a 6 carbon to two 3 carbon PGALs, then gives off a phosphate group to make a total of two pyruvates. This process uses two ATP but makes four, so produces a net of 2 ATPs, 2NADHs (electron carriers) and 2 water molecules,
2. Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Krebs cycle,
- Oxidation of pyruvate (produced in Glycolysis) is the prep phase of the Krebs cycle. Before the Pyruvate enters the inner membrane of the mitochondria it is transformed into Acetyl Coenzyme A ( Acetyl coA), this process releases 2 NADH and 2 CO2.
-Krebs cycle so the acetyl Co A enters the inner membrane of the mitochondria and begins the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) Where it bonds with Oxaloacetate to form Citric Acid and through a series of complex steps produces 2 ATP 6 NADH 4 CO2 and 2FADH (another electron carrier) per glucose molecule ( since two Acetyl CoAs are produced from each glucose molecule.)
3. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation,
-Electron transport Chain, now we use the electrons from NADH and FADH produced in previous steps to create a proton gradient between the Matrix of the Mitochondria and the intermembrane space. the electron is passed through integral protiens in the inner mitochondrial membrane in order to pump Hydrogen ions (protons) into the intermembrane space this does not produce any ATP, but creates the proton gradient that is needed for Oxidative Phosphorylation
-Oxidative phosphorylation produces about 34 ATP by using the proton gradient to turn a " turbine" called ATP synthase in order to bond a phosphate to ADP in order to produce ATP.
I answered my own question! Thanks (:
Quick Reply
