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An example of a response-inferred organismic variable is

An example of a response-inferred organismic variable is

An example of a response-inferred organismic variable is
A) a participant's weight.
B) a participant's performance on an arithmetic test.
C) a participant's speed in completing a task.
D) a participant's anxiety during math exams.

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Which variable can be directly manipulated by the experimenter?

Which variable can be directly manipulated by the experimenter?

Which variable can be directly manipulated by the experimenter?
A) the response-inferred variable
B) the organismic variable
C) the independent variable
D) the dependent variable

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Characteristics of participants, such as age and sex, are called

Characteristics of participants, such as age and sex, are called

Characteristics of participants, such as age and sex, are called
A) organismic variables.
B) stimulus variables.
C) response variables.
D) dependent variables.

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A response variable in one study

A response variable in one study

A response variable in one study
A) must be a response variable in any other study.
B) may be a stimulus variable in another study.
C) may be an independent variable in another study.
D) Both B and C

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In naturalistic research, the dependent variable

In naturalistic research, the dependent variable

In naturalistic research, the dependent variable
A) is, strictly speaking, not a dependent variable.
B) must be shown to have a causal relationship with the independent variable.
C) is always an organismic variable.
D) must be manipulated extremely carefully for valid results.

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In a study of weight control, in which the proportion of fat and carbohydrate intake is varied acros

In a study of weight control, in which the proportion of fat and carbohydrate intake is varied acros

In a study of weight control, in which the proportion of fat and carbohydrate intake is varied across conditions and subsequent weight loss is measured,
A) fat is an independent variable.
B) weight loss is an independent variable.
C) fat and carbohydrates are correlated variables.
D) fat and carbohydrates are dependent variables.

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The dependent variable in psychological research is usually

The dependent variable in psychological research is usually

The dependent variable in psychological research is usually
A) a stimulus variable.
B) an organismic variable.
C) an extraneous variable.
D) a behavioral variable.

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The dependent variable in psychological studies is usually a

The dependent variable in psychological studies is usually a

The dependent variable in psychological studies is usually a
A) behavioral variable.
B) stimulus variable.
C) external variable.
D) organismic variable.

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The independent variables in psychological studies are usually

The independent variables in psychological studies are usually

The independent variables in psychological studies are usually
A) behavioral or stimulus variables.
B) stimulus or organismic variables.
C) construct or behavioral variables.
D) organismic or behavioral variables.

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Which of the following is true in psychological research?

Which of the following is true in psychological research?

Which of the following is true in psychological research?
A) The independent variable is usually a response variable.
B) Assigned independent variables are usually stimulus variables.
C) Manipulated independent variables are usually organismic variables.
D) The dependent variable is usually a behavioral variable.

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A researcher hypothesizes that criticism and aggression increase among coworkers when frustration in

A researcher hypothesizes that criticism and aggression increase among coworkers when frustration in

A researcher hypothesizes that criticism and aggression increase among coworkers when frustration increases. Workers are assigned to one of three groups (no frustration, moderate frustration, high frustration). For each group, verbal criticism and aggression are measured. In this example the independent variable is
A) frustration level.
B) verbal criticism and aggression.

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A researcher hypothesizes that verbal criticism and aggression among coworkers increase as frustrati

A researcher hypothesizes that verbal criticism and aggression among coworkers increase as frustrati

A researcher hypothesizes that verbal criticism and aggression among coworkers increase as frustration increases. Workers are assigned to one of three groups (no frustration, moderate frustration, high frustration). For each group verbal aggression and criticism are measured. In this example the dependent variable is
A) frustration level.
B) verbal aggression and criticism

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In experimental research, the variable designated as the dependent variable

In experimental research, the variable designated as the dependent variable

In experimental research, the variable designated as the dependent variable
A) always refers to an organismic variable.
B) is not directly manipulated by the experimenter.
C) is merely another term for the organismic variable.
D) is directly manipulated by the experimenter.

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The ________ variable is under the control of the researcher.

The ________ variable is under the control of the researcher.

The ________ variable is under the control of the researcher.
A) organismic
B) manipulated independent
C) nonmanipulated independent
D) dependent

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Research with nonmanipulated independent variables

Research with nonmanipulated independent variables

Research with nonmanipulated independent variables
A) cannot be conducted.
B) usually has organismic variables for independent variables.
C) is best done within an experimental design.
D) can answer questions about causal relationships between variables.

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The largest category of nonmanipulated independent variables in psychology consists of

The largest category of nonmanipulated independent variables in psychology consists of

The largest category of nonmanipulated independent variables in psychology consists of
A) extraneous variables.
B) causal variables.
C) organismic variables.
D) stimulus variables.

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If a researcher assigns participants to groups based on, for example, their identified political aff

If a researcher assigns participants to groups based on, for example, their identified political aff

If a researcher assigns participants to groups based on, for example, their identified political affiliation, the researcher would be employing
A) a nonmanipulated independent variable.
B) a manipulated independent variable.
C) a nonmanipulated dependent variable.
D) a manipulated dependent variable.

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Which of these variables is least likely to be controlled by the experimenter?

Which of these variables is least likely to be controlled by the experimenter?

Which of these variables is least likely to be controlled by the experimenter?
A) external variables
B) internal variables
C) organismic variables
D) manipulated independent variables

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If a researcher measured neuroticism in a group of participants and then divided the participants in

If a researcher measured neuroticism in a group of participants and then divided the participants in

If a researcher measured neuroticism in a group of participants and then divided the participants into high, moderate, and low neuroticism, this would be an example of
A) classification with an organismic variable.
B) very poor research design.
C) naturalistic research.
D) a causal inference.

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An independent variable is (Multiple Choice Question)

An independent variable is (Multiple Choice Question)

An independent variable is
A) directly manipulated by the researcher.
B) not directly manipulated by the participant.
C) indirectly manipulated by the researcher.
D) indirectly manipulated by the participant.

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The classification of a variable (e.g., independent vs. dependent) depends onA) the characteristics

The classification of a variable (e.g., independent vs. dependent) depends onA) the characteristics

The classification of a variable (e.g., independent vs. dependent) depends on
A) the characteristics of the variable alone.
B) the nature of the study alone.
C) the characteristics of the variable and the nature of the study.
D) the biases of the researcher.

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In experimental research, the variable designated as the independent variable

In experimental research, the variable designated as the independent variable

In experimental research, the variable designated as the independent variable
A) refers to the variable that is directly manipulated by the research team.
B) refers to the variable that is directly manipulated by the participant.
C) refers to a variable that is independent of any measurement strategy.
D) refers to the variable that is not directly manipulated.

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Organismic variables are most likely to be

Organismic variables are most likely to be

Organismic variables are most likely to be
A) manipulated independent variables.
B) nonmanipulated independent variables.
C) stimulus variables.
D) none of the above

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In a study with organismic independent variables,

In a study with organismic independent variables,

In a study with organismic independent variables,
A) causal conclusions are very strong.
B) no conclusions can be drawn.
C) any causal conclusions must be tentative.
D) active manipulation of the independent variable must be included.

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The two types of independent variables are

The two types of independent variables are

The two types of independent variables are
A) spurious and representative.
B) iconic and eidetic.
C) parametric and nonparametric.
D) manipulated and nonmanipulated.

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The largest category of nonmanipulated independent variables are

The largest category of nonmanipulated independent variables are

The largest category of nonmanipulated independent variables are
A) organismic variables.
B) dependent variables.
C) stimulus variables.
D) behavioral variables.

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In psychology, what is the largest category of nonmanipulated independent variables?

In psychology, what is the largest category of nonmanipulated independent variables?

In psychology, what is the largest category of nonmanipulated independent variables?
A) physiological variables
B) response variables
C) stimulus variables
D) organismic variables

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If an experimenter is interested in investigating the causal relationship between two variables, wha

If an experimenter is interested in investigating the causal relationship between two variables, wha

If an experimenter is interested in investigating the causal relationship between two variables, what would be the best strategy?
A) Operationally define both measures and carefully measure each.
B) Define which of the variables is to be the organismic variable.
C) Use a nonmanipulated independent variable in a differential research design.
D) Operationally defin

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An example of a manipulated independent variable might be

An example of a manipulated independent variable might be

An example of a manipulated independent variable might be
A) the amount of sensory deprivation given a participant.
B) a participant's religious affiliation.
C) a student participant's hallucinations in response to severe sensory deprivation.
D) a retarded child's behavior after a session of relaxation training.

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In psychological research, gender, hair color, and IQ could be examples of

In psychological research, gender, hair color, and IQ could be examples of

In psychological research, gender, hair color, and IQ could be examples of
A) nonmanipulated independent variables.
B) assigned dependent variables.
C) manipulated independent variables.
D) manipulated dependent variables.

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A constant is (Multiple Choice Question)

A constant is (Multiple Choice Question)

A constant is
A) the direct opposite of a variable.
B) not a variable.
C) a specific number, as in mathematics.
D) a variable that does not vary.

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If age and gender caused variability in response to a particular pharmaceutical drug in elderly peop

If age and gender caused variability in response to a particular pharmaceutical drug in elderly peop

If age and gender caused variability in response to a particular pharmaceutical drug in elderly people, and we only test 70-year-old females, age and gender would be
A) manipulated independent variables.
B) constants.
C) manipulated dependent variables.
D) nonmanipulated independent variables.

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Disruptive behavior is an example of a possible

Disruptive behavior is an example of a possible

Disruptive behavior is an example of a possible
A) independent variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) stimulus variable.
D) All of the above

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Validity (Multiple Choice Question)

Validity (Multiple Choice Question)

Validity
A) is something that cannot be achieved.
B) refers to how well a measure or study performs.
C) is a separate statistical measure used by natural scientists.
D) is a way of including extraneous variables to give the study more meaning.

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Changes in one variable resulting in predictable changes in another

Changes in one variable resulting in predictable changes in another

Changes in one variable resulting in predictable changes in another
A) show that a causal relationship cannot be inferred.
B) can be observed only in naturalistic or case-study research.
C) occur only in correlational studies.
D) suggest that a causal relationship exists.

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General control procedures can be implemented in research

General control procedures can be implemented in research

General control procedures can be implemented in research
A) only in low-constraint research designs.
B) only in high-constraint research designs.
C) only in experimental research designs.
D) at many different levels of constraint.

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We seek to control extraneous variables in research because they

We seek to control extraneous variables in research because they

We seek to control extraneous variables in research because they
A) are threats to reliability.
B) distract the participants.
C) reduce validity.
D) reflect the experimenter's planned biases.

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Being concerned with whether a study answers the questions it posed is a concern for the study's

Being concerned with whether a study answers the questions it posed is a concern for the study's

Being concerned with whether a study answers the questions it posed is a concern for the study's
A) reliability.
B) replicability.
C) validity.
D) representativeness.

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The influence of extraneous variables can reduce a study's methodological soundness or

The influence of extraneous variables can reduce a study's methodological soundness or

The influence of extraneous variables can reduce a study's methodological soundness or
A) replicability.
B) reliability.
C) validity.
D) authenticity.

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Extraneous variables represent threats to validity because they can influence the behavior of

Extraneous variables represent threats to validity because they can influence the behavior of

Extraneous variables represent threats to validity because they can influence the behavior of
A) both participants and researchers.
B) participants only.
C) researchers only.
D) animals only.

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