Chapter 5

Chapter 5 Deviance and Crime The Great Transformation and Deviance and Crime Deviance and crime are universal Deviance is any violation of a widely held norm Crime refers to an act that has been declared illegal by some authority Communal societies often use restitution Associational societies focus on the offender rather than the victim Deviance and Crime Deviance Any violation of a widely held norm Most deviance is mild and typically ignored More serious deviance will attract attention of authorities Crime An act that has been declared illegal by some authority Not all deviance is declared to be criminal Criminalizing acts are necessary to prevent upsets of the social order Social Control Internal social controls Parents and other agents of socialization instill in children important social norms Social norms become our own personal moral norms External social controls Societal mechanisms are created to prevent deviance including police and surveillance cameras. Types of Crimes Committed: Index Crimes (against the person and against property) Compared with most crimes, murder and rape occur at a low and still declining rate. Robbery involves the use of force and so does aggravated assault. These rates are declining. The most common crimes involve property, and they have declined the most. Most murders occur between family, friends and acquaintances. How Much Crime? Uniform Crime Reports Crimes reported to police. Index crimes are those that get special attention and include murder, rape and robbery Crimes Not Reported National Crime Victimization Survey People are asked about personal experiences as a crime victim Much crime is not reported Other Crimes Hate Crimes A crime motivated by racial prejudice or other biases May include crimes based upon religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability Thousands are reported each year Organized Crime Crime conducted by businesses supplying illegal goods and services Corruption and violence are routinely used May include drug trafficking, illegal immigration and child prostitution Hate Crimes Explaining Crime: Strain Theory Strain develops between cultural goals and normal means to obtain them. Reponses include: Conformity: accept both Innovation: accept goals, reject means Ritualism: reject goals, accept means Retreatism: rejects means and goals Rebellion: rejects both, replaces with new Explaining Crime: Social Bonds Why don’t people commit crimes? Interpersonal attachments Strong relations with families and organizations result in attachments to existing norms and values Commitment-belief People can become strongly committed to non-deviant activities Cultural Transmission Deviance is learned through socialization Deviance is learned through small, intimate groups Special techniques, motives, drives and attitudes are learned People develop “mind-sets” that are favorable or not favorable to prevailing norms Frequent, long-term and intense contact with socializing agents increase learning Labeling Theory A definition is attached to an individual The definition is not positive and stigmatizes the individual People begin to respond accordingly to the definition The individual begins to tolerate or accept the label The individual begins to seek the company of like others who reinforce the label Conflict Theory Definitions of crime reflect the interests of the rich and powerful: are laws inherently fair? Vagrancy laws only affect the poor Prisoners are typically poor Gun production and sales make some wealthy yet few protections established for people White collar crime costs the nation far more than street crime Demographics Age Aging-out Half of the people arrested for violent crime and about two-thirds of the people arrested for property crimes are aged 16-25 Gender Males account for 82 percent of people arrested for violent crimes and 62 percent of people arrested for property crimes Types of Legal Systems Common law Legal principles are based on customs Adversarial system; legalized contest Judges follow past rulings Civil law Laws imposed by ruler Judges seek to find truth Religious law Law is divine will Judges interpret religious principles The Criminal Justice System The Police The Courts Punishment and Corrections Retribution An act of vengeance to “right the wrong” Deterrence Threat of punishment, or other, to discourage crime Incapacitation Separating a confining criminals Rehabilitation Efforts to reform a criminal Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master subtitle style * * * Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master subtitle style * * * Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master subtitle style * * * Concept Web Deviance and Crime Chapter 5 Deviance and Crime The Great Transformation and Deviance and Crime Deviance and crime are universal Deviance is any violation of a widely held norm Crime refers to an act that has been declared illegal by some authority Communal societies often use restitution Associational societies focus on the offender rather than the victim Deviance and Crime Deviance Any violation of a widely held norm Most deviance is mild and typically ignored More serious deviance will attract attention of authorities Crime An act that has been declared illegal by some authority Not all deviance is declared to be criminal Criminalizing acts are necessary to prevent upsets of the social order Social Control Internal social controls Parents and other agents of socialization instill in children important social norms Social norms become our own personal moral norms External social controls Societal mechanisms are created to prevent deviance including police and surveillance cameras. Types of Crimes Committed: Index Crimes (against the person and against property) Compared with most crimes, murder and rape occur at a low and still declining rate. Robbery involves the use of force and so does aggravated assault. These rates are declining. The most common crimes involve property, and they have declined the most. Most murders occur between family, friends and acquaintances. How Much Crime? Uniform Crime Reports Crimes reported to police. Index crimes are those that get special attention and include murder, rape and robbery Crimes Not Reported National Crime Victimization Survey People are asked about personal experiences as a crime victim Much crime is not reported Other Crimes Hate Crimes A crime motivated by racial prejudice or other biases May include crimes based upon religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability Thousands are reported each year Organized Crime Crime conducted by businesses supplying illegal goods and services Corruption and violence are routinely used May include drug trafficking, illegal immigration and child prostitution Hate Crimes Explaining Crime: Strain Theory Strain develops between cultural goals and normal means to obtain them. Reponses include: Conformity: accept both Innovation: accept goals, reject means Ritualism: reject goals, accept means Retreatism: rejects means and goals Rebellion: rejects both, replaces with new Explaining Crime: Social Bonds Why don’t people commit crimes? Interpersonal attachments Strong relations with families and organizations result in attachments to existing norms and values Commitment-belief People can become strongly committed to non-deviant activities Cultural Transmission Deviance is learned through socialization Deviance is learned through small, intimate groups Special techniques, motives, drives and attitudes are learned People develop “mind-sets” that are favorable or not favorable to prevailing norms Frequent, long-term and intense contact with socializing agents increase learning Labeling Theory A definition is attached to an individual The definition is not positive and stigmatizes the individual People begin to respond accordingly to the definition The individual begins to tolerate or accept the label The individual begins to seek the company of like others who reinforce the label Conflict Theory Definitions of crime reflect the interests of the rich and powerful: are laws inherently fair? Vagrancy laws only affect the poor Prisoners are typically poor Gun production and sales make some wealthy yet few protections established for people White collar crime costs the nation far more than street crime Demographics Age Aging-out Half of the people arrested for violent crime and about two-thirds of the people arrested for property crimes are aged 16-25 Gender Males account for 82 percent of people arrested for violent crimes and 62 percent of people arrested for property crimes Types of Legal Systems Common law Legal principles are based on customs Adversarial system; legalized contest Judges follow past rulings Civil law Laws imposed by ruler Judges seek to find truth Religious law Law is divine will Judges interpret religious principles The Criminal Justice System The Police The Courts Punishment and Corrections Retribution An act of vengeance to “right the wrong” Deterrence Threat of punishment, or other, to discourage crime Incapacitation Separating a confining criminals Rehabilitation Efforts to reform a criminal Chapter 5 Deviance and Crime The Great Transformation and Deviance and Crime Deviance and crime are universal Deviance is any violation of a widely held norm Crime refers to an act that has been declared illegal by some authority Communal societies often use restitution Associational societies focus on the offender rather than the victim Deviance and Crime Deviance Any violation of a widely held norm Most deviance is mild and typically ignored More serious deviance will attract attention of authorities Crime An act that has been declared illegal by some authority Not all deviance is declared to be criminal Criminalizing acts are necessary to prevent upsets of the social order Social Control Internal social controls Parents and other agents of socialization instill in children important social norms Social norms become our own personal moral norms External social controls Societal mechanisms are created to prevent deviance including police and surveillance cameras. Types of Crimes Committed: Index Crimes (against the person and against property) Compared with most crimes, murder and rape occur at a low and still declining rate. Robbery involves the use of force and so does aggravated assault. These rates are declining. The most common crimes involve property, and they have declined the most. Most murders occur between family, friends and acquaintances. How Much Crime? Uniform Crime Reports Crimes reported to police. Index crimes are those that get special attention and include murder, rape and robbery Crimes Not Reported National Crime Victimization Survey People are asked about personal experiences as a crime victim Much crime is not reported Other Crimes Hate Crimes A crime motivated by racial prejudice or other biases May include crimes based upon religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability Thousands are reported each year Organized Crime Crime conducted by businesses supplying illegal goods and services Corruption and violence are routinely used May include drug trafficking, illegal immigration and child prostitution Hate Crimes Explaining Crime: Strain Theory Strain develops between cultural goals and normal means to obtain them. Reponses include: Conformity: accept both Innovation: accept goals, reject means Ritualism: reject goals, accept means Retreatism: rejects means and goals Rebellion: rejects both, replaces with new Explaining Crime: Social Bonds Why don’t people commit crimes? Interpersonal attachments Strong relations with families and organizations result in attachments to existing norms and values Commitment-belief People can become strongly committed to non-deviant activities Cultural Transmission Deviance is learned through socialization Deviance is learned through small, intimate groups Special techniques, motives, drives and attitudes are learned People develop “mind-sets” that are favorable or not favorable to prevailing norms Frequent, long-term and intense contact with socializing agents increase learning Labeling Theory A definition is attached to an individual The definition is not positive and stigmatizes the individual People begin to respond accordingly to the definition The individual begins to tolerate or accept the label The individual begins to seek the company of like others who reinforce the label Conflict Theory Definitions of crime reflect the interests of the rich and powerful: are laws inherently fair? Vagrancy laws only affect the poor Prisoners are typically poor Gun production and sales make some wealthy yet few protections established for people White collar crime costs the nation far more than street crime Demographics Age Aging-out Half of the people arrested for violent crime and about two-thirds of the people arrested for property crimes are aged 16-25 Gender Males account for 82 percent of people arrested for violent crimes and 62 percent of people arrested for property crimes Types of Legal Systems Common law Legal principles are based on customs Adversarial system; legalized contest Judges follow past rulings Civil law Laws imposed by ruler Judges seek to find truth Religious law Law is divine will Judges interpret religious principles The Criminal Justice System The Police The Courts Punishment and Corrections Retribution An act of vengeance to “right the wrong” Deterrence Threat of punishment, or other, to discourage crime Incapacitation Separating a confining criminals Rehabilitation Efforts to reform a criminal Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master subtitle style * * * Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master subtitle style * * * Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master subtitle style * * * Chapter 5 Deviance and Crime The Great Social Transformation and Deviance and Crime Deviance and crime are universal Deviance is any violation of a widely held norm Crime refers to an act that has been declared illegal by some authority Communal societies often use restitution Associational societies focus on the offender rather than the victim Deviance and Crime Deviance Any violation of a widely held norm Most deviance is mild and typically ignored More serious deviance will attract attention of authorities Crime An act that has been declared illegal by some authority Not all deviance is declared to be criminal Criminalizing acts are necessary to prevent upsets of the social order Social Control Internal social controls Parents and other agents of socialization instill in children important social norms Social norms become our own personal moral norms External social controls Societal mechanisms are created to prevent deviance including police and surveillance cameras. Types of Crimes Committed: Index Crimes (against the person and against property) Compared with most crimes, murder and rape occur at a low and still declining rate. Robbery involves the use of force and so does aggravated assault. These rates are declining. The most common crimes involve property, and they have declined the most. Most murders occur between family, friends, and acquaintances. How Much Crime? Uniform Crime Reports Crimes reported to police Index crimes are those that get special attention and include murder, rape and robbery Crimes Not Reported National Crime Victimization Survey People are asked about personal experiences as a crime victim Much crime is not reported Other Crimes Hate Crimes A crime motivated by racial prejudice or other biases May include crimes based upon religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability Thousands are reported each year Organized Crime Crime conducted by businesses supplying illegal goods and services Corruption and violence are routinely used May include drug trafficking, illegal immigration, and child prostitution Hate Crimes Explaining Crime: Strain Theory Strain develops between cultural goals and normal means to obtain them. Reponses include: Conformity: accept both Innovation: accept goals, reject means Ritualism: reject goals, accept means Retreatism: rejects means and goals Rebellion: rejects both, replaces with new Explaining Crime: Social Bonds Why don’t people commit crimes? Interpersonal attachments Strong relations with families and organizations result in attachments to existing norms and values Commitment-belief People can become strongly committed to non-deviant activities Cultural Transmission Deviance is learned through socialization Deviance is learned through small, intimate groups Special techniques, motives, drives, and attitudes are learned People develop “mind-sets” that are favorable or not favorable to prevailing norms Frequent, long-term and intense contact with socializing agents increase learning Labeling Theory A definition is attached to an individual The definition is not positive and stigmatizes the individual People begin to respond accordingly to the definition The individual begins to tolerate or accept the label The individual begins to seek the company of like others who reinforce the label Conflict Theory Definitions of crime reflect the interests of the rich and powerful: are laws inherently fair? Vagrancy laws only affect the poor Prisoners are typically poor Gun production and sales make some wealthy yet few protections established for people White collar crime costs the nation far more than street crime Demographics Age Aging-out Half of the people arrested for violent crime and about two-thirds of the people arrested for property crimes are aged 16-25 Gender Males account for 82 percent of people arrested for violent crimes and 62 percent of people arrested for property crimes Types of Legal Systems Common law Legal principles are based on customs Adversarial system; legalized contest Judges follow past rulings Civil law Laws imposed by ruler Judges seek to find truth Religious law Law is divine will Judges interpret religious principles The Criminal Justice System The Police The Courts Punishment and Corrections Retribution An act of vengeance to “right the wrong” Deterrence Threat of punishment, or other, to discourage crime Incapacitation Separating a confining criminals Rehabilitation Efforts to reform a criminal CONCEPT WEB Deviance and Crime