Physical Geography Portraying Earth.docx

Physical Geography Portraying Earth 1) A disadvantage of globes compared to maps is that globes are NOT ________. A) conformal B) accurate C) suitable for use in class D) equivalent E) as portable Answer: E 2) A map made to show the distribution of one or more phenomenon is a(n) ________ map. A) conic B) isoline C) equivalent D) compromise E) thematic Answer: E 3) The relationship between the map distance and the corresponding distance on the ground is known as the ________. A) vector B) azimuth C) map quotient D) loxodrome E) scale Answer: E 4) The scale of 1:63,360 is the same as one inch equals ________. A) one foot B) one mile C) one furlong D) one meter E) one yard Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2.6 Identify examples of fractional scales from a map. 5) "Scale" relates ________ to ________. A) Earth distance, Earth distance B) map distance, map distance C) map distance, Earth distance D) Earth distance, map distortion E) map distortion, map distance Answer: C 6) The largest scale among the following representative fractions is ________. A) 1:100,000 B) 1:1,000,000 C) 1:24,000 D) 1:10,000 E) 1:50,000 Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2.5 Define fractional scale of a map. 7) A scale of one inch equals one mile is ________ in a representative fraction. A) 1:10,000 B) 1:63,360 C) 1:100,000 D) 1:1,000,000 E) 1:250,000 Answer: B Science Outcomes: 4. Demonstrate the quantitative skills necessary to succeed in Introductory Geography. Learning Outcome: 2.6 Identify examples of fractional scales from a map. 8) A(n) ________ scale remains correct even if the map is enlarged or reduced when reproduced. A) isogonic B) large C) graphic D) representative fraction E) color Answer: C 9) On small scale maps, it is difficult to achieve ________. A) a circle of tangency B) proper scale C) equivalency D) pole-centered perspective E) conformality Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.2 Large and Small Map Scales 10) The smallest scale of the following is ________. A) 1:100,000 B) 1:200,000 C) 1:500,000 D) 1:750,000 E) 1:900,000 Answer: E Topic/Section: 2.2 Large and Small Map Scales 11) The scale of "an inch on the map represents two miles on the surface of the Earth" would be CLOSEST to which representative fraction? A) 1:120,000 B) 1:200,000 C) 1:1,000,000 D) 1:60,000 E) 1:12 Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.2 Large and Small Map Scales Learning Outcome: 2.5 Define fractional scale of a map. 12) All map projections have this in common. A) small scale B) some distortion C) equivalence D) conformality E) perfect portrayal of the globe Answer: B 13) Conformal maps greatly distort ________ of continents in higher latitudes. A) shapes B) sizes C) the number D) the latitude E) the longitude Answer: B 14) Every map projection consists of an orderly arrangement of ________. A) scale B) the geographic grid C) legend D) title E) interruptions Answer: B 15) A(n) ________ is a line joining points of equal magnetic declination. A) contour line B) isohyet C) isotherm D) isomag E) isogonic line Answer: E Learning Outcome: 2.23 Explain how isolines are used to convey information on a map. 16) Most of the maps drawn on ________ projections are for an optimal portrayal of worldwide distributions. A) equivalent B) conformal C) conic D) azimuthal E) gnomonic Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2.12 Explain when an equivalent map projection is most suited for use in geographic studies. 17) You wish to navigate your yacht from Europe to the United States. Which type of map projection would be most useful? A) conic B) Mercator C) interrupted D) equivalent E) cylindrical Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2.16 Describe some of the best uses for maps with a cylindrical projection. 18) Which of the following map projections is is impossible to construct? A) Mercator B) conic C) cylindrical D) equivalent E) a projection without distortion Answer: E 19) One difference between any two different map projections must always be ________. A) scale B) how the geographic grid is arranged C) the number of degrees from the Equator to the North Pole D) how accurately shapes are portrayed E) how accurately relative sizes are portrayed Answer: B 20) Map projections are mainly derived ________. A) mathematically B) from interpolation C) from aerial reconnaissance D) by analogy E) by osmosis Answer: A 21) ________ is the "major dilemma" of mapmaking explained by the text. A) Conformality versus scale B) Scale versus equivalence C) Equivalence versus conformality D) Conic versus azimuthal projections E) The inclusion of too much information on a map Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2.12 Explain when an equivalent map projection is most suited for use in geographic studies. 22) On large scale maps, equivalence and conformity can be ________. A) simultaneously present B) simultaneously approximated for small areas C) disregarded if the map is of high latitudes D) considered to be the same map property E) any of the above Answer: B 23) The property of equivalence portrays accurate size although it ________. A) bends parallels B) renders the Poles as lines C) stretches the circle of tangency D) distorts shapes E) all of the above Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2.12 Explain when an equivalent map projection is most suited for use in geographic studies. 24) Which map making method would be used to minimize distortion of continents on a world map? A) a perfectly equivalent projection B) a large scale C) a conic projection D) an interrupted projection E) a Mercator projection Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2.12 Explain when an equivalent map projection is most suited for use in geographic studies. 25) The characteristic of projections which portray accurate sizes but distort the shapes of land masses is called ________. A) conformality B) sinusoidal C) equivalence D) azimuthality E) polyconic Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2.12 Explain when an equivalent map projection is most suited for use in geographic studies. 26) The most famous and most widely used of all the map projections is the ________ projection. A) gnomonic B) Mercator C) polyconic D) sinusoidal E) Mollweide Answer: B Topic/Section: 2.4 Cylindrical Projections Learning Outcome: 2.16 Describe some of the best uses for maps with a cylindrical projection. 27) A loxodrome is another term for ________. A) rhumb line B) X-ray C) gnomon D) thermal scanner E) meridian Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.4 Cylindrical Projections Learning Outcome: 2.15 Describe cylindrical projection. 28) The original purpose of the Mercator projection was ________. A) to produce an accurate, equal area map B) for the guidance of intercontinental missiles C) for ocean navigation D) to make the first map of the world E) to befuddle introductory physical geography students Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.4 Cylindrical Projections Learning Outcome: 2.16 Describe some of the best uses for maps with a cylindrical projection. 29) In the Mercator projection, which piece of the Earth is portrayed ridiculously large in comparison to its actual size? A) low-latitude locations B) Greenland C) Brazil D) the continental U.S. E) the continent of Africa Answer: B Topic/Section: 2.4 Cylindrical Projections Learning Outcome: 2.16 Describe some of the best uses for maps with a cylindrical projection. 30) A loxodrome is ________. A) line of constant compass bearing B) a curved line on a Mercator projection C) the opposite of a rhumb line D) a tracing of the exact great circle route E) part of a sundial Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.4 Cylindrical Projections Learning Outcome: 2.16 Describe some of the best uses for maps with a cylindrical projection. 31) A Mercator map is constructed by projecting the grid of the globe onto a(n) ________. A) flat surface B) cone C) cylinder D) interrupted surface E) circle Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.4 Cylindrical Projections Learning Outcome: 2.15 Describe cylindrical projection. 32) The ________ projection is probably the most famous and well-used projection for world maps. A) global B) large scale C) small scale D) Mercator E) U.S.G.S. topographic quadrangle Answer: D Topic/Section: 2.4 Cylindrical Projections Learning Outcome: 2.16 Describe some of the best uses for maps with a cylindrical projection. 33) Misuse of the Mercator projection is a result of ________. A) inaccurate projection of latitude and longitude B) the Cold War C) the fact that it is so old D) the curved loxodromes E) latitudinal differences in scale Answer: E Topic/Section: 2.4 Cylindrical Projections 34) The main purpose of the interruption of projections is ________. A) to improve portrayal of the oceans B) to provide a stereoscopic view C) to make maps compatible with air photos D) to show the continents in an equal area rendition E) to save ink during printing Answer: D 35) Central meridians are essential features on a(n) ________ projection. A) perfectly conformal B) large scale C) small scale D) interrupted E) Mercator Answer: D 36) If one wished to produce a map which focused on the continents and showed little of the world's oceans, then she/he should use a(n) ________ projection. A) large scale B) equal area C) interrupted D) conical E) azimuthal Answer: C 37) Together, title, date, and legend on a map are known as ________. A) marginal information B) necessary information C) cartographic license D) map essentials E) optional pieces Answer: D Topic/Section: 2.5 Map Essentials Learning Outcome: 2.3 Define graphic scale of a map. 38) Of the following, which is NOT considered a map essential? A) title B) date C) color D) legend E) scale Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.5 Map Essentials 39) Which of the following should contain a brief summary of the map's content or purpose? A) the title B) the legend C) the scale D) the area within the map boundaries E) the data source Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.5 Map Essentials 40) The explanations of symbols used on a map should be contained in ________. A) the title B) the scale C) the legend D) the space under the north arrow E) the data source Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.5 Map Essentials 41) A(n) ________ is the generic term for any map line which joins points of equal value. A) projection B) meridian C) rhumb line D) isoline E) legend Answer: D Topic/Section: 2.5 Isolines Learning Outcome: 2.23 Explain how isolines are used to convey information on a map. 42) A line connecting points with equal precipitation is known as an ________. A) isoneph B) isobar C) isotherm D) isogonic line E) isohyet Answer: E Topic/Section: 2.5 Isolines Learning Outcome: 2.23 Explain how isolines are used to convey information on a map. 43) To represent elevation on maps, cartographers use ________, which are a form of isoline. A) rhumb lines B) contour lines C) isoamplitudes D) meters E) isotherms Answer: B Topic/Section: 2.5 Isolines Learning Outcome: 2.23 Explain how isolines are used to convey information on a map. 44) A(n) ________ map contains lines joining points of equal elevation. A) isobar B) contour C) isohyet D) isotherm E) isogonic Answer: B Topic/Section: 2.5 Isolines Learning Outcome: 2.23 Explain how isolines are used to convey information on a map. 45) Isolines have all the properties EXCEPT the following: A) They are always closed loops. B) They may cross each other. C) The numerical difference between isolines are intervals. D) Close isolines indicate a steep gradient. E) They were first used on a map about 300 years ago. Answer: B Topic/Section: 2.5 Isolines 46) A(n) ________ joins points of equal magnetic declination. A) isotherm B) isogonic line C) meridian D) parallel E) loxodrome Answer: B Topic/Section: 2.5 Isolines Learning Outcome: 2.23 Explain how isolines are used to convey information on a map. 47) To construct an isoline on a map it is necessary to ________. A) make the map both equivalent and conformal B) note the magnetic declination C) color it purple D) first draw the line on a globe E) interpolate between points of known value Answer: E Topic/Section: 2.5 Isolines Learning Outcome: 2.23 Explain how isolines are used to convey information on a map. 48) Which of the following is essential for GPS to function? A) highly accurate clocks B) a nearby base station on Earth's surface C) a small radar unit D) a GIS unit in a receiver E) locations on land instead of ocean Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2.24 Describe how a GPS unit determines its location. 49) Which of the following is the acronym for the system of U.S. Department of Defense satellites which are used to establish exact locations on Earth? A) GIS B) Landsat C) GPS D) EOS E) color infrared Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2.25 Describe some common uses of GPS. 50) The U.S. version of GPS is dependent on triangulation using a network of ________ satellites A) 2 B) 3 C) 5 D) 24 E) 108 Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2.24 Describe how a GPS unit determines its location. 51) The global positioning system (GPS) is based on ________. A) aerial photography B) infrared light sources C) data from satellites D) large, expensive receivers E) gravity waves from the Sun and Moon Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2.24 Describe how a GPS unit determines its location. 52) Which of the following is NOT part of a Geographic Information System? A) collection, input, and correction of data B) human drawing of isolines on maps C) data storage and retrieval D) output and reporting E) manipulation and analysis of data layers Answer: B 53) Which of the following has NOT been accomplished using geopositioning technology? A) ocean floor mapping B) earthquake prediction C) natural disaster damage assessment D) volcano monitoring E) counting individual people in the U.S. Census Answer: E Geog Standards: 2. How to use mental maps to organize information about people, places, and environments in a spatial context Learning Outcome: 2.25 Describe some common uses of GPS. 54) Geopositioning technology ________. A) typically uses receivers larger than filing cabinets B) has accuracies better than the best base maps C) has never been commercially successful D) began in the 1920s E) is another term for the drawing of isolines Answer: B Learning Outcome: 2.25 Describe some common uses of GPS. 55) For the geographer, the new mapping tools like remote sensing, GPS, and GIS are best viewed as ________. A) replacements for traditional geographic description B) in the test mode and too expensive for most geographers to use C) adjuncts to field study D) aids to the study of small areas E) too difficult for geographers to use Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2.28 Explain how GIS helps in the analysis of geographic data. 56) Which of the following is TRUE concerning GPS technology? A) It appears useful but receivers are very expensive. B) It usually cannot pinpoint locations with an accuracy greater than 1 km. C) The GPS satellites are owned by a private corporation. D) The technology is freely available to the public. E) The GPS technology allows "perfect" maps to be drawn. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2.24 Describe how a GPS unit determines its location. 57) ________ is the science of obtaining reliable measurements from photographs. A) Sonar B) Orthophoto mapping C) Remote sensing D) Photogrammetry E) Satellite imaging Answer: D Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 58) The first airborne platform for aerial photography was a(n) ________. A) balloon B) airplane C) kite D) satellite E) lighthouse Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing Learning Outcome: 2.26 Define remote sensing. 59) ________ is the science of taking reliable measurements from aerial photographs. A) Cartography B) Photogrammetry C) Map projection D) Multispectral scanning E) Symap Answer: B Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 60) In ________ film photography, the photographic film is sensitive to wavelengths longer than visible light. A) color infrared B) passive microwave C) true color D) panchromatic E) Landsat Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 61) The type of remote sensing which penetrates clouds at night for accurate terrain representation is ________. A) radar B) sonar C) passive microwave D) thermal infrared E) Landsat Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 62) Which of the following is NOT a form of remote sensing? A) aerial photography B) color infrared photography C) radar D) thermal infrared imaging E) measurement by thermometer Answer: E Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing Learning Outcome: 2.26 Define remote sensing. 63) On an orthophoto map, one might expect to find ________. A) distortion-free photographs B) many problems with map distortion C) sketches rather than true projections D) cultural but not physical features E) symbols that are difficult to read Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 64) Which of the below is an active remote sensing system? A) color infrared photography B) Landsat C) microwave remote sensing D) thermal infrared imagery E) black and white aerial photography Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 65) Aside from normal photographic film, ________ film has proven very valuable for interpretation of Earth resources from airborne cameras. A) color infrared B) ultraviolet C) thermal infrared D) X-ray E) gamma ray Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing Geog Standards: 18. How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future 66) On which type of aerial imagery would a football field of artificial grass be discernible from natural grass? A) color photography B) black and white photography C) color infrared photography D) radar imagery E) microwave imagery Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 67) Which of the following refers to an "active" remote sensing system? A) radar B) color infrared photography C) GPS D) thermal infrared imagery E) black and white photography Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 68) Unlike aerial photography, Landsat imagery is interpreted through ________. A) remote sensing B) numerical processing C) a stereoscopic D) film E) visual analysis Answer: B Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 69) Which of the following bands are NOT used by the Earth-sensing satellites mentioned in the text? A) X-rays B) color infrared C) panchromatic D) thermal infrared E) visible red Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 70) A satellite that remains over the same spot over all the time is ________. A) geosynchronous B) photogrammetric C) a "low orbiter" D) Landsat mission E) an impossibility Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 71) Which of the below wavelengths have been most useful in expanding measure biomass? A) ultraviolet B) X-rays C) near infrared D) radio wavelengths E) gamma wavelengths Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 72) The major advantage of orthophotos as compared to regular vertical air photographs is that ________. A) the view is more familiar B) they are more generalized (less detailed) C) distortion has been eliminated D) they are usually classified by the government E) shadows make identification of Earth features impossible Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 73) Which remote sensing systems sense the longest wavelengths? A) Landsat B) color photography C) thermal infrared imaging D) radar E) black and white photography Answer: D Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 74) Commercial satellites data usually ________. A) do not employ remote sensing B) are provided for free C) have very high resolution data D) are mainly concerned with photography E) are owned by the U.S. government Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 75) MODIS is associated with which satellite series? A) Landsat B) GOES C) Space Shuttle D) NIMBUS E) EOS Answer: E Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing Learning Outcome: 2.26 Define remote sensing. 76) Which of the following is an advantage of radar over all other remote sensing techniques? A) It can operate at high altitude. B) It can operate at night. C) It can operate in clear weather. D) It can operate at wavelengths shorter than 1 micrometer. E) It can operate without using an electrical source. Answer: B Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 77) In terms of remote sensing, geographers ________. A) should not stop using maps and field study B) have shown very little interest C) will someday identify one remote sensing type best for all purposes D) have never used remote sensing E) should never use remote sensing Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 78) The first aerial photographs were taken ________. A) in the middle 1800s B) during World War II C) during the Vietnam War D) during the Korean War E) in the middle 1600s Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.7 Aerial Photographs 79) A geometrically corrected map consisting of aerial photographs is known as a(n) ________ map. A) projected B) Mercator C) orthophoto D) color infrared E) large-scale Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.7 Aerial Photographs 80) ________ are multicolored, distortion-free photographic image maps. Displacements caused by camera tilt or differences in terrain elevations have been removed. A) Aerial photographs B) Vertical aerial photographs C) Orthophoto maps D) GIS maps E) Mercator projections Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.7 Aerial Photographs Learning Outcome: 2.26 Define remote sensing. 81) The "false color" imagery of some aerial photographs is also termed ________. A) Landsat B) microwave C) color IR D) sonar E) radar Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.7 Visible Light and Infrared Sensing Geog Standards: 18. How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future 82) On color infrared photography, living green vegetation appears ________. A) blue B) orange C) red D) green E) violet Answer: C Topic/Section: 2.7 Visible Light and Infrared Sensing 83) ________ is the type of remote sensing imagery best suited to use at night. A) Visible B) An orthophoto map C) Color infrared D) Polaroid E) Thermal infrared Answer: E Topic/Section: 2.7 Visible Light and Infrared Sensing 84) Which of the following portions of the electromagnetic spectrum is sensed on FILM? A) microwave B) radar C) thermal infrared D) color infrared E) multispectral Answer: D Topic/Section: 2.7 Visible Light and Infrared Sensing 85) By far, the greatest use of IR scanning systems has been ________. A) to penetrate clouds B) onboard meteorological satellites C) in surface weather thermometer shelters D) in making orthophoto quadrangles E) to sense underwater features Answer: B Topic/Section: 2.7 Thermal Infrared Sensing 86) The most important Earth resources satellite series was started in the 1970s and is known as ________. A) Landsat B) Sputnik C) TIROS D) Seasat E) GOES Answer: A Learning Outcome: 2.26 Define remote sensing. 87) Satellite data are analyzed in individual pieces representing several to many meters on the Earth's surface. These pieces are known as ________. A) pixels B) RBVs C) false color images D) scan lines E) computer maps Answer: A 88) Radar senses energy in wavelengths longer than 1 ________. A) angstrom B) micrometer C) millimeter D) meter E) kilometer Answer: C 89) The ERTS series of satellites, launched in the 1970s, is now known as ________. A) GOES B) TIROS C) EOS D) AVHRR E) Landsat Answer: E 90) Which of the following forms of remote sensing is based on sound? A) sonar B) microwave sensing C) radar D) thermal infrared imaging E) color infrared photography Answer: A 91) Radar imagery is suited for sensing ________. A) emitted heat B) reflected light C) terrain D) crop health E) fluctuations in Earth's orbit Answer: C Learning Outcome: 2.26 Define remote sensing. 92) Landsat has a resolution of ________ meters. A) 0.3 B) 3 C) 30 D) 300 E) 3,000 Answer: C 93) Which of the following is the most recent type of Earth resource satellites? A) Landsat B) GOES C) NEXRAD D) EOS E) GPS Answer: D Learning Outcome: 2.26 Define remote sensing. 94) Which of the following is most closely identified with "multispectral remote sensing"? A) radar imaging B) color infrared photography C) Landsat D) microwave imaging E) thermal infrared scanning Answer: C 95) How much area is shown in an entire Landsat image? A) a few square centimeters B) a few square meters C) a few square kilometers D) a few thousand square kilometers E) approximately half of the Earth Answer: D 96) The basic imaging instrument in the Landsat series of satellites is known as the ________. A) camera B) radar screen C) pixel D) thematic mapper E) Skylab data Answer: D 97) Aqua, CERES, and Terra are examples of ________ satellites. A) useless B) EOS C) Landsat D) GOES E) SPOT Answer: B 98) Which of the following is NOT associated with Landsat images? A) thematic mapper B) multispectral scanning system C) a series of several satellites over many years D) the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum E) millions of pieces of data (pixels) per image Answer: D 99) EOS is ________. A) another name for Landsat B) a type of orthophoto map C) radar technology D) a satellite of the global positioning system E) an Earth-observing series of satellites Answer: E 100) A GIS is a library of information based on ________. A) satellites B) stereoscopic image viewing C) many land survey records stored on microfilm D) manual cartography E) maps Answer: E Topic/Section: 2.8 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Learning Outcome: 2.28 Explain how GIS helps in the analysis of geographic data. 101) A geographic information systems allows a link between data and a(n) ________. A) scientific theory B) map C) computer D) color E) orthophoto mapping Answer: B Topic/Section: 2.8 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Learning Outcome: 2.28 Explain how GIS helps in the analysis of geographic data. 102) Probably the largest concern with the geographer's use of maps and imagery is ________. A) choosing the most effective maps and imagery B) making sure it is available on the Internet C) to always use GIS D) to make sure the property of equivalence is always preserved E) to use images instead of maps when possible Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.8 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Learning Outcome: 2.28 Explain how GIS helps in the analysis of geographic data. 103) Which of the following would be used for overlay map analysis where two or more map layers are superimposed or integrated? A) GIS B) Landsat C) GPS D) EOS E) color infrared Answer: A Topic/Section: 2.8 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Learning Outcome: 2.28 Explain how GIS helps in the analysis of geographic data. 104) Geographic information system technology is a direct result of advances in all EXCEPT ________. A) surveying B) computer cartography C) spatial statistics D) remote sensing E) cartographic theory Answer: E Topic/Section: 2.8 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Learning Outcome: 2.28 Explain how GIS helps in the analysis of geographic data. 105) Which of the following would be a type of application in which a geographic information system would NOT be used? A) integrating topographic information with vegetation information B) environment site assessment C) resource management D) environmental monitoring E) monitoring of weather data at a single weather station Answer: E Topic/Section: 2.8 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Learning Outcome: 2.28 Explain how GIS helps in the analysis of geographic data. 106) Which of the following choices represents a technology into which the other choices can be used as inputs? A) GPS B) GIS C) Landsat imagery D) field data E) aerial photography Answer: B Topic/Section: 2.8 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Learning Outcome: 2.28 Explain how GIS helps in the analysis of geographic data. 107) A globe is a better model of Earth as a whole than any map. Answer: TRUE 108) Maps are inherently inaccurate because of their attempt to depict the curved Earth on a flat surface. Answer: TRUE 109) There are major discrepancies between the true shape of the Earth and that of a globe. Answer: FALSE 110) There is no possible way to avoid distortion on a map projection. Answer: TRUE 111) Because they are shaped like the real Earth, globes are usually the best way to convey Earth information. Answer: FALSE 112) A globe maintains the properties of conformality and equivalence. Answer: TRUE 113) The maps in your physical geography textbook are an example of automated cartography and were produced using desktop computers. Answer: TRUE Learning Outcome: 2.12 Explain when an equivalent map projection is most suited for use in geographic studies. 114) At a scale of 1:10,000, the distance of an inch on a map would represent more than a mile on the ground. Answer: FALSE 115) The scale of a map can never be constant all over the entire map. Answer: TRUE 116) A map which showed your classroom building as being 6 inches long on the map would be a large scale map. Answer: TRUE 117) A map is usually much smaller than the part of the Earth's surface it represents. Answer: TRUE Topic/Section: 2.2 Large and Small Map Scales 118) A map at large scale generally shows a large portion (continental size or larger) of Earth's surface. Answer: FALSE Topic/Section: 2.2 Large and Small Map Scales 119) An example of a large-scale map is a classroom wall map of the world. Answer: FALSE Topic/Section: 2.2 Large and Small Map Scales 120) The one inch to the mile scale map is a small scale map. Answer: FALSE Topic/Section: 2.2 Large and Small Map Scales 121) Compromise projections maintain both equivalence and conformality. Answer: FALSE 122) Choosing the appropriate equivalence projection will result in a map with no distortion in its depiction of Earth features or areas. Answer: FALSE 123) All conformal projections have meridians and parallels crossing each other at right angles, just as they do on the globe. Answer: TRUE Learning Outcome: 2.10 Describe conformal map projection. 124) The Mercator projection is very close to maintaining equivalence in low latitudes. Answer: TRUE Learning Outcome: 2.16 Describe some of the best uses for maps with a cylindrical projection. 125) Conformality and equivalence are, in general, mutually exclusive properties. Answer: TRUE 126) A Mercator map shows loxodromes as straight lines. Answer: TRUE 127) On a Mercator projection, the North Pole would be represented by a line as long as the Equator. Answer: TRUE 128) All map projections have the basic property of equivalence. Answer: FALSE Learning Outcome: 2.12 Explain when an equivalent map projection is most suited for use in geographic studies. 129) "Equivalency" in map projections means having no scale changes over the entire map. Answer: FALSE Learning Outcome: 2.9 Describe equivalent map projection. 130) It is important that all maps have their meridians parallel to each other as they extend east to west. Answer: FALSE Learning Outcome: 2.17 Describe planar projection. 131) On Mercator projection, Greenland's size relative to the United States is greatly exaggerated. Answer: TRUE Topic/Section: 2.4 Cylindrical Projections Learning Outcome: 2.15 Describe cylindrical projection. 132) The original purpose of the Mercator projection was for navigation. Answer: TRUE Topic/Section: 2.4 Cylindrical Projections Learning Outcome: 2.16 Describe some of the best uses for maps with a cylindrical projection. 133) The Mercator projection should not be used to show tropical areas because they are greatly distorted in area on this projection. Answer: FALSE Topic/Section: 2.4 Cylindrical Projections Learning Outcome: 2.16 Describe some of the best uses for maps with a cylindrical projection. 134) Interrupted projections are neither conformal nor equidistant. Answer: FALSE 135) Digital elevation models have been used for almost a hundred years. Answer: TRUE Topic/Section: 2.5 Portraying the Three-Dimensional Landscape Learning Outcome: 2.23 Explain how isolines are used to convey information on a map. 136) GPS was originally developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to guide missiles. Answer: TRUE Learning Outcome: 2.25 Describe some common uses of GPS. 137) The earliest aerial photographs were taken from balloons. Answer: TRUE Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing 138) A major advantage in using remote sensing is the ability to obtain precision measurements of Earth's surface. Answer: TRUE Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing Learning Outcome: 2.26 Define remote sensing. 139) The main useful trait of color infrared photography is its depiction of the states of vegetation. Answer: TRUE Topic/Section: 2.7 Visible Light and Infrared Sensing 140) Thermal infrared imagery is the most useful type of image for detecting different vegetation types. Answer: FALSE Topic/Section: 2.7 Thermal Infrared Sensing 141) Landsat images are unavailable for public use owing to their "top secret" classification by the U.S. government. Answer: FALSE 142) Images from radar sensors can be acquired only during the daytime. Answer: FALSE 143) Radar remote sensing is associated with wavelengths much shorter than those of visible light. Answer: FALSE 144) Radar imagery is especially appropriate for terrain analysis. Answer: TRUE 145) Satellites in the SPOT and Landsat series carry identical sensors. Answer: FALSE 146) The thematic mapper on the newer Landsat satellites is a great improvement because it increases the spectral range within each spectral band used. Answer: FALSE 147) A(n) ________ scale is a type of map scale which makes use of a line marked off in graduated distances. Answer: graphic Learning Outcome: 2.4 Identify examples of graphic scales from a map. 148) The representative fraction equivalent to the statement "one inch equals one mile" is ________. Answer: 1:63,360 or 1:62,500 Learning Outcome: 2.6 Identify examples of fractional scales from a map. 149) Equivalence is the property of map projections which ________. Answer: causes areas to be shown in their correct relative sizes on a map projection Learning Outcome: 2.9 Describe equivalent map projection. 150) A(n) ________ (2 words) is another name for a loxodrome. Answer: rhumb line Learning Outcome: 2.10 Describe conformal map projection. 151) A problem with conformal projections is that ________. Answer: areas must be distorted to show proper shapes Learning Outcome: 2.10 Describe conformal map projection. 152) Title, date, and legend are three of the five ________ (2 words). Answer: map essentials Topic/Section: 2.5 Map Essentials 153) ________ is the measurement or acquisition of information by a recording device which is not in physical contact with the object under study. Answer: Remote sensing Topic/Section: 2.7 Remote Sensing Learning Outcome: 2.26 Define remote sensing. 154) ________ is the Landsat spectral band used for identification of wetlands, organic soils, and water bodies. Answer: The near infrared Topic/Section: 2.7 Visible Light and Infrared Sensing 155) ________ micrometers is a wavelength of visible light. (ANY of the wavelengths will do.) Answer: Any wavelength between .36 and .72 micrometers is acceptable. Topic/Section: 2.7 Visible Light and Infrared Sensing Geog Standards: 7. The physical processes that shape the patterns of earth's surface 156) Explain how the properties of conformality and equivalence always pose a dilemma to the mapmaker. Answer: This is the classic problem for the mapmaker. A map cannot preserve both shape and relative size. A cartographer must choose one or the other or neither. Learning Outcome: 2.9 Describe equivalent map projection. 157) Name the 6 map essentials and the purpose of each one. Answer: Title, date, legend, scale, direction, location. Include definition of each. Topic/Section: 2.5 Map Essentials 158) Explain how the Global positioning system operates to locate your position within a few meters. Answer: GPS trilaterates position by using the distance and direction to several polar orbiting satellites. The orbits are well known and a satellite is located via radio transmissions from the satellite. Learning Outcome: 2.24 Describe how a GPS unit determines its location. 159) Compare/contrast the purposes of Landsat and commercial high resolution satellites. Answer: Landsat in the public domain for Earth resources. Commercial satellites also study Earth resources but at higher resolution and the user is charged considerable money to do so. 160) Explain how the use of multispectral scanning is an advantage over the use of a single band when identifying Earth features via remote sensing. Answer: Various bands are best for various features—give example(s). The point is that a combination of bands should be superior. 161) Suppose a geographer was hired to help assess the health/vigor of the winter wheat crop (to be harvested in the late spring) in an agricultural county of a Great Plains state; the object would be to predict the winter wheat yield two months in advance. What sort of remote sensing techniques might be used and why? Answer: Answers will vary. The student should mention some form of remote sensing (photography or satellite imaging) that uses the near infrared portion of the spectrum sensitive to plant greenness.