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Lecture 3
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Uploaded: 7 years ago
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Category: Sociology
Type: Lecture Notes
Tags: people, education, social, canada, theory, alienated, potential, wealth, consciousness, things, favour, learn, workers, conflict, society, ethic,
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symbolic, cont’d, weber, feminism, canada
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Transcript
Sociological Theories
A Continuation
Conflict Theory
Carl Marx (1818-1883)
Major Works:
Capital Volumes 1, 2 & 3
The Communist Manifesto
Conflict Theory
Power: holds society together
Conflict is society’s natural state
Bourgeoisie (owners of capital) dominate
Proletariat (workers)
Revolution was the means of change
(2005, Education Canada)
Marx: Class, Conflict,
and the Power of Property
Each major societal form is characterized by a struggle between the “haves” and “have-nots.”
Productive property is the source of the division called the “means of production.”
Bourgeoisie: control means of production.
Proletariat: workers who would overthrow the bourgeoisie transforming capitalism to socialism and a classless society.
(2005, Education Canada)
Karl Marx
Human Potential
Varying Power and Needs
Faculties, abilities, and capabilities of people
Desire people have for things not immediately available
Consciousness
Human potential explained by unique consciousness
Human mental capabilities differ from animals:
Animals just “do”
Choice in action
Plan before action
Physical and mental flexibility
Attention to activity for extended period
Nature of human minds leads to people to be highly social
Conflict Theory - Continued
Sociability
People cannot express humanness without other people
Unanticipated Consequence
“…while we are highly successful in bringing about the immediate results of our conscious intentions, we still to often fail to anticipate and forestall the undesired remoter consequences of those results themselves”
Society and Conflict
Social conflict: the struggle between segments of society over valued resources
Capitalists own the factories and productive enterprises
Proletariat provide the labour
To maximize profits capitalists exploit the proletariat
Proletariat will overturn the system
CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS – necessary for the “system” to be overturned
Alienation
the experience of isolation resulting from powerlessness
Components:
Workers alienated from their productive activity
Workers alienated from the product
Workers alienated from fellow workers
Workers alienated from own human potential
Structures of Capitalism
Commodities
Capital
Private property
Division of labour
Social Class
Cultural Aspects of Capitalist Society
Class Consciousness –
Example: Workers coming together and recognizing that they share their concerns with those around them, they are no longer alienated
False Consciousness –
Example: Persons working very hard for a company, allowing their “bosses” to gain wealth, feeling they too are gaining wealth, although in truth they are removed from the fruits of their work
Ideology – a set or series of belief that serve as the foundation of collective action
Example: The reasons behind the advocating for gay marriage
Symbolic Interactionism
Part of the Interpretive Paradigm
Symbolic Interactionism
Micro (small-scale) perspective
Emphasizes subjective over objective
Agents: individuals have goals and pursue them
Behaviour and attitudes depend on how people construct their social world
Mead: people interact by strings of symbols, e.g., language (gestures)
Mead: people re-define themselves based on their remembered past and anticipated future
(2005, Education Canada)
Symbolic Interactionism (cont’d)
Blumer: people act toward things on the basis of meanings those things have for them
Learning Theory: people learn by association or reward and punishment
Rational Choice Theory:
Marginal utility theorem: people act to maximize satisfaction received from the last item (2005, Education Canada
Symbolic Interactionism (cont’d)
Game Theory: what one chooses depends on what others choose
Tarde: Imitation or social learning: people learn to be something, e.g., a criminal, from other criminals
Weber: people must learn to empathize, to put oneself in the place of another
(2005, Education Canada
Symbolic Interactionism
Classical Theorist: Max Weber (1864-1920)
Major Works:
The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism
Class, Status and Power
The Sociology of Religion
Max Weber (1864-1920)
Charismatic Authority:
What is Charisma?
Name a charismatic leader?
Religion and the Rise of Capitalism
Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (p. 260 – 262 Teevan Text)
Protestantism, Calvinism, and industrial capitalism
Calvinists believed in predestination
Calvinists worked towards their “calling” to gain favour with God (ethic of vocation)
not knowing fate was intolerable
economic success showed God’s favour
religious ethic transformed to work ethic
Calvinists earned, yet only spent to increase earning potential, not to have material wealth and comfort
Provided Capital
Allowed for the growth of Capitalism
Rational Social Organization
Seven characteristics of today’s social life:
Distinctive social institutions
Large-scale organization
Specialized tasks
Personal discipline
Awareness of time
Technical competence
Impersonality
Feminist Theories
Focus on women and gender
More activist: raises consciousness
Interdisciplinary taking leadership roles
Accept a broader range of approach to research
Mix different sociological approaches
Today most sociologists favour a mix of approaches.
(2005, Education Canada)
Feminism
Marxist Feminism (or Conflict Feminism)
Structural Functional Feminism
Black Feminism
Gay/Homosexual Feminism
Divisions in the feminist Movement
Strategy of Divide and Conquer
Running white men…
Feminist vs.. Female Opportunists
Next Class:
Individual and Society
Culture
Socialization
Interpretive paradigm
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