Transcript
Chapter 7
________ have the most dynamic and changeable day-to-day weather on Earth. Correct Latitudes affected by fronts
________ is a distinguishing feature of thunderstorms. Correct An anvil top
________ is the time of day when tornadoes are most likely to occur. Correct Mid-afternoon
90 percent of all reported tornadoes take place in the United States. Correct TRUE
A cold front may advance faster than its parent middle latitude cyclone. Correct TRUE
A mature middle latitude cyclone takes on the shape of a ________. Correct wave
A midlatitude anticyclone ________. Correct is associated with sunny, dry weather
A speed of 40 kilometers per hour is typical of the movement of a middle latitude cyclone across the landscape. Correct TRUE
A tornado is identical to a waterspout. Correct FALSE
A typical air mass extends more than 1,600 kilometers in diameter. Correct TRUE
A waterspout tends to have a lesser internal pressure gradient than a tornado. Correct TRUE
A weak migratory low pressure trough which is common in the low latitudes is often called a(n) ________. Correct easterly wave
A(n) ________ is the name for a tornado does not reach the ground. Correct funnel cloud
According to the "People and the Environment" section about devastating 2011 tornadoes, ________. Correct many, many EF-5 tornadoes occurred
According to the "People and the Environment" section about lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina, ________. Correct it is unclear whether New Orleans is protected from all sizes of hurricanes
Air masses labeled "polar" tend to be unstable. Correct FALSE
Air near the Pacific coast of the southwestern United States is usually ________ than air over the Gulf Coast of the United States. Correct more stable
An average air mass is on the order of ________ kilometers in diameter. Correct 1,600
An easterly wave is on the order of ________ kilometers long. Correct a few hundred
An occluded front forms part of which of the following? Correct an extratropical cyclone
As a middle latitude cyclone goes through its life cycle, the warm sector ________. Correct gets smaller
As a rule, thunderstorms are unknown poleward of ________ latitude. Correct 60°
At any given time, how many extratropical cyclones might one expect to be in existence in the Northern Hemisphere? Correct 6 to 15
At any given time, how many extratropical cyclones might one expect to be in existence in the Northern Hemisphere? Correct 6 to 15
Concerning midlatitude anticyclones, which of the following is FALSE? Correct They contain air mass conflict.
Cyclogenesis occurs along the________. Correct polar front
Easterly waves are usually associated with polar high pressure. Correct FALSE
Every minute, there are about 6,000 flashes of lightning produced by Earth's thunderstorms. Correct TRUE
Fronts are located ________. Correct at the edges of air masses
Fronts typically lean with height so that they slope at so low an angle as to be much closer to horizontal than vertical in their orientation. Correct TRUE
Hurricane Katrina's damage was so great because the storm intensified just as it reached New Orleans. Correct TRUE
Hurricane Katrina's greatest damage came from storm surge and flooding. Correct TRUE
Hurricanes have their greatest wind speeds within the eyewall. Correct TRUE
In a midlatitude anticyclone, where are the strongest winds usually found? Correct near the eastern edge
In a warm front, warm air pushes underneath cold air. Correct FALSE
In hurricanes, surface winds converge towards the center while winds aloft diverge away from the center. Correct TRUE
In order to be classified as a hurricane, sustained wind velocity must exceed ________ kilometers per hour (mph). Correct 119 (74)
In the Conveyor Belt Model, the dry slot is ________. Correct bringing descending air into the cyclone
In the Focus section about "Weather Radar," the latest improvement on the U.S. Government's radar NEXRAD system is the ________. Correct dual polarization
In the last decade or so there has been ________. Correct an increase in the number of hurricanes
In which frontal type is there no "aggressor" air mass? Correct stationary
It can be said that along all the fronts in a middle latitude cyclone, ________. Correct air rises
Katrina was the ________ hurricane ever to hit the United States. Correct most costly
Maritime Tropical air is a common air mass affecting the eastern United States. Correct TRUE
Midlatitude cyclones and anticyclones function as migratory features in the ________. Correct westerlies
Midlatitude cyclones tend to pass over North America going from east to west. Correct FALSE
More than 80% of hurricanes originate on the poleward side of the ________. Correct intertropical convergence zone
Most middle latitude cyclones occur ________. Correct downstream of an upper level pressure trough
Most midlatitude cyclones have ________ . Correct paths determined by the upper flow
Most tornadoes are classified as ________. Correct moderate
New Orleans is prone to hurricane flooding because it is lower than the level of the Mississippi River. Correct TRUE
NEXRAD radars use the Doppler effect to detect features in thunderstorms. Correct TRUE
North America does not contain air mass source regions. Correct FALSE
Of the air masses below, the coldest, driest ones are termed ________. Correct continental Polar
Of the list below, the coldest air is bound to be associated with a(n) ________ air mass. Correct cP
Of the regions of the United States, which has the highest incidence of tornadoes? Correct Central States
On a NEXRAD computer screen, indications of strong winds flowing towards the radar adjacent to strong winds flowing away from the radar is evidence of a(n) ________ within a thunderstorm and would cause the radar operator to issue a tornado warning. Correct mesocyclones
On a weather map, a symbol consisting of triangles arranged along one side of a line indicates a(n) ________ front. Correct cold
Rain clouds associated with a cold front can be found hundreds of kilometers ahead of the front. Correct FALSE
Stable anticyclones act as a ________ to moving cyclones. Correct block
Temperature is usually the key difference between air masses separated by a front. Correct TRUE
The "eye" of the hurricane is a zone characterized by ________. Correct sinking air
The 1-5 scale rating of hurricane intensity is the ________ scale. Correct Saffir-Simpson
The ability of NEXRAD to distinguish mesocyclones in thunderstorms is dependent upon ________. Correct the Doppler effect
The average directional movement of hurricanes is ________. Correct east to west
The average hurricane exists, on the average, for about ________. Correct one week
The beginning of a middle latitude cyclone is known as ________. Correct cyclogenesis
The correct designation for a hurricane is as a(n) ________. Correct tropical cyclone
The cumulus stage is the first stage in the formation of a thunderstorm. Correct TRUE
The damage done in New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina was mainly a result of ________. Correct flooding from the failure of levees
The desert would be the obvious zone of origin of a(n) ________ air mass. Correct cT
The energy source of hurricanes is ________. Correct warm seawater
The Enhanced Fujita Scale was adopted in 2007. It is based on estimates of 3-second gusts of wind as estimated by ________. Correct tornado damage
The global westerly wind zone most heavily impacts the ________ latitudes. Correct middle
The greatest annual number of hailstorms can be found in ________. Correct Colorado
The month most likely for a hurricane to occur in the Northern Hemisphere is ________. Correct September
The most active phase of a thunderstorm is called the ________ phase. Correct mature
The movement (track along the ground) of middle latitude cyclones is determined by ________. Correct the jet stream
The normal tendency is for cold fronts to move into and displace the warm sector of a midlatitude cyclone. Correct TRUE
The part of the hurricane characterized by scattered high clouds and light winds is known as the ________. Correct eye
The paths of long-lasting hurricanes tend to curve poleward around the subtropical highs. Correct TRUE
The slope of a warm front averages 1 200. Correct TRUE
The term "tropical disturbance" cannot be applied to which of the following storm types? Correct wave cyclone
The warmest air can be found in the ________ air mass. Correct cT
Thunderstorms are more common over continents than oceans. Correct TRUE
Thunderstorms are violent ________ storms accompanied by thunder and lightning. Correct convective
Thunderstorms DO NOT usually accompany ________. Correct anticyclones
Thunderstorms often accompany the warm sector ahead of cold fronts. Correct TRUE
To be officially considered a hurricane, sustained wind speed must be at least 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph). Correct TRUE
Tornado tracks tend to be in a straight line and north to south in the United States. Correct FALSE
Tornadoes contain extreme pressure gradients. They are thought to be on the order of ________ millibars from the outside to the inside of the storm. Correct 100
Tornadoes, although erratic in their pathways, are always characterized by ________ pressure. Correct low
Tropical cyclones tend to cause the greatest loss of life on the ________. Correct Bay of Bengal.
What process seems to weaken hurricanes? Correct eyewall replacement
When air masses come together, warm air rises over cold air. Correct TRUE
Where is a place where tropical cyclones DO NOT form? Correct South Atlantic
Which country is the most likely place on Earth for a tornado to occur? Correct The United States
Which front is shown on weather maps as a line with alternating semicircles and triangles on the same side of the line? Correct occluded front
Which is NOT true of BOTH midlatitude cyclones and midlatitude anticyclones? Correct They contain subsiding air.
the length of the life cycle of a typical midlatitude cyclone? Correct 1 week
Which of the following happens LAST before tornado drops to the ground? Correct formation of a mesocyclone
Which of the following is a normal slope for a warm front? Correct 1 400
Which of the following is CLOSEST to the WIDTH of a front at Earth's surface? Correct 10 kilometers
Which of the following is NOT an ideal air mass source region? Correct the Rocky Mountains west of Denver
Which of the following is NOT NECESSARILY a property of an air mass? Correct It must travel as a recognizable entity.
Which of the following is the least likely zone of formation for a large air mass? Correct the U.S. Midwest
Which of the following occurs most frequently? Correct an easterly wave
Which of the following represents a typical count of confirmed tornadoes for a year in the United States? Correct 1,000
Which of the following statements does NOT correctly describe the U.S. distribution of midlatitude cyclones? Correct More occur in the summer than in the winter.
Which of the following would be a common diameter for a tornado? Correct 100 meters
Which stage of a thunderstorm is associated with the coexistence of updrafts and downdrafts? Correct mature stage
Which type of cloud is the associated with a thunderstorm? Correct cumulonimbus
Worldwide, hurricanes have caused more loss of life than tornadoes. Correct TRUE
Chapter 8
________ is a location in Anarctica where paleoclimatologic research is being conducted. Correct Dome C
"Continentality" is a term most closely associated with which climatic type? Correct D
A capital W means the same thing as a lowercase w in the Köppen climatic classification. Correct FALSE
A Cfa climate exists on the southeastern coast of the United States. Which climate type exists on the southwestern coast of the United States? Correct Csa
A climograph Correct can be used to classify climate.
A major feature of the mediterranean climate is a dry winter. Correct FALSE
A moulin is an opening into which meltwater seeps into an ice sheet. Correct FALSE
A prime characteristic of tropical wet climates is the low average annual temperature range. Correct TRUE
A small island on the Equator would most likely be classified ________. Correct Af
Australia is in the Southern Hemisphere and the maximum precipitation in its Csa climate type falls in the month of ________. Correct June
City A and City B are located far apart at the same latitude. City A has a much greater annual temperature range than City B. The most likely explanation for this fact is that City A. Correct is in a more continental climate than City B.
Currently, ________ is rising, partly because of the melting of glaciers. Correct sea level
Decreasing sea ice seems to be affecting the polar bear population. Correct TRUE
Deserts are arid; steppes are ________. Correct semiarid
For many centuries before the present one, scholars believed that the world had ________ climatic zones. Correct 5
For the ENTIRE last 10,000 years Earth temperatures can be characterized as ________. Correct warm and fairly steady
For the most part, the Af climates are the windiest on Earth. Correct FALSE
Global climate models are used to anticipate future climates. Correct TRUE
Global warming is expected to be greatest in the midlatitudes where humans generate most of the greenhouse gases. Correct FALSE
Great distances from oceanic moisture sources and blockage of moist flow by topography are both associated with dryness in the ________ Desert. Correct Central Asian
he Köppen system of climate classification is based on ________. Correct temperature and precipitation
Icecap climates often have very strong winds blowing off of their surfaces. Correct TRUE
In an Af climate, what time of day is precipitation most likely? Correct at mid-afternoon
In midlatitude desert (BWk) climates, the ________ temperature is greater than in subtropical desert (BWh) climates. Correct annual range of
In mountainous areas, which term refers to the vertical zone of "frozen land" at high elevation? Correct tierra helada
In North America, the steppe climate is far more extensive than the desert climate. Correct TRUE
In terms of general location of a climate, in what place would one expect to find a humid continental climate in the U.S.? Correct the Great Lakes (Buffalo, New York)
In the Arctic, sea ice coverage Correct has dramatically declined in recent decades.
In the BS climatic types the "S" stands for ________. Correct steppe
In the Df and Dw climates, winter precipitation mainly originates from ________. Correct midlatitude cyclones
In the highland or H climates latitude is a less important factor than altitude and exposure as a climate control. Correct TRUE
In the tropical humid climate, precipitation is mainly ________. Correct convective
In the tropical monsoonal climates, summer is NOT the warmest season because summer has ________. Correct increased cloudiness
In the western United States the oceanic influence of the Pacific Ocean does not penetrate very far beyond the coastline. Correct TRUE
In tropical regions the "winter" season is merely the ________ period. Correct low Sun
It is possible for a desert to receive more precipitation than a humid region and still be arid. Correct TRUE
Latitude seems to be the most important control of highland climates. Correct FALSE
Lifting of the trade winds by mountains causes the tropical wet climate to be developed farther poleward on east-facing coasts than on west-facing coasts. Correct TRUE
Looking at the world climate map, there are more square kilometers of A climates in ________ than in any other region. Correct Africa
Mediterranean climates experience dry summers because of ________. Correct the position of subtropical high pressure
Mediterranean climates receive almost all their precipitation from cyclonic storms. Correct TRUE
Of the main Köppen climate zones, ________ is the only one that does not occur in the Southern Hemisphere. Correct D
On the "hypothetical continent" showing climate types, it is obvious that factors other than latitude help to make the patterns. Correct TRUE
On which continent is the intertropical convergence furthest from the Equator in the summer season? Correct Asia
Over the ENTIRE past 70 million years there has been ________. Correct a global cooling
Precipitation is very regular and about the same from month to month in the C climates. Correct FALSE
Presently, the most widely used classification system was derived by ________. Correct Wladimir Köppen
Rainfall is absent in Cfb climates in the summer. Correct FALSE
Satellite images show Arctic lands becoming ________. Correct greener
Some E climates give rise to tundra vegetation. Correct TRUE
Steppe climates can be thought of as occupying transitional positions between deserts and ________. Correct humid climates
Study of global warming indicates that humans are causing some of it. Correct TRUE
Subtropical deserts are so dry because of ________ associated with the presence of the STH's. Correct subsidence
The ________ climatic type has, by far, the smallest annual temperature range of any climatic type. Correct Af
The A climatic zone is universally rainy throughout its extent on Earth. Correct FALSE
The ancient Greeks were well aware of the actual nature of the climates near the Equator. Correct FALSE
The ancient Greeks were well aware that different places on Earth had different climates. Correct TRUE
The area most closely associated with D climates is ________. Correct Canada
The B climates are the only group in the Köppen system to be categorized by the lack of moisture. Correct TRUE
The BWh climate is "caused" by the Correct subtropical highs.
The classic marine west-coast climate is the ________. Correct Cfb
The climate classification used by the textbook is the Correct modified Köppen climate classification.
The concept of climate involves almost continuous variation of temperature and other variables. Correct TRUE
The current rise in global sea level can be attributed to ________. Correct melting of glaciers
The desire to simplify, organize, and generalize the vast array of climatic data into a comprehensible system that helps us understand the distribution of climates over Earth leads to ________. Correct classification
The difference between midlatitude and tropical deserts is the prevalence of lower winter temperatures in the midlatitude. Correct TRUE
The driest desert in the world is the Atacama in Chile. Correct TRUE
The E climates are, by definition, summerless. Correct FALSE
The greatest day-to-day and seasonal contrasts of climate are found in the ________ climates. Correct middle latitude
The Greek classification of climate included Correct all of the above.
The hottest places on Earth are ________. Correct not correctly described above
The humid subtropical (Cfa) climatic type is usually located on the western sides of continents. Correct FALSE
The Köppen system of climate classification is based on ________. Correct temperature and precipitation
The largest absolute difference between the coldest and hottest ever recorded at one location is more than 1100°C (150°F). Correct TRUE
The lowercase letter symbolizing "moist, with no dry season" in the Köppen classification system is ________. Correct f
The lowest temperature ever recorded was recorded in Antarctica. Correct TRUE
The main reason for the occurrence of subtropical deserts around the world is ________. Correct locations of anticyclones
The maximum poleward extent of Af climates is found ________. Correct on east coasts of continents
The maximum poleward extent of tropical wet climate is along the west coasts of continents. Correct FALSE
The mediterranean climate occurs in the eastern portions of the continents. Correct FALSE
The midlatitude steppe fits into the Köppen classification as ________. Correct BSk
The modified Köppen climate classification as used in the textbook includes ________ major climate groups. Correct 6
The most extensive of all the A climates is the tropical savannah. Correct TRUE
The mountain, or H climates, exhibit ________. Correct vertical zonation
The one-year record rainfall took place in a ________ climate type. Correct monsoon
The poleward limits of the Aw climate are approximately equivalent to Correct poleward maximum migration of the ITC.
The presence of the cold Humboldt current and the Andes Mountains help to create the coastal ________ Desert. Correct Atacama
The text makes frequent use of ________ which are charts showing average monthly temperatures and precipitation amounts. Correct climographs
The three climate zones of the classical Greeks were "torrid", "temperate", and "________". Correct frigid
The tropical monsoon climate bears a letter classification of Correct Am.
The tropical savanna has three seasons. Correct TRUE
The United States exceeds China in the per capita amount of carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere. Correct TRUE
The world record for greatest precipitation received in a single year is on the order of ________ centimeters. Correct 2,600
The world's greatest annual average temperature range is in a Dfd climate in ________. Correct Yakutsk, Siberia
The world's highest average annual precipitation is associated with a mountain in Hawaii where a total of CLOSEST TO ________ centimeters is received. Correct 1,000
The world's highest recorded absolute temperature was in the United States. Correct FALSE
The world's highest recorded temperature was in Libya and closest to ________ degrees Celsius. Correct 58
The world's largest expanse of middle latitude dry climates is on the continent of ________. Correct Eurasia
The world's record for greatest average annual precipitation is held by Mt. Waialeali, Hawaii. Correct TRUE
The world's record lowest average annual precipitation is on the continent of: Correct South America.
Throughout the ET climates, ________ is/are very prevalent. Correct radiation fogs
To the Greeks, their land fell within the ________ zone in their early classification of climate. Correct temperate
Tropical wet climates are the hottest on Earth. Correct FALSE
Vertical zonation is particularly prominent in which region? Correct tropical highlands
Which climate type is known for clear skies in the summertime? Correct Csa
Which climatic type is dominated by the westerly winds throughout the year so there are frequent weather changes? Correct Dfa
Which climatic type is most closely associated with the smallest average daily ranges of temperature? Correct ET
Which of the following climate type takes up the most land area? Correct B
Which of the following climate types is found at the highest latitudes? Correct marine west coast
Which of the following climates does NOT have a summer wetter than its winter? Correct Mediterranean
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of desert climates? Correct Precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the midlatitude desert climate type? Correct a winter maximum of precipitation
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the tropical humid climates? Correct The intertropical convergence zone is rarely overhead.
Which of the following is NOT a climate type found in South America? Correct D
Which of the following is TRUE of the highland (H) climates? Correct All of the above are true.
Which of the following would be an expected average annual precipitation total in a marine west coast climate? Correct 100 centimeters
With coastal climates isotherms tend to ________. Correct parallel the coast
Chapter 9
________ is making the oceans progressively acidic.Correct Carbonic acid
"Hygroscopic water" refers to all water stored beneath the Earth's surface. Correct FALSE
"Sea" is a synonym for "ocean." Correct FALSE
A single oscillation of the tides (from low tide to high tide and back again) takes about ________ hours. Correct 12
A single oscillation of the tides (from low tide to high tide and back again) takes about
A swamp and a marsh ________. Correct are sometimes related to the infilling of a lake
A wall of sea water rushing up into an embayment is called ________. Correct a tidal bore
A water molecule is composed of ________ atom(s). Correct 3
About ________ percent of all evaporated moisture comes from the land surface. Correct 14
According to the textbook, our knowledge of the oceans is ________. Correct fairly limited until recently
After the Great Lakes, North America's largest freshwater lake is ________. Correct Great Bear Lake
All of Earth's frozen water is called the ________. Correct cryosphere
An ice shelf is a flattish, tabular mass of ice unattached to the land. Correct FALSE
Approximately ________ percent of all atmospheric water comes from ocean surfaces. Correct 86
Approximately ________ percent of the Earth's lake water is salty. Correct 40
Aquifers are composed of highly permeable rocks. Correct TRUE
As a landscape feature, natural lakes should be viewed as temporary in the context of Earth history. Correct TRUE
At any moment, most of the world's surface water is in streams and rivers. Correct FALSE
Biological water (water in living organisms) constitutes what percentage of water in the Earth system? Correct less than 1%
Clay has a high ________ and low ________ because it has a great many, small interstices. Correct porosity, permeability
Clay is both ________ and ________. Correct porous, non-permeable
Earth's "world ocean" contains ________ cubic kilometers of salt water. Correct 1.32 billion
Europe's longest river is the ________. Correct Volga
Geographically speaking, the most important currents ________. Correct are the flows making up the oceans' general circulations
Glaciers comprise about two percent of the total moisture on Earth. Correct TRUE
GRACE is a German/NASA project that monitors ________. Correct groundwater levels
Ice floats on liquid water. Correct TRUE
Ice has the important characteristic of being less dense than liquid water. Correct TRUE
Ice, when it is frozen year-round in the ground, is termed ________. Correct permafrost
If all of Earth's glacial water was converted to liquid, the amount would be sufficient to supply the world's main rivers for ________ year(s). Correct 900
In a year, farmers in the American Southwest use many times as much water from groundwater as is recharged to the groundwater. Correct TRUE
In Las Vegas, Nevada, the groundwater supply is ________. Correct being depleted
In terms of the total global supply of water, how much of it is in circulation at any one time? Correct a small percentage
In terms of underground water, the waterless zone generally begins ________. Correct several kilometers under the soil
In the middles of the oceans, high tides can best be described as ________. Correct bulges
In the oceans, place-to-place differences in water temperature and other characteristics are most prominent ________. Correct near the surface
Lake tides, at their peak, are usually no more than ________ of rise and fall. Correct 2 inches
Lakes are common in areas which have been recently ________. Correct glaciated
Lakes comprise about ________ percent of the globe's unfrozen freshwater surface. Correct 90
Most freshwater lakes have but one surface outlet. Correct TRUE
Most of the ice of Antarctica is stored as ________. Correct an ice sheet
Most of the lakes in the north central United States exist as a result of ________. Correct glaciation
Most of the north Polar region is covered by ________. Correct ice pack
Most water on Earth is in ________ form. Correct liquid
North America's largest lake is ________. Correct Lake Superior
North America's most prominent river system in terms of the area of its drainage basin is the ________. Correct Missouri-Mississippi
Of the Earth's liquid water inventory, most of the fresh water is stored in the form of ________. Correct glacial ice
On the oceans, there are approximately ________ high tides in 24 hours. Correct 2
Over a span of years, worldwide precipitation will equal total evaporation/transpiration. Correct TRUE
Over three-fourths of the world's fresh water is held in the form of ________. Correct glaciers
Part of the Ogallala aquifer can be found under Nebraska. Correct TRUE
Pumping is necessary for bringing water from subartesian wells to the surface. Correct TRUE
Rock through which ground water cannot run or flow is a(n) ________. Correct aquiclude
Salinity is lowest in the landlocked seas of hot, dry regions. Correct FALSE
Some underground ice forms in lenses or veins in the soil. Correct TRUE
Spring tides are defined as those which occur after winter and before summer. Correct FALSE
Streams which contain water only a fraction of the time are called ________. Correct ephemeral
Surface ocean currents are caused primarily by gravity. Correct FALSE
Thawing permafrost sometimes degenerates into ________. Correct wet thermokarst
The ________ ice shelf is the largest on Earth. Correct Ross
The "world ocean" spreads over ________ of Earth's surface. Correct three-quarters
The Amazon has the greatest discharge in the world. Which river has the second greatest discharge? Correct the Zaire (Congo)
The Amazon River yields about ________ percent of Earth's total freshwater discharge. Correct 20
The amount of moisture in existence is finite and remains constant over time. Correct TRUE
The amount of salt content of ocean water is about ________. Correct 35 parts per thousand
The Aral Sea is ________. Correct about to disappear because of the diversion rivers feeding the sea
The Arctic Ocean contains about ________ percent of Earth's total ocean water. Correct 4
The average salinity of sea water is about 23 percent of its total weight. Correct FALSE
The average salinity of sea water is approximately ________ percent of total mass. Correct 3.5
The deepest oceanic trenches are in which ocean? Correct Pacific
The difference between swamps and marshes is mainly one of ________. Correct trees versus grassland
The first ________ of the ocean depths exhibit significant differences from place to place. Correct hundred meters
The Great Salt Lake in Utah is ________. Correct without a natural drainage outlet
The Great Salt Lake of Utah contains most of the world's non-oceanic saline water. Correct FALSE
The Indian Ocean is larger than the Atlantic Ocean. Correct FALSE
The largest ice shelf on Earth approximates ________ square kilometers. Correct 100,000
The lowest temperature which is found in liquid surface seawater is approximately ________ degrees Celsius. Correct -2
The maximum time water can be excluded from the hydrologic cycle (that is, exist in "storage") is at least ________. Correct hundreds of thousands of years
The movement of a wave across the surface of the ocean is a movement of ________ rather than matter. Correct energy
The North and South polar ice packs ________ in size during their respective winter seasons. Correct double
The ocean's surface has a uniform distribution of salinity concentration. Correct FALSE
The oceans contain approximately ________ percent of all water on Earth. Correct 97
The Ogallala aquifer is a massive aquifer beneath California. Correct FALSE
The reason land surfaces do not flood and oceans do not dry up as a result of imbalances in the hydrologic cycle is a process called ________. Correct runoff
The Sun is associated with some of the gravity causing ocean tides. Correct TRUE
The term hydrosphere describes one of the Earth's "spheres" and it includes all of the ________. Correct water in the Earth system
The tides migrate following ________ course around the Earth. Correct the Moon's
The tides with the maximum tidal elevation are ________ tides. Correct spring
The top of permafrost is sometimes called ________. Correct the active layer
The top of the saturated zone of ground water is called the ________. Correct water table
The total mass of every living thing is more than half water. Correct TRUE
The water table is the top of the ________. Correct saturated zone
The western sides of oceans are warmer than the eastern sides. Correct TRUE
The world's largest lake, fresh or saline, is ________. Correct the Caspian Sea
The world's longest river also has the world's largest drainage area. Correct FALSE
The world's longest river is the ________. Correct Nile
There is twice as much underground water as there is surface water (lakes, streams, etc.) on Earth's land surface. Correct TRUE
This sea has shrunk to one-third its former size because of human interference. Correct Aral
Tides follow the moon in its revolution around Earth. Correct TRUE
Water that is not found in oceans accounts for ________ percent of the world's total water. Correct 2.8
What does the textbook refer to as it describes "most of this movement is like running in place, with little forward progress involved"? Correct waves
Which force supplies the energy for percolation? Correct gravity
Which of the below best describes water moving through Earth material because of the influence of gravity? Correct percolation
Which of the below is NOT generally accepted as an ocean name? Correct Antarctic
Which of the below would do most to affect the components of the hydrologic cycle to the greatest extent for the Earth as a whole? Correct the onset of an ice age
Which of the following concerning the Ogallala is FALSE? Correct It is the largest water supply in Mexico.
Which of the following is found closest to the surface of Earth? Correct the zone of aeration
Which of the following is NOT the name of a sea? Correct Indian
Which of the following locations is known for its great tidal range? Correct the Bay of Fundy
Which of the following storage locations contains the most water? Correct glaciers
Which of the oceans has, by far, most of its surface south of the Equator? Correct Indian
Which of the world's largest lakes is saline? Correct The Caspian Sea
Within each latitudinal zone (tropical, middle, polar), sea surface temperatures are virtually uniform. Correct FALSE
Within the zone of saturation is found water known as ________. Correct groundwater
Chapter 10
________ are floating plants or animals. Correct Plankton
________ is a tree which scatters its seeds only after a fire. Correct Southern yellow pine
________ is the term for the total complex of plant and animal life in an area. Correct Biota
________ is/are a common feature of the hydrology of tropical rainforests. Correct Swamps
"Biomagnification" refers to the evolutionary process of animals becoming larger through time. Correct FALSE
"Exotic" species are those that live in trees. Correct FALSE
A carnivorous animal is a primary producer. Correct FALSE
A problem with the use of biofuels is ________. Correct there is a food versus fuel debate
A(n) ________ is another way in which a food chain can be conceptualized. Correct food pyramid
According to the food chain concept, it takes ________ kilograms of plankton to make one kilogram of weight gain for a human. Correct 1,000
Action by microorganisms creates fixed nitrogen. Correct TRUE
Amongst the biogeochemical cycles, which one can be said to operate rapidly? Correct carbon dioxide
Animal wastes on the ground form a part of the ________ cycle. Correct nitrogen
Animals or plants living on the sea bottom are ________. Correct benthos
Animals subsisting on smaller animals are called primary consumers. Correct FALSE
Approximately how many species of plants are in existence? Correct 600,000
At almost any scale, the most prominent environmental constraints on biota are exerted by various ________ factors. Correct climatic
At the global scale, topographic influences are relatively unimportant to biotic distributions. Correct FALSE
Atmospheric nitrogen which can be assimilated by plants is ________ nitrogen. Correct fixed
Biomagnification is most closely associated with ________. Correct DDT
Carbon dioxide and water and light combined to create carbohydrates is a vital portion of which cycle? Correct energy
Carbon is fixed in the biosphere through ________ into carbohydrate compounds. Correct photosynthesis
Compared to the others, which of the following is the "hardest to pin down"? Correct biosphere
Concerning oxygen, which of the following is FALSE? Correct It helped produce the first life on Earth.
Concerning the biosphere, the geographic viewpoint is most often concerned with ________. Correct distributions and relationships
Considering all major biogeochemical cycles, the human input is ________. Correct making major alternations in most cycles
Dentrification converts nitrates into free oxygen in the atmosphere. Correct TRUE
Earth has ________ species of animals compared to the number of plant species. Correct many more
Fires always endanger a tree's ability to survive. Correct FALSE
Fluctuation in the photoperiod stimulates seasonal behavior in both plants and animals. Correct TRUE
For about the last ________ years, Earth has had about the same balance of chemical components that now persists. Correct 1 billion
Humans fit into the food pyramid as ________. Correct the apex of the pyramid
If the biosphere is to function properly, its components must be ________. Correct recycled
In most organisms, ________ is the most plentiful substance making up their mass. Correct water
In nutrient cycles in general, minerals tend to be dispersed through ________. Correct surface and subsurface runoff
In relation to wildfire, the California redwood and the southern yellow pine are ________. Correct plants that need fire to open their cones
In studying environmental relationships, which of the following is true? Correct Both interspecific and intraspecific relationships need to be considered.
In terms of broad distribution patterns, ________ and ________ have a particularly close correlation. Correct climate, vegetation
In the concept of the food chain, the fundamental unit consists of ________. Correct plants
In the food chain, a(n) ________ is another term for a consumer. Correct heterotroph
In the language of the food chain, herbivorous animals are called ________. Correct primary consumers
In the selva, the vegetation is ________. Correct dominated by broadleaf evergreen trees
In which type of environment does the number of species tend to be the greatest? Correct places with moderate temperatures
It has been calculated that about 0.1 percent of solar radiation is fixed in the biosphere by photosynthesis. Correct TRUE
Linnaeus was the author of the most widely used biological taxonomy. Correct TRUE
Most carbon has already been released from the Earth's crust to the atmosphere. Correct FALSE
Most organisms can exist for months or more without water. Correct FALSE
Most plants are able to use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. Correct FALSE
Net primary productivity is greatest on land ________. Correct in the tropics
Net primary productivity is measured in ________ per year. Correct kilograms per square meter
Of the biogeochemical cycles which have been interfered with by the actions of humans, which is thought to be likely to have the most far-reaching effects on the biosphere? Correct carbon
Of the climatic factors, ________ is usually the most limited in its impact on biotic distributions. Correct wind
Of the main nutrients in the biosphere, the one that is "fixed" inside nodules in certain plant roots is ________. Correct nitrogen
Of the sum total of environmental relationships affecting plant distributions, ________ is the least predictable. Correct wildfire
Of the total solar energy reaching the Earth, ________ percent is fixed by photosynthesis. Correct less than 1
Over the last century and a half, the main source of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has been ________. Correct burning of fossil fuels
Photosynthesis is a main means of fixing ________ in the ecosystem. Correct carbon dioxide
Planetwide, a balance of chemicals is maintained by ________. Correct cycles
Plants are eaten by ________. Correct herbivores
Seasonal behavior in plants and animals is stimulated by ________. Correct photoperiodism
Significant areas of rainforest are present in North America. Correct TRUE
Some substances are very stable and become harmfully concentrated in the higher levels of the food chain. Correct TRUE
The absence of light is an absolute limitation on terrestrial vegetation. Correct TRUE
The availability of moisture to plants is largely determined by ________. Correct precipitation versus evaporation
The biogeochemical cycles are considered to have been in a planetwide steady-state condition for the last ________ billion years. Correct one billion
The biosphere contains more than a half a million carbon compounds. Correct TRUE
The biotic nutrients are finite and limited in quantity. Correct TRUE
The bottom link in the food pyramid consists of organisms called benthos. Correct FALSE
The burning of fossil fuels represents a release of carbon which has been in storage for millions of years. Correct TRUE
The conversion of nitrates into free nitrogen ________. Correct is accomplished by bacteria
The Deepwater Horizon event was ________. Correct an explosion on an offshore drilling platform
The driving force behind all life cycles in the entire biosphere is ________. Correct the Sun
The Earth has approximately 15,000,000 plant species. Correct FALSE
The effect of wind on plants is also known as the edaphic influence. Correct FALSE
The effect of winds on life is ________. Correct a mix of positive and negative
The effects of wildfire ________. Correct are usually temporary
The end product(s) of photosynthesis is (are) ________. Correct carbohydrates
The following DOES NOT have a sedimentary cycle. Correct oxygen
The interrelated web of cycles in the world are known as biogeochemical cycles. Correct TRUE
The Linnaean classification system is based mainly on ________. Correct anatomical similarities
The Linnaean system of classification is ________. Correct hierarchical
The Linnaean system of classification is binomial. Correct TRUE
The main carbon cycle is conversion from carbon dioxide to living matter and back to carbon dioxide. Correct TRUE
The main energy source for the biosphere is ________. Correct light from the Sun
The main source of free nitrogen is action by soil microorganisms and plant roots on air spaces in the soil. Correct TRUE
The most powerful predator in a given area sits atop the local food pyramid. Correct TRUE
The mountain pine beetle has been responsible for all but ________. Correct increased nitrogen fixation in soil
The original forests of Australia were composed almost entirely of various species of eucalyptus. Correct TRUE
The present binomial system of biological classification was devised by ________. Correct Linnaeus
The response of an organism to the amount of light it receives in a day is termed ________. Correct photoperiodism
This entity has the greatest percentage of its mass as water. Correct tomatoes
Water in the biosphere is a closed system. Correct TRUE
Water is the source of hydrogen for living things in the biosphere. Correct TRUE
What was learned from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? Correct It was unclear if anything was learned.
Which components are necessary for photosynthesis to occur? Correct carbon dioxide, light, and water
Which cycle has been significantly altered by humans and is of great concern because of its implications for global warming? Correct carbon
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others? Correct oxygen cycle
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others? Correct terrestrial biota
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe water in plants? Correct Water is created through the process of photosynthesis.
Which of the following does not refer to life in the oceans? Correct vadose
Which of the following is another term for a tropical rainforest? Correct selva
Which of the following is NOT a source of atmospheric oxygen in the oxygen cycle? Correct decomposition of nirogen by solar energy
Which of the following is NOT an example of climatic influence on the biosphere? Correct edaphic conditions
Which of the following is NOT an important edaphic influence on plants? Correct supply of light
Which of the following terms is the LEAST specific? Correct biota
Why is the Linnaean system of limited interest to geographers? Correct not based on distributions
Wildfire can be said to ________. Correct be necessary for some plant communities to thrive
With respect to organic matter, water is classified as "in residence" or "in transit." Correct TRUE