Human Diseases, 8th Edition

Chapter 1: Introduction to Disease CHAPTER OVERVIEW Introductory terms such as health, homeostasis, signs, symptoms, syndrome, and diagnosis are presented. The course of a disease, from diagnosis through prognosis, is discussed. Morbidity and mortality and its impact on disease is reviewed. The different causes of disease are introduced. Risk factors, health promotion, and prevention are introduced. The different treatments for disease are listed. TRANSITION GUIDE/NEW TO THE EIGHTH EDITION Chapter reviewed to ensure accuracy and to include any updates or changes in chapter content. Updated and reviewed the professional references at the end of the chapter. CHAPTER OUTLINE Disease Concepts and Terminology Health and Disease Recognizing Disease Diagnosis of Disease The Course of a Disease Describing the Occurrence of Disease Causes of Disease Risk Factors Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Treatment of Disease CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Define basic terminology used in the study of human disease Identify the major causes of disease Identify risk factors related to disease Describe how health promotion and disease prevention reduce the burden of disease INSTRUCTIONAL GOALS Objective 1: Define basic terminology used in the study of human disease. Utilize the PowerPoint presentations as a starting point for your lecture. Utilize one or more of the Classroom Activities to augment the chapter and student learning. (A list of the Classroom Activities and instructions can be found in the preface of the Instructor's Manual.) Choose a Classroom Activity using Tables 1-1 and 1-2. Objective 2: Identify the major causes of disease. Utilize the PowerPoint presentations as a starting point for your lecture. Utilize one or more of the Classroom Activities to augment the chapter and student learning. (A list of the Classroom Activities and instructions can be found in the preface of the Instructor's Manual.) Choose a Classroom Activity using Tables 1-3, 1-4, and 1-5. Objective 3: Identify risk factors related to disease. Utilize the PowerPoint presentations as a starting point for your lecture. Review the feature Prevention PLUS!: Four Modifiable Risk Factors for Chronic Disease. Objective 4: Describe how health promotion and disease prevention reduce the burden of disease. Utilize the PowerPoint presentations as a starting point for your lecture. Review the feature Healthy Aging: Preventing Falls. Review the feature Promote Your Health: Yoga to Reduce Stress. WORKSHEET 1: Define the Terms acute chronic complication diagnosis disease disorder epidemiology etiology exacerbation health homeostasis idiopathic incidence morbidity mortality pathogenesis pathologist pathology prevalence prognosis relapse remission sequela signs symptoms syndrome terminal WORKSHEET 2: Testbank Questions and Answers 1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) In _____, the body's organ systems normally maintain temperature, pH, blood composition, and fluid levels within a precise range. A) disease B) health C) homeostasis D) pathology Answer: B Objective 1 2) _____ is a deviation from normal structure or function in the body that interrupts or modifies the performance of vital functions. A) Disease B) Health C) Homeostasis D) Pathology Answer: Disease Objective 1 3) A disease that causes no signs or symptoms is called an _____ disease. A) asymptomatic B) disorder C) prognosis D) syndrome Answer: A Objective 1 4) _____ is the process of identifying a disease or disorder. A) Acute B) Chronic C) Diagnosis D) Prognosis Answer: C Objective 1 5) _____ refers to a visual examination of the external surface of the body, its movements, and posture for abnormalities or evidence of disease. A) Auscultation B) Inspection C) Palpation D) Percussion Answer: B Objective 1 6) _____, producing sounds by tapping on specific areas of the body with fingers, hands, or small instruments, allows evaluation of the size, consistency, and borders of the body organs, and the presence or absence of fluid in body areas. A) Auscultation B) Inspection C) Palpation D) Percussion Answer: D Objective 1 7) _____ uses computers and x-rays to create three-dimensional images of internal structures. A) Computed tomography B) Nuclear medicine C) Radiography D) Ultrasound Answer: A Objective 1 8) _____ analyzes the interaction of low-frequency sound waves with tissues to create moving images of internal organs. A) Computed tomography B) Nuclear medicine C) Radiography D) Ultrasound Answer: D Objective 1 9) ______ uses radioactive materials to create contrast in the body and help form images of the structure and function of organs. A) Computed tomography B) Nuclear medicine C) Radiography D) Ultrasound Answer: B Objective 1 10) The predicted course and outcome of the disease is known as the _____. A) diagnosis B) exacerbation C) prognosis D) relapse Answer: C Objective 1 11) A disease that will end in death is called a _____ disease. A) chronic B) exacerbation C) palliative D) terminal Answer: D Objective 1 12) Examples of _____ diseases include heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and arthritis. A) acute B) chronic C) exacerbation D) terminal Answer: B Objective 1 13) Some diseases enter a period of _____ during which signs and symptoms subside or disappear. A) exacerbation B) relapse C) remission D) sequela Answer: C Objective 1 14) A period of _____ occurs when signs and symptoms grow more severe. A) complication B) exacerbation C) relapse D) remission Answer: B Objective 1 15) An example of a _____ is a person confined to bed with a serious fracture developing pneumonia due to inactivity. A) complication B) relapse C) remission D) sequela Answer: A Objective 1 16) An example of a _____ is rheumatic fever causing permanent damage to the heart. A) complication B) relapse C) remission D) sequela Answer: D Objective 1 17) _____ is the number of deaths that occur among people with a certain disease. A) Incidence B) Morbidity C) Mortality D) Prevalence Answer: C Objective 1 18) _____ is the number of cases of a disease in a population. A) Incidence B) Morbidity C) Mortality D) Prevalence Answer: B Objective 1 19) _____ is the percentage of a population that is affected with a particular disease at a given time. A) Incidence B) Morbidity C) Mortality D) Prevalence Answer: D Objective 1 20) _____ data allows the determination of the impact and significance of a disease for a given population. A) Incidence B) Morbidity C) Mortality D) Prevalence Answer: D Objective 1 21) The _____ is the chief epidemiologic institution in the United States. A) American Medical Association B) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention C) Department of Health and Human Services D) World Health Organization Answer: B Objective 4 22) An important aspect of any disease is its _____, or cause. A) etiology B) idiopathic C) pathogenesis D) sequela Answer: A Objective 2 23) _____ describes how the cause of a disease leads to anatomical and physiological changes in the body that ultimately result in the disease. A) Etiology B) Idiopathic C) Pathogenesis D) Sequela Answer: C Objective 2 24) Disease caused by an abnormality in an individual's genes or chromosomes. A) congenital B) hereditary C) metabolic D) nutritional Answer: B Objective 2 25) In _____ diseases, the function or structure of the affected tissue or organs progressively deteriorates over time. A) congenital B) degenerative C) inflammatory D) traumatic Answer: B Objective 2 26) _____ diseases are caused by a disruption of the normal processes of converting food to energy on a cellular level. A) Congenital B) Degenerative C) Metabolic D) Traumatic Answer: C Objective 2 27) By eliminating known _____ for a disease, a person may reduce the chance of developing that disease. A) categories B) etiology C) risk factors D) sequela Answer: C Objective 3 28) More than 75% of U.S. healthcare dollars go to treatment of _____ diseases instead of prevention, even though prevention would yield a significant reduction in healthcare costs. A) acute B) chronic C) exacerbation D) sequela Answer: B Objective 4 29) Treatment aims to _____ a disease or reduce the severity of its signs and symptoms. A) cure B) exacerbate C) prevent D) relapse Answer: A Objective 4 30) The goal of _____ treatment is to provide comfort and relieve pain. A) curative B) modifiable C) palliative D) preventable Answer: C Objective 4 1.2 True/False Questions 1) A significant disturbance in the homeostasis of the body leads to disease. Answer: True Objective 2 2) The study of disease includes study of its causes, mechanisms, signs and symptoms, treatments, and prevention. Answer: True Objective 1 3) A disease can be recognized through its characteristic signs and symptoms. Answer: True Objective 2 4) Symptoms are evidence of disease, observed on physical examination. Answer: False Objective 2 5) A disorder is an abnormal structure or function characterized by a group of signs and symptoms that usually occur together. Answer: False Objective 2 6) Signs and symptoms are measures of various physiological statistics in order to assess the most basic body functions, and vary with age, sex, weight, exercise tolerance, and physical condition. Answer: False Objective 3 7) The prognosis may state the chances for complete recovery, predict the permanent loss of function, or give probability of survival. Answer: True Objective 1 8) A chronic disease has a sudden onset and short duration. Answer: False Objective 1 9) A remission may last days, months, or years, after which the disease can recur. Answer: True Objective 1 10) A relapse describes the return of a disease weeks or months after its apparent cure. Answer: True Objective 1 11) A complication is a related disease or other abnormal state that develops in a person already suffering from a disease. Answer: True Objective 1 12) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Answer: False Objective 4 13) Congenital diseases can be acquired through heredity or acquired during development in the uterus. Answer: True Objective 2 14) Inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic diseases are the result of abnormal immune function. Answer: True Objective 2 15) Equivalent to etiology, risk factors increase a person's chance of developing a disease? Answer: False Objective 2 1.3 Short-Answer Questions 1) _____ is the condition in which the human body performs its vital functions normally. Answer: Health Objective 1 2) Health depends on the body maintaining _____, relatively stable internal conditions under fluctuating environmental conditions. Answer: homeostasis Objective 1 3) _____ is the study of disease, especially the structural and functional changes associated with disease. Answer: Pathology Objective 1 4) A _____ is a physician who studies and interprets the changes caused by disease. Answer: pathologist Objective 1 5) _____ are indications of disease reported by the patient, such as pain, dizziness, and itching. Answer: Symptoms Objective 1 6) A _____ is a functional abnormality not necessarily linked to a specific cause or physical abnormality. Answer: disorder Objective 1 7) _____, feeling the body with fingers or hands, allows examination of the size, consistency, texture, location, and tenderness of an organ or body part. Answer: Palpation Objective 1 8) _____, listening to the lungs, heart, and intestines, allows evaluation of the frequency, intensity, duration, number, and quality of sounds originating in the body. Answer: Auscultation Objective 1 9) An _____ reads the heart's electrical impulses. Answer: electrocardiography Objective 1 10) A _____ disease has a slower, less severe onset and a long duration of months or years. Answer: chronic Objective 1 11) The aftermath of a particular disease is called the _____. Answer: sequela Objective 1 12) _____ is the study of the occurrence, transmission, distribution, and control of disease. Answer: Epidemiology Objective 1 13) If the cause of a disease is not known, it is said to be _____. Answer: idiopathic Objective 1 14) Infectious diseases are caused by _____, like bacteria and viruses. Answer: pathogens Objective 1 15) _____ diseases result from abnormal growth that leads to the formation of tumors. Answer: Neoplastic Objective 1 WORKSHEET 3: Discussion Questions and Answers 1.4 Discussion Questions 1. Explain the difference between signs and symptoms and give some examples of each. Answer: Signs are evidence of disease observed on physical examination, such as an abnormal pulse, abnormal respiratory rate, fever, and sweating. Symptoms are indications of disease reported by the patient, such as pain, dizziness, and itching. 2. Explain the difference between syndromes and disorders. Answer: A syndrome is an abnormal structure or function characterized by a group of signs and symptoms that usually occur together. A disorder is a functional abnormality not necessarily linked to a specific cause or physical abnormality. 3. There are five physical examination procedures. Pick two and describe them. Answer: Inspection refers to a visual examination of the external surface of the body, its movements, and posture for abnormalities or evidence of disease. Palpation, feeling the body with fingers or hands, allows examination of the size, consistency, texture, location, and tenderness of an organ or body part. Auscultation, listening to the lungs, heart, and intestines, allows evaluation of the frequency, intensity, duration, number, and quality of sounds originating in the body. Percussion, producing sounds by tapping on specific areas of the body with fingers, hands, or small instruments, allows evaluation of the size, consistency, and borders of the body organs, and the presence or absence of fluid in the body area. Vital signs (pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, temperature) are measures of various physiological statistics in order to assess the most basic body functions. Normal vital signs vary with age, sex, weight, exercise tolerance, and physical condition. 4. Explain the difference between a CT scan and an MRI. Answer: Computed tomography (CT scan) uses computers and x-rays to create three-dimensional images of internal structures. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) analyzes tissue responses to a strong magnetic field to create images of internal structures. 5. Explain the difference between diagnosis and prognosis. Answer: Diagnosis is the process of identifying a disease or disorder. Prognosis is the predicted outcome of the disease. 6. Explain the difference between mortality and morbidity. Answer: Morbidity is the number of deaths that occur among people with a certain disease. Morbidity is the number of cases of a disease in a population. 7. There are nine chief causes of disease. Describe three giving an example for each. Answer: Hereditary - caused by an abnormality in an individual's genes or chromosomes. [Hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis] Congenital - exists at date of birth, can be acquired through hereditary or acquired during development in the uterus. [Tetralogy of Fallot] Degenerative - the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs progressively deteriorates over time. [Arteriosclerosis, osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's] Inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic - result of abnormal immune function. [Asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus, hay fever] Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens like bacteria and viruses. [Tuberculosis, influenza, syphilis] Neoplastic - result from abnormal growth that leads to the formation of tumors. [Lung cancer, malignant melanoma, breast cancer] Metabolic - disruption of normal metabolism, the process of converting food to energy on a cellular level. [Diabetes, hypothyroidism, gigantism] Traumatic - physical or chemical injury. [Burns, frostbite, bone fractures] Nutritional - related to overconsumption or under consumption of nutrients. [Iron-deficiency anemia, scurvy, obesity]