...+ Revenue 18.16 Water/wastewater cost = (0.12...
...- 100 liters Water required = 10,000,000(100)...
...- 80 liters Water required = 10,000,000(80)...
...- 40 liters Water required = 10,000,000(40)...

...for Half Open Water Valve at Constant...
...for Fully Open Water Valve at Change...
...at half open water valve .............................................................. 11...
...at fully open water valve ............................................................. 13...
...at half opened Water Valve from 100%...
...at half opened water Valve from 65%...
...at Fully Opened Water Valve From 100%...
...at fully opened Water Valve from 65%...
...65% with half water valve open and...
...was used, were water on tube side...

...for the half-open water valve.......................... 10 Figure...
...with half open water valve....................................... 11 Table...
...change and semi-open water valve ............ 21...
...change and semi-open water valve .............. 22...
...change and semi-open water valve ............... 22...
...change and semi-open water valve ............... 23...
...change and fully-open water valve .......... 23...
...change and fully-open water valve ............ 24...
...concentric tubes, the water flowed through the...
...experiment, all inlet water and steam valves...
...set to 2 (water outlet thermocouple). Manual...
...trail. 7. The water inlet valve was...
...and the starting water flow rate was...
...of the cold water and then exit...
...11. The inlet water valve was opened...
...determine the exact water flow rate, the...
...12. The inlet water valve was turned...
...14. The initial water flow rate was...
...state. The final water volume was recorded....
...and the initial water flow rate was...
...and the starting water volume recorded. 18....
...repeated. 19. The water inlet valve was...
...and the starting water volume recorded 8...
...reached. The final water volume was recorded....
...Td values the water flow rate was...
...values. The starting water flow rate was...
...values. The starting water flow rate was...
...25. The starting water flow rate was...
...and the cold water valves were shut....
...performed while the water valve was half-open....
...for the half-open water valve For the...
...to 65%, the water flow rate was...
...with half open water valve Initial Percent...
...to 100%, the water flow rate was...
...between increasing the water flow rate and...

...with greater light, water, wind stresses than...
...of food and water rates of transpiration...
...abundant soil abundant water relatively humid atmosphere...
...humid atmosphere average water availability moderate temperatures...
...environments - on water surface or submerged...
...need to conserve water adaptations: to enhance...
...need to conserve water adaptations: to maximize...
...adaptations: to maximize water conservation to minimize...
...conservation to minimize water loss to provide...
...Anatomy Light Availability Water Availability Wind Issues...
...in light reflection, water retention, self-cleaning, prevention...
...Leaf Adaptations to Water Availability plants adapt...
...to variations in water availability plants classified...
...preference to different water levels as: 1....
...of response to water stress as: (i)...
...reduce impact of water stress (compressed into...
...reduce / compensate water loss (iii) drought-enduring...
...allow growth/survival under water stress xerophytic plants...
...Leaf Adaptations to Water Availability 22 ©...
...allow growth/survival under water stress: temporary leaf...
...Leaf Adaptations to Water Availability 23 ©...
...results in reduced water loss 2. Leaf...
...Leaf Adaptations to Water Availability 24 ©...
...Leaf Adaptations to Water Availability 25 ©...
...large amounts of water cell walls of...
...Leaf Adaptations to Water Availability 26 ©...
...vary dramatically with water availability cells, tissues...
...Leaf Adaptations to Water Availability structural features...
...returned to the water three categories of...
...above and below water surface (e.g. cattails)...
...plants float on water surface (e.g. duckweed)...
...plants completely under water 2. Leaf Adaptations...
...Leaf Adaptations to Water Availability 28 ©...
...plants float on water surface with some...
...other leaves on/above water leaves show heterophylly...
...Leaf Adaptations to Water Availability Myriophyllum -...
...Availability Myriophyllum - water milfoil 29 ©...
...Leaf Adaptations to Water Availability 30 ©...
...Leaf Adaptations to Water Availability these characteristics...
...keep plants near water surface to access...
...for cuticle when water is abundant gas...
...are dissolved in water) chloroplasts in epidermal...
...Mesophyll compact aerenchymatous Water Storage present absent...
...Leaf Adaptations to Water Availability 32 ©...
...high light, low water availability and high...
...high light) reduces water loss through diffusion...
...walls to reduce water loss from high...
...(especially temperature and water availability) when trees...
...respond most to water availability classified on...
...on basis of water conditions as follows:...
...plants (with low water availability) - are...
...shallow for optimal water absorption from dry...
...is little sub-surface water available some are...
...and act in water storage – in...
...Root Adaptations to Water Availability Pterocactus araucanus...
...main site of water storage 39 ©...
...for xylem (for water transport), vascular tissue...
...land plants) - water conducting tissues are...
...still required (for above-water structures) Root Adaptations...
...Root Adaptations to Water Availability 40 ©...
...less aerenchyma – water movement ensures adequate...
...Root Adaptations to Water Availability 41 ©...
...quickly to changing water conditions under drought-stress:...
...temporarily deprived of water show predictable pattern...
...of endodermis prevent water movement out of...
...endodermis have sufficient water to survive short-term...
...Root Adaptations to Water Availability 42 ©...
...quickly to changing water conditions under flood...
...rapid influx of water through the apoplastic...
...Root Adaptations to Water Availability 43 ©...
...Root Adaptations to Water Availability 44 ©...
...– to prevent water loss (3) external...
...that can absorb water vapour from moist...
...Root Adaptations to Water Availability 45 ©...

...Ion and Water Balance Overview Environment...
...control ion and water balance in their...
...for movement of water Movement of solutes...
...salts and lose water Freshwater Animals tend...
...salts and gain water Terrestrial Animals tend...
...tend to lose water Many animals move...
...10.1 Sources of Water and Solutes Water...
...Water and Solutes Water Dietary water Water...
...Solutes Water Dietary water Water preformed in...
...Water Dietary water Water preformed in plant...
...animal tissue Metabolic water Water generated as...
...tissue Metabolic water Water generated as result...
...control cell volume Water follows solutes by...
...and ion and water regulation Integument Animals...
...change flux of water across body surface...
...Aquaporin proteins increase water permeability 100-fold Typically...
...need to reduce water flux Cover external...
...transport depends on water salinity Figure 10.11...
...hormones Digestive Epithelia Water and salts from...
...Mediate ion and water transfers Transcellular and...
...driving movement of water across tight junctions...
...tight junctions Absorbed water and salts enter...
...small volume of water Hyperosmotic solutions produced...
...large volumes of water to store and...
...nitrogen excretion without water Advantages Few toxic...
...small volume of water Disadvantages Expensive to...
...osmolarity Helps prevent water loss in marine...
...maintain ion and water balance using some...
...into Bowman’s capsule Water and small solutes...
...to blood Most water and salt in...
...H+, pharmaceuticals, and water-soluble vitamins Requires transport...
...of solute and water reabsorption Loop of...
...of solutes and water from glomerular filtrate...
...by Na+ cotransport Water follows by osmosis...
...is permeable to water Water is reabsorbed...
...permeable to water Water is reabsorbed Volume...
...is impermeable to water Ions are actively...
...facilitates reabsorption of water Low osmolarity near...
...not permeable to water ? solute concentration...
...limb Permeable to water, not to Na+...
...Na+ and Cl- Water flows into tubular...
...ions but not water Ions move down...
...reabsorb salts and water Distal tubule can...
...Stimulate excretion of water Antidiuretics Reduce excretion...
...Reduce excretion of water Glomerular Filtration Rate...
...pituitary gland ? water reabsorption from the...
...by vasopressin Impermeable Water not reabsorbed from...
...limb) excreted Permeable Water reabsorbed from collecting...
...increases Na+ (and water) retention Raises blood...
...cellular waste, including water Insects Malpighian tubules...
...urine Most ion, water, and nitrogen excretion...
...little need for water retention Excretion of...
...dilute urine Conserve water on land Reduce...
...the GFR Reabsorb water from bladder Comparison...
...of Henle conserve water by excreting uric...

...medium (air or water) over respiratory surface...
...so animals using water as respiratory medium...
...important Ventilation of Water and Air Because...
...of air and water, animals use different...
...30 times more water than air must...
...amount of oxygen Water is more dense...
...difficult to ventilate water Ventilation strategies Unidirectional...
...strategies Unidirectional Most water breathers Allows for...
...tidal ventilation of water Air-filled tubes Insects...
...Sponges Flagella move water in through ostia...
...Muscle contractions move water in and out...
...on gills move water across the gills...
...of mantle propel water unidirectionally past the...
...gill bailer propels water out of branchial...
...negative pressure sucks water across gills Figure...
...pump (velum) propels water through respiratory cavity...
...through respiratory cavity Water enters the mouth...
...Increased volume sucks water into buccal cavity...
...cavity contract, forcing water past gills and...
...decreases and sucks water in through mouth...
...pumps Pressure pushes water into opercular cavity...
...valve opens and water leaves through the...
...tidal (unidirectional in water breathing fish) using...
...cohesive forces between water molecules lining alveoli...
...circulate external medium (water or air) past...
...primary regulator in water-breathers CO2 is the...
...move to cooler water etc. Figure 9.41...

...air, soil, and water, and incorporate them...
...the atmosphere and water carries materials away....
...ground, bodies of water, or ice, which...
...15 m of water absorbs more than...
...Even in “clear” water, only 5–10% of...
...higher in deeper water, where light does...
...increased concentrations in water samples from test...
...visibility in the water. This process is...
...detergents and other water quality reforms. In...
...annual amount of water transpired by plants...
...are dissolved in water or present in...
...the cycling of water, carbon, nitrogen, and...
...and phosphorus. The water cycle Biological importance...
...cycle Biological importance Water is essential to...
...available forms Liquid water is the primary...
...form in which water is used. Reservoirs...
...97% of the water in the biosphere....
...processes driving the water cycle are evaporation...
...evaporation of liquid water by solar energy,...
...energy, condensation of water vapor into clouds,...
...significant amounts of water. Surface and groundwater...
...groundwater flow returns water to the oceans....
...dissolved in surface water and groundwater. Nitrogen...
...groundwater and surface water and moves to...
...to soil or water through decomposition of...
...directly from the water. Aquatic sediments may...
...bottom layers of water and the surface...
...Bedrock impenetrable to water is close to...
...the amount of water and dissolved minerals...
...the loss of water and minerals, they...
...60% of the water added to the...
...and outflow of water and minerals in...
...the three years, water runoff from the...
...absorb and transpire water from the soil....
...unsafe for drinking water. This study demonstrates...
...marine ecosystems, contaminating water supplies, choking waterways,...
...that react with water in the atmosphere...
...concentrations in stream water in the forest....
...with nutrients and water. Some of the...
...is transported by water to areas far...
...off the surface. Water vapor, CO2, and...

...the oceans and water bearing rocks to...
...as temperature, light, water, and nutrients that...
...such as temperature, water, and sunlight. The...
...rupture if the water they contain freezes,...
...The variation in water availability among habitats...
...obtain and conserve water. Desert organisms, for...
...acquiring and conserving water in dry environments....
...environment affects the water balance of organisms...
...Every meter of water depth selectively absorbs...
...composition can affect water chemistry, thus influencing...
...Four abiotic factors—temperature, water, sunlight, and wind—are...
...especially temperature and water, have a major...
...atmosphere, land, and water establishes the temperature...
...and evaporation of water that are responsible...
...climate. Bodies of water and topographic features...
...breeze from the water across the land....
...out over the water and replacing it...
...of nutrient-rich, cold water from deep ocean...
...layers. This nutrient-rich water stimulates the growth...
...of land or water. Ecologists distinguish between...
...The evaporation of water from the oceans...
...and speed of water flow and the...
...absorbed by the water and by photosynthetic...
...regions where the water is 2,000–6,000 m...
...As a result, water temperature in lakes...
...of shallow and deep-water organisms. In aquatic...
...depth of the water, degree of light...
...shore, and open water versus bottom. In...
...the shallow, well-lit water close to shore....
...the open surface water. Wetlands are areas...
...covered with sufficient water to support aquatic...
...in wetlands, their water and soil are...
...are bodies of water that move continuously...
...mineral nutrients. As water travels downstream, it...
...by humans, degrading water quality and killing...
...the open blue water, mixed by wind-driven...
...environments with high water clarity. They are...
...of volcanically heated water with dissolved sulfate...
...of permafrost prevents water infiltration and restricts...

...surviving without fresh water, the albatross carries...
...concentrations and balance water gain and loss....
...relative concentrations of water and solutes must...
...and must conserve water. Freshwater animals are...
...and loss of water and solutes. All...
...the rates of water uptake and loss...
...net uptake of water, or shrivel and...
...net loss of water. Water enters and...
...loss of water. Water enters and leaves...
...the movement of water across a selectively...
...net movement of water by osmosis between...
...isoosmotic solutions because water molecules cross the...
...solution is hypoosmotic. Water flows by osmosis...
...problem of balancing water gain and water...
...water gain and water loss. One solution—available...
...osmoconformers live in water that has a...
...must discharge excess water if it lives...
...or take in water to offset osmotic...
...internal fluids, and water is lost from...
...They constantly lose water by osmosis and...
...The fishes balance water loss by drinking...
...little loss of water. Marine sharks and...
...of seawater. Consequently, water slowly enters the...
...are constantly gaining water by osmosis and...
...as perch, maintain water balance by drinking...
...by drinking no water and excreting large...
...seawater and fresh water undergo dramatic and...
...migrate to fresh water, salmon cease drinking...
...lives in fresh water. Extreme dehydration dooms...
...and films of water around soil particles...
...all their body water when their habitats...
...example, tardigrades, or water bears, contain about...
...their weight in water when hydrated but...
...less than 2% water and survive in...
...until revived by water. Anhydrobiotic animals require...
...cells by replacing water associated with membrane...
...of their body water. Camels can withstand...
...Adaptations that reduce water loss are key...
...also reduces evaporative water loss. Despite these...
...animals lose considerable water from moist surfaces...
...animals balance their water budgets by drinking...
...by using metabolic water produced through aerobic...
...adapted for minimizing water loss that they...
...lose so little water that they can...
...loss from metabolic water and gain the...
...surroundings, how easily water and solutes can...
...animal of maintaining water and salt balance...
...functions of maintaining water balance and disposing...
...be dissolved in water when they are...
...large impact on water balance. The nitrogenous...
...to lots of water, so ammonia excretion...
...tend to lose water to their environment...
...access to sufficient water for ammonia excretion....
...the amount of water needed for nitrogen...
...urea (reducing excretory water loss) as land-dwelling...
...largely insoluble in water and can be...
...with very little water loss. While saving...
...saving even more water than urea, uric...
...wastes with minimal water loss. The mode...
...the problems of water balance on land...
...or in salt water or fresh water...
...water or fresh water are very different,...
...by hydrostatic pressure. Water and small solutes,...
...osmotic movement of water into or out...
...the exchange of water and solutes, including...
...cilia that draws water and solutes from...
...osmotic uptake of water from the environment....
...net uptake of water from damp soil,...
...their metanephridia balance water influx by producing...
...of the tubule. Water follows the solutes...
...into the hemolymph. Water again follows the...
...effective in conserving water and is one...
...are permeable to water and small solutes...
...body fluids, conserving water. The nephron and...
...reabsorb solutes and water. The nephrons and...
...99% of the water. This reabsorption reduces...
...reabsorption of ions, water, and valuable nutrients...
...the interstitial fluid, water follows by osmosis....
...osmosis. Salt and water diffuse into the...
...the filtrate, while water and salts leave....
...tubule. Reabsorption of water continues as the...
...freely permeable to water through the numerous...
...through the numerous water channels formed by...
...small solutes. For water to move out...
...continues to lose water. In contrast to...
...to salt, not water. Rare in biological...
...is impermeable to water. The ascending limb...
...without giving up water, the filtrate becomes...
...more and more water by osmosis to...
...kidneys are conserving water, aquaporin channels in...
...collecting duct allow water molecules to cross...
...more and more water by osmosis to...
...salts without allowing water to follow by...
...ability to conserve water is a key...
...an extreme of water conservation, Australian hopping...
...can then extract water from the urine...
...kidney as a water-conserving organ. Filtrate passing...
...large amounts of water and salt are...
...loop of Henle, water leaves the tubule...
...but not to water. NaCl diffusing from...
...the inner medulla, water is lost from...
...the collecting duct, water is extracted by...
...body with minimal water loss. Diverse adaptations...
...wastes without squandering water. The remarkable ability...
...specialize in conserving water. However, the nephrons...
...kidneys. The main water conservation adaptation of...
...some of the water present in urine...
...must excrete excess water because it is...
...Instead of conserving water, the nephrons produce...
...is in fresh water, its skin accumulates...
...salts from the water by active transport,...
...fluid by reabsorbing water across the epithelium...
...link kidney function, water balance, and blood...
...on the animal’s water and salt balance...
...intake and low water availability, a mammal...
...salt with minimal water loss in small...
...rid of excess water with little salt...
...much of the water absorbed from a...
...Having lost enough water to fly, the...
...access to drinking water. Their kidneys shift...
...conserving as much water as possible. The...
...important in regulating water balance is antidiuretic...
...more permeable to water, amplifying water reabsorption....
...to water, amplifying water reabsorption. This reabsorption...
...gain of additional water in food and...
...large intake of water has reduced blood...
...ducts, so that water reabsorption is reduced,...
...state. ADH influences water uptake in the...
...regulation of the water-selective channels formed by...
...duct cells, increasing water uptake and reducing...
...ADH regulation of water balance in the...
...can disturb the water balance by inhibiting...
...to excessive urinary water loss and dehydration...
...ADH release, and water reabsorption in the...
...reabsorb Na+ and water, thus increasing blood...
...the RAAS increase water reabsorption, they counter...
...inadequate intake of water. However, a situation...
...responds by increasing water and Na+ reabsorption....
...concentration by stimulating water reabsorption in the...

...in the surrounding water diffuses across the...
...out into the water. Diffusion is rapid...
...pushes fluid, containing water and small solutes,...
...osmotic gradient pulls water into the capillary...
...is about 90% water. Dissolved in the...
...in liquid. When water is exposed to...
...that dissolves in water is proportional to...
...its solubility in water. At equilibrium, the...
...air and in water may differ, based...
...is air or water. Compared to water,...
...water. Compared to water, air is much...
...Gas exchange with water as the respiratory...
...other bodies of water vary considerably, but...
...and saltier the water, the less dissolved...
...it can hold. Water’s lower O2 content,...
...must dissolve in water before diffusing across...
...it lives in water or on land,...
...are limited to water or damp places....
...are suspended in water. The distribution of...
...their gills through water or move water...
...water or move water over their gills....
...a current of water over their gills....
...a current of water that enters the...
...the flow of water over the gills...
...direction to the water flowing over the...
...capillary, it meets water that has already...
...dissolved oxygen, this water still has a...
...is exchanged from water to blood. As...
...PO2 of the water it encounters. A...
...of oxygen from water to blood along...
...oxygen dissolved in water. Gills are generally...
...lose too much water by evaporation. In...
...longer supported by water, cling together, reducing...
...living in oxygen-poor water or to spending...
...a film of water. The layers can...
...dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic...
...of O2 in water is a fundamental...
...CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic...
...first reacts with water, assisted by the...