Biopsychology, 9th Edition - Chapter 4

Test Bank for Biopsychology, 9/e Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission Chapter 4 Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals Multiple Choice Questions 1) "Reptilian stare" is sometimes used to describe the widely opened, unblinking eyes and motionless face of A) Parkinson's disease. B) multiple sclerosis. C) old age. D) infancy. E) Alzheimer's disease. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77 Topic: Chapter 4 Introduction Type: (Applied) 2) Dopamine is not an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease because A) dopaminergic neurons are restricted to the PNS. B) Parkinson's disease is a cholinergic dysfunction. C) Parkinson's disease is a noradrenergic dysfunction. D) d'Orta is the treatment of choice. E) dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77 Topic: Chapter 4 Introduction Type: (Applied) 3) Parkinson's disease is treated with A) dopamine. B) serotonin. C) acetylcholine. D) norepinephrine. E) L-DOPA. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77 Topic: Chapter 4 Introduction Type: (Applied) 4) A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between A) neuron membranes. B) synapses and cell bodies. C) the inside and outside of a cell. D) nuclei and tracts. E) ganglia and nerves. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 5) The tips of intracellular recording electrodes are A) about the size of a neuron. B) too small to be seen with the naked eye. C) less than one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter. D) both B and C E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 6) At rest, A) a neuron has a membrane potential of about -70 mV. B) the electrical charge outside the neuron is 70 mV less than inside the neuron. C) a neuron is polarized. D) all of the above E) both A and C Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 7) In its resting state, a neuron is said to be A) polarized. B) depolarized. C) hypopolarized. D) hyperpolarized. E) firing. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 8) Salts in solution separate into positively and negatively charged A) membrane potentials. B) EPSPs. C) IPSPs. D) ions. E) crystals. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 9) Outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more A) inhibitory neurotransmitters. B) neurotransmitters. C) Na+ ions. D) K+ ions. E) nuclei. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 10) Na+ ions are encouraged to move into neurons by A) nonrandom assignment. B) electrostatic pressure. C) the sodium-potassium pump. D) selective ion channels. E) nonrandom movement. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) Rationale: Remember that sodium-potassium pumps move Na+ ions out of resting neurons. 11) Which of the following is a passive force that acts to encourage Na+ ions to enter resting neurons? A) random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradients B) electrostatic pressure, which forces ions down their electrostatic gradients C) sodium-potassium pumps, which distribute Na+ and K+ ions equally D) both A and B E) both A and C Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) Rationale: Remember that sodium-potassium pumps transport sodium ions out of resting neurons. 12) Ions pass through the neural membrane via specialized pores called A) gap junctions. B) PSPs. C) ion channels. D) vesicles. E) connexons. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 13) Na+ ions are continuously forced into neurons by A) their high internal concentration. B) their high external concentration. C) the negative resting potential. D) both B and C E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 14) Sodium-potassium pumps maintain the resting membrane potential by transporting A) Na+ ions into neurons. B) K+ ions into neurons. C) Na+ ions out of neurons. D) both A and B E) both B and C Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 15) According to the theory of Hodgkin and Huxley, A) Na+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron. B) Na+ ions are continuously pumped into a resting neuron. C) K+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron. D) K+ ions are continuously pumped out of a resting neuron. E) both A and B Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 16) Contributing to the unequal distribution of ions on either side of a resting neural membrane A) is random ion movement. B) are electrostatic gradients. C) are sodium-potassium pumps. D) both A and B E) both B and C Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 17) Sodium-potassium pumps are A) integrators. B) refractory. C) transporters. D) excitatory. E) inhibitory. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 18) EPSPs are A) graded responses. B) postsynaptic responses. C) transmitted decrementally. D) depolarizations. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 Topic: 4.2 Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: (Factual) 19) A change in the resting potential of a postsynaptic dendrite from -70 mV to -72 mV is called A) an IPSP. B) an EPSP. C) a depolarization. D) both A and C E) both B and C Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 Topic: 4.2 Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: (Factual) 20) Hyperpolarization is to depolarization as A) inhibitory is to excitatory. B) EPSPs are to IPSPs. C) APs are to IPSPs. D) APs are to EPSPs. E) many APs are to few APs. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 Topic: 4.2 Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: (Factual) 21) IPSP is to EPSP as A) graded is to nongraded. B) excitatory is to inhibitory. C) cable properties are to noncable properties. D) presynaptic is to postsynaptic. E) hyperpolarization is to depolarization. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 Topic: 4.2 Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: (Factual) 22) The transmission of postsynaptic potentials is A) active. B) decremental. C) extremely rapid. D) all of the above E) both B and C Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 79 Topic: 4.2 Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: (Factual) 23) How far do most postsynaptic potentials travel before they die out. A) to the axon hillock B) to the terminal buttons C) no more than a couple of millimeters D) about 50 millimeters E) both B and D Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 79 Topic: 4.1 Neuron's Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual) 24) Which of the following are membrane potentials? A) EPSPs B) IPSPs C) APs D) all of the above E) both A and B Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 Topic: 4.2 Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: (Factual) 25) Action potentials originate at the A) terminal buttons. B) synapses. C) axon initial segment, adjacent to the axon hillock D) nodes of Ranvier. E) nucleus. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 Topic: 4.3 Postsynaptic Potentials and Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 26) A neuron normally fires when A) its sodium-potassium pumps are stimulated. B) there is an EPSP. C) there is an IPSP. D) the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation. E) its buttons are stimulated. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 Topic: 4.3 Postsynaptic Potentials and Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 27) APs are said to be all-or-none: This means that all APs A) are the same. B) in a particular neuron are the same. C) quickly or not at all. D) all of the above E) both A and C Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 Topic: 4.3 Postsynaptic Potentials and Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 28) Another word for "integration" is A) "firing." B) "all-or-none." C) "summation." D) "release." E) "activation." Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 80 Topic: 4.3 Postsynaptic Potentials and Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 29) There are three kinds of spatial summation and A) one kind of temporal summation. B) two kinds of temporal summation. C) three kinds of temporal summation. D) four kinds of temporal summation. E) no such thing as temporal summation. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 81 Topic: 4.3 Postsynaptic Potentials and Action Potentials Type: (Factual) Rationale: This is not explicitly stated in the text; students must deduce the correct answer. 30) Action potentials are produced by the A) opening of voltage-activated sodium channels. B) closing of ligand-activated chloride channels. C) closing of ligand-activated potassium channels. D) opening of ligand-activated potassium channels. E) closing of voltage-activated calcium channels. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 31) During an action potential, the change in membrane potential associated with the influx of sodium ions triggers the A) opening of sodium channels. B) closing of chloride channels. C) opening of chloride channels. D) closing of potassium channels. E) opening of potassium channels. Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 82 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 32) The end of the rising phase of an action potential occurs when the A) sodium channels close. B) sodium channels open. C) potassium channels open. D) potassium channels close. E) both A and D Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 82 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 33) After a neuron fires, the resting potential is re-established by the A) sodium-potassium pump. B) random movement of ions. C) refractory period. D) electrostatic gradient. E) EPSPs. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 82 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) Rationale: The text emphasizes that A is not the correct answer. 34) The brief period of time immediately after the initiation of an action potential when it is absolutely impossible to initiate another one in the same neuron is called the A) threshold of excitation. B) threshold of inhibition. C) absolute refractory period. D) IPSP. E) relative refractory period. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 83 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 35) The wave of absolute refractoriness that follows an action potential A) keeps the action potential from spreading actively back along an axon towards the cell body. B) increases the firing rate. C) increases the speed of axonal transmission. D) produces a second, negative action potential. E) produces saltatory conduction. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 83 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 36) Neurons do not normally fire more than 1,000 times per second because A) the absolute refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond. B) the relative refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond. C) the total refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond. D) the sodium-potassium pump cannot repolarize the cell in less than 1 millisecond. E) higher rates over excite the neuron. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 83 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 37) The fact that the intensity of stimulation is related to the rate of neural firing is attributable to the A) absolute refractory period. B) relative refractory period. C) voltage gating in the buttons of the neuron. D) sodium-potassium pump. E) ligand gating in the buttons of the neuron. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 83 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 38) Conduction of action potentials along an axon is A) instantaneous. B) decremental. C) nondecremental. D) entirely passive. E) always saltatory. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 83 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 39) Active conduction is to passive conduction as A) IPSPs are to APs. B) EPSPs are to IPSPs. C) APs are to EPSPs. D) EPSPs are to APs. E) excitation is to inhibition. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 83 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 40) The conduction of an action potential along any axon is mediated by the action of A) nodes of Ranvier. B) voltage-activated ion channels. C) ligand-activated ion channels. D) myelin. E) EPSPs. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 83 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 41) Conduction of APs from the axon into the cell body and dendrites of a multipolar neuron is A) extremely rare. B) antidromic. C) orthodromic. D) both A and B E) both A and C Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 83 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 42) Action potentials can be conducted A) actively. B) passively. C) orthodromically. D) antidromically. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 84 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 43) Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons A) is faster than in unmyelinated axons. B) is slower than in unmyelinated axons. C) is possible in only an antidromic direction. D) requires more energy than in unmyelinated axons. E) is always inhibitory. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 44) In large myelinated human motor neurons, impulses travel at about A) the speed of light. B) 186,000 miles per second. C) 1 meter per second. D) 60 meters per second. E) 100 meters per second. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 45) With respect to the maximum speed of axonal conduction in motor neurons, cats are to humans as A) 50 is to 100 meters per second. B) 80 is to 100 meters per second. C) 25 is to 100 meters per second. D) 82 is to 100 meters per second. E) 100 is to 60 meters per second. Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 84 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 46) Neurons without axons do not A) generate action potentials. B) exist. C) exist in mammals. D) exist in humans. E) produce inhibition. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 85 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 47) In neurons without axons, conduction occurs entirely in the form of A) passive, decrementally conducted potentials. B) action potentials. C) all-or-none potentials. D) saltatory conduction. E) excitation. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 85 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 48) Axodendritic synapses A) are rare. B) often terminate on the axon hillock. C) always terminate on dendrites. D) sometimes terminate on cell bodies. E) A and C Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 85 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) Rationale: By definition, C is correct. 49) Prevalent in the cytoplasm of most terminal buttons are A) nuclei. B) mitochondria. C) synaptic vesicles. D) all of the above E) both B and C Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 86 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 50) Nondirected synapses A) involve the release of neurotransmitter molecules diffusely into the extracellular fluid. B) include string-of-beads synapses. C) involve the movement of neurotransmitter molecules across gap junctions. D) both A and B E) both B and C Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 86 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 51) Both presynaptic facilitation and inhibition are mediated by A) axoaxonic synapses. B) axodendritic synapses. C) dendrodendritic synapses. D) axosomatic synapses. E) both A and D Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 86 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 52) Neurotransmitters are often stored in A) aluminum foil. B) ribosomes. C) synaptic vesicles. D) nodes of Ranvier. E) the synaptic cleft. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 53) Neurotransmitter molecules are often packaged in vesicles by A) Golgi complexes. B) ribosomes. C) buttons. D) peptides. E) microtubules. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 54) Neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body on A) ribosomes. B) the Golgi complex. C) vesicles. D) mitochondria. E) microtubules. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 55) Peptide neurotransmitters (i.e., neuropeptides) are synthesized in the cell body and A) stored in the Golgi complex until they are broken down. B) released by the Golgi complex into the synapse. C) transported in vesicles along microtubules to the buttons. D) stored in ribosomes with small-molecule neurotransmitters. E) transported along the axons to the nodes of Ranvier. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 56) Vesicles travel from the cell body to the buttons A) on action potentials. B) along microtubules. C) at a rate of about 40 centimeters per second. D) at a rate of about 40 centimeters per day. E) both B and D Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 57) Neuropeptides are transported in vesicles from the cell body to the buttons at a speed of about A) 100 meters per minute. B) 40 centimeters per day. C) 60 meters per second. D) 40 meters per minute. E) 20 meters per second. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) Rationale: To answer this question correctly, students require only a general idea of the speed because all the incorrect options are grossly incorrect. 58) Many buttons contain two sizes of vesicles; the larger ones typically contain A) small-molecule neurotransmitters. B) neuropeptides. C) acetylcholine. D) dopamine. E) glutamate. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 59) Many neurons contain and release two neurotransmitters. This situation is called A) covalence. B) ionotropism. C) cohabitation. D) metabotropism. E) coexistence. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 60) The process of neurotransmitter release is referred to as A) excitation. B) exocytosis. C) synthesis. D) metabolism. E) expulsion. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 61) The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by A) an efflux of sodium ions. B) an influx of calcium ions. C) the sodium-potassium pump. D) the arrival of an AP at the axon hillock. E) the release of calcium ions from the buttons. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 62) Once released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by A) binding to presynaptic receptors. B) binding to postsynaptic receptors. C) entering postsynaptic neurons. D) binding directly to calcium ions. E) attaching to vesicles. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 63) A ligand of acetylcholine is a substance that A) binds to acetylcholine. B) stimulates acetylcholine's synthesis. C) facilitates acetylcholine's release. D) degrades acetylcholine. E) inhibits acetylcholine. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 64) Ionotropic receptors are linked to A) ribosomes. B) neurotransmitters. C) ligand-activated ion channels. D) vesicles. E) G proteins. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 65) Metabotropic receptors are linked to A) ligand-activated ion channels. B) signal proteins and G proteins. C) ionotropic receptors. D) vesicles. E) receptor subtypes. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 66) When a small-molecule neurotransmitter molecule binds to an ionotropic receptor, the A) cell fires. B) cell stops firing. C) ligand is deactivated. D) associated ion channel opens or closes. E) EPSP gradually increases. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) Rationale: Only D is always true. 67) In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors A) are more prevalent. B) produce longer lasting effects. C) produce effects that are more diffuse. D) produce effects that take longer to develop. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 68) In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors generally produce A) their effects more rapidly. B) longer lasting effects. C) more localized effects. D) all of the above E) both A and C Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 88 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 69) In comparison to metabotropic receptors, ionotropic receptors produce effects that A) are less diffuse. B) develop more rapidly. C) are more enduring. D) all of the above E) both A and B Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 88 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 70) Second messengers can A) be synthesized in response to activation of metabotropic receptors. B) influence metabolic activities of the cell. C) induce IPSPs or EPSPs. D) bind to DNA to influence protein synthesis. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 71) Second messengers are formed in the A) presynaptic neuron. B) postsynaptic neuron. C) synaptic cleft. D) vesicles. E) mitochondria. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 72) Autoreceptors are commonly found in A) somas. B) postsynaptic membranes. C) presynaptic membranes. D) synaptic vesicles. E) ribosomes. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 73) Autoreceptors of a neuron are sensitive to the neuron's own A) EPSPs. B) neurotransmitter. C) IPSPs. D) second messengers. E) APs. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 89 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 74) Which of the following are thought to play a role in reducing excessive neurotransmitter release? A) dendritic receptors B) autoreceptors C) dendritic spines D) postsynaptic receptors E) somatic receptors Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 75) Which of the following is currently thought to be a valid general principle of synaptic transmission? A) Each neuron releases only one neurotransmitter. B) Each neurotransmitter acts on only one receptor subtype. C) All receptors are in postsynaptic membranes. D) All neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. E) none of the above Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87- 89 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Conceptual) Rationale: None of these principles, which were once widely believed, are consistent with the existing evidence. Students must identify two of them as wrong to deduce that E is the correct answer. 76) After release, most neurotransmitters are deactivated by A) reuptake. B) synaptic enzymes. C) the postsynaptic receptors. D) deactivating enzymes. E) ribosomes. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 77) After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by A) reuptake. B) enzymatic degradation. C) G proteins. D) all of the above E) both A or B Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 78) There is only one neurotransmitter that is known to be deactivated in the synaptic cleft by enzymatic degradation; this neurotransmitter is A) dopamine. B) acetylcholine. C) acetylcholinesterase. D) norepinephrine. E) glutamate. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 90 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 79) The one enzyme whose function is to deactivate a specific neurotransmitter once it has been released into the synapse is A) dopamine. B) L-DOPA. C) acetylcholine. D) acetylcholinesterase. E) a G protein. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 80) Neurons recycle A) neurotransmitter molecules that have been drawn back into the terminal buttons after being released. B) the breakdown products of neurotransmitter molecules that have been degraded in the synapse by enzymes. C) vesicles that have been integrated into the button membrane during exocytosis. D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 90 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 81) Glial cells have been shown to A) release chemical transmitters. B) contain receptors for neurotransmitters. C) conduct signals. D) influence synaptic transmission. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 82) Recent technological developments have led to the discovery of __________ throughout the mammalian brain; they seem to link the activities of inhibitory interneurons of the same type. A) neuropeptides B) gap junctions C) multipolar neurons D) chemical synapses E) G-proteins Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 91 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 83) Illustrated here is A) an axon hillock. B) a synapse. C) a gap junction. D) a dendritic spine. E) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 91 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 84) Which of the following are considered to be small-molecule neurotransmitters? A) neuropeptide transmitters B) monoamine neurotransmitters C) amino acid neurotransmitters D) both A and B E) both B and C Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 85) Which is considered to be the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS? A) glycine B) GABA C) glutamate D) serotonin E) dopamine Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 86) Which is considered to be the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS? A) GABA B) glutamate C) dopamine D) acetylcholine E) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 87) Which of the following is not an amino acid neurotransmitter? A) aspartate B) glutamate C) glycine D) indolamine E) GABA Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 88) Glycine, aspartate, and glutamate are A) amino acid neurotransmitters. B) small-molecule neurotransmitters. C) transmitters at fast-acting, directed synapses. D) building blocks of proteins. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 89) Monoamines are divided into two groups: A) amino acids and peptides. B) peptides and proteins. C) catecholamines and indolamines. D) peptides and polypeptides. E) catecholamines and dopamine. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 The Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 90) Which neurotransmitters are often released from string-of-beads axons? A) monoamines B) amino acids C) glutamate and GABA D) soluble gases E) peptides Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 91) Which of the following is not a monoamine? A) acetylcholine B) dopamine C) epinephrine D) serotonin E) norepinephrine Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 92) Which of the following are synthesized from tyrosine? A) monoamines B) indolamines C) catecholamines D) amino acids E) both A and B Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 93) In the presence of the appropriate enzyme, dopamine is converted to A) L-DOPA. B) tyrosine. C) norepinephrine. D) epinephrine. E) serotonin. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 94) Which of the following is not found in neurons that release norepinephrine? A) dopamine B) L-DOPA C) norepinephrine D) epinephrine E) tyrosine Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) Rationale: This answer is not explicitly stated in the text, the answer must be deduced from the information provided. 95) Which of the following is synthesized directly from tyrosine? A) dopamine B) epinephrine C) L-DOPA D) serotonin E) GABA Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 96) The abbreviation 5-HT stands for A) serotonin. B) dopamine. C) acetylcholine. D) both A and B E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 97) Serotonin is synthesized from A) tyrosine. B) L-DOPA. C) tryptophan. D) norepinephrine. E) epinephrine. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 The Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 98) Adrenergic neurons release A) serotonin. B) norepinephrine. C) dopamine. D) acetylcholine. E) epinephrine. Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 99) Acetylcholine is created by the addition of an acetyl group to A) a monoamine. B) a soluble gas. C) tryptophan. D) an indolamine. E) a choline molecule. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 100) Acetylcholine is A) a large-molecule neurotransmitter. B) synthesized by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule. C) an indolamine. D) all of the above E) both B and C Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 101) Nitric oxide A) is a soluble gas neurotransmitter. B) is considered to be an unconventional neurotransmitter. C) participates in retrograde synaptic transmission. D) all of the above E) both A and B Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 102) Soluble-gas neurotransmitters A) are synthesized in the neural cytoplasm. B) once synthesized, immediately diffuse through the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and into nearby cells. C) diffuse into target cells through their cell membranes. D) once in other cells, stimulate the synthesis of a second messenger and are immediately broken down. E) all of the above Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 103) Which of the following is an endocannabinoid neurotransmitter? A) nitric oxide B) aspartate C) anandamide D) THC E) indolamine Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 104) About how many neuropeptides are currently classified by most experts as neurotransmitters? A) 2 B) 4 C) 9 D) just over 100 E) almost 3,000 Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 105) Peptide neurotransmitters are A) synthesized in the cell body. B) amino acid chains. C) large-molecule neurotransmitters. D) all of the above E) both B and C Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 94 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: (Factual) 106) Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter. A) facilitators B) agonists C) antagonists D) autoreceptors E) endorphins Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 95 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) 107) With respect to neurotransmitters, which of the following is a correct sequence? A) synthesis, storage, exocytosis, reuptake B) reuptake, synthesis, deactivation, exocytosis C) deactivation, postsynaptic binding, synthesis, storage D) storage, deactivation, synthesis, exocytosis E) exocytosis, postsynaptic binding, synthesis, reuptake Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 95 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 108) This drug is a muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist; it is an extract of the belladonna plant; and it has pupil-dilating effects: A) atropine. B) curare. C) morphine. D) opium. E) Librium. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) 109) Drugs that block the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse are usually A) agonists of that neurotransmitter. B) antagonists of that neurotransmitter. C) enzymes of that neurotransmitter. D) receptor blockers. E) ligands of that neurotransmitter. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 95 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) Rationale: The answer is in Figure 4.18. 110) Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's autoreceptors without activating them are usually A) agonists. B) antagonists. C) enzymes. D) endorphins. E) amino acids. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 95 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) Rationale: The answer is in Figure 4.18. 111) Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's receptors on the postsynaptic membrane without activating them are A) receptor blockers. B) agonists of the neurotransmitter. C) antagonists of the neurotransmitter. D) both A and B E) both A and C Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 95-97 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) 112) Drugs that degrade vesicles and cause the neurotransmitter molecules to leak into the cytoplasm, where they are destroyed by enzymes, are A) receptor blockers. B) agonists of the neurotransmitter. C) antagonists of the neurotransmitter. D) autoreceptor blockers. E) amino acids. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 96 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) Rationale: The answer is in Figure 4.18. 113) Which drug was extracted from the belladonna plant and used by the ancient Greeks for cosmetic purposes? A) opium B) diazepam C) d-tubocurare D) atropine E) endorphin Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Applied) 114) Atropine is A) an extract of opium. B) a cholinergic agonist. C) a muscarinic antagonist. D) a pupil constrictor. E) a catecholamine. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 97 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) 115) The receptors of the neuromuscular junction are A) cholinergic. B) nicotinic. C) muscarinic. D) both A and B E) both A and C Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 97 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) 116) Which of the following is a cholinergic antagonist? A) curare B) Valium C) THC D) all of the above E) both B and C Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) 117) By binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors, this drug produces paralysis and death: A) atropine. B) chlordiazepoxide. C) curare. D) morphine. E) belladonna. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 97 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) 118) Which of the following is a nicotinic antagonist? A) Botox B) curare C) atropine D) all of the above E) both A and B Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 97 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) 119) Botox is A) a deadly poison. B) used to reduce tremors. C) a nicotinic antagonist. D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) 122) Opiates play a role in A) analgesia. B) pleasure. C) retrograde transport. D) both A and B E) both B and C Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Applied) 120) Some of the morphine-like substances that occur naturally in the brain are A) endorphins. B) autoreceptors. C) exogenous. D) benzodiazepines. E) false transmitters. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 98 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) 121) Endorphins are A) neuropeptides. B) monoamines. C) cholinergic. D) adrenergic. E) serotonergic. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 98 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) 123) Cocaine and amphetamines are A) antischizophrenic drugs. B) used to treat Parkinson's disease. C) dopamine agonists. D) serotonin antagonists. E) dopamine antagonists. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 98 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) 124) Cocaine and amphetamines in high doses can produce a temporary disorder that is similar to A) epilepsy. B) schizophrenia. C) Parkinson's disease. D) paralysis. E) Huntington’s disease. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 98 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Applied) 125) Many effective antischizophrenic drugs A) also are effective against Parkinson's disease. B) are D2 agonists. C) are D2 blockers. D) both A and B E) both A and C Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 98 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Applied) Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1) In order to record a membrane potential, the tip of a __________ must be inserted inside the cell. Answer: microelectrode Diff: 1 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual 2) Pump mechanisms in the cell membrane of neurons pump __________ ions out of the neuron to maintain the membrane potential. Answer: sodium ( or Na+ ) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: Factual 3) There are two kinds postsynaptic potentials : EPSPS and __________. Answer: IPSPS Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 Topic: 4.2 Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials Type: Factual 4) EPSPS are conducted passively, rapidly, and __________. Answer: decrementally Diff: 3 Page Ref: 79 Topic: 4.3 Postsynaptic Potentials and Action Potentials Type: Factual 5) Actions potentials are generated on the axon initial segment adjacent to the __________. Answer: axon hillock Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 Topic: 4.3 Postsynaptic Potentials and Action Potentials Type: Factual 6) The first event in the generation of an action potential is the opening of __________- activated sodium channels. Answer: voltage Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 7) Conduction in myelinated axons is referred to as __________ conduction. Answer: saltatory Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 8) The conventional account of neural activity presented in your textbook is based to a large degree on the __________ model. Answer: Hodgkin-Huxley Diff: 3 Page Ref: 85 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: Factual 9) The presence of two neurotransmitters in the same neuron is referred to as __________. Answer: coexistence Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: Factual 10) Metabotropic receptors are associated with signal proteins in the cell membrane of the postsynaptic neuron and with __________ that are attached to the signal protein inside the neuron. Answer: G proteins Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: Factual 11) The enzyme that deactivates acetylcholine after it has been released into the synapse is __________. Answer: acetylcholinesterase Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: Factual 12) __________ are sometimes called electrical synapses. Answer: Gap junctions Diff: 1 Page Ref: 90 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: Factual 13) With respect to size, neuropeptides are the __________ neurotransmitters. Answer: largest Diff: 1 Page Ref: 92 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: Factual 14) The most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain is __________. Answer: GABA Diff: 2 Page Ref: 92 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: Factual 15) All __________ neurotransmitters are synthesized from tyrosine. Answer: catecholamine Diff: 3 Page Ref: 93 Topic: 4.6 Neurotransmitters Type: Factual 16) Drugs that increase the activity of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter. Answer: agonists Diff: 1 Page Ref: 95 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: Factual 17) The drug, __________ , is a muscarinic antagonist and pupil dilator. Answer: atropine Diff: 3 Page Ref: 97 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: Factual 18) By binding to nicotinic receptors, __________ produces paralysis and death, which is why it is used on poison darts. Answer: curare Diff: 2 Page Ref: 97 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: Factual 19) Endorphins and __________ are endogenous opioids. Answer: enkephalins Diff: 2 Page Ref: 98 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: Factual 20) The finding that antischizophrenic drugs often produce the symptoms of __________ disease implicated dopamine in the development of schizophrenia. Answer: Parkinson's Diff: 1 Page Ref: 98 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: Applied Essay and other Multiple-mark Questions 1) How are the membrane potentials of neurons recorded? Explain the ionic mechanisms thought to be responsible for the resting potential. Answer: 25% for explaining how membrane potentials are recorded 75% for describing the four factors that are thought to contribute to the resting potential Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78-79 Topic: 4.1 Resting Membrane Potential Type: (Factual, Conceptual) 2) Describe the integration (summation) of postsynaptic potentials. Draw graphs illustrating the five basic types of summation. Discuss how these types of summation interact in a normal functioning neuron. Answer: 25% for describing the five types of summation 50% for graphing the five types of summation 25% for pointing out that summation takes place continuously under natural conditions Diff: 3 Page Ref: 79-81 Topic: 4.3 Postsynaptic Potentials and Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 3) Describe and explain how four ionic events contribute to the typical action potential—to help organize your answer label the four arrows in this illustration with the associated ionic event. Answer: 50% for correctly labeling the illustration 50% for explaining how each of the four changes is thought to contribute to changes in the membrane potential Diff: 3 Page Ref: 82-83 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 4) Explain how an action potential is conducted along a myelinated axon. Why is conduction more rapid in a myelinated axon than in an unmyelinated axon? At what speed does axonal conduction occur in various kinds of axons? Answer: 50% for explaining the putative mechanisms of saltatory conduction 25% for explaining why saltatory conduction is thought to be faster 25% for providing the velocity of conduction in various kinds of axons. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 83-84 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 5) Use the accompanying figure to summarize how signals are conducted through and transmitted from a conventional multipolar neuron. To complement you summary, indicate on the illustration where various events occur. Answer: 50% for correctly labeling at least five major events on the illustration 50% for briefly summarizing at least five major events Diff: 3 Page Ref: 79-85 Topic: 4.4 Conduction of Action Potentials Type: (Factual) 6) Discuss the synthesis, packaging, transport, and release of conventional small and large types of neurotransmitters. Answer: 50% for discussing conventional small-molecule neurotransmitters 50% for discussing large-molecule neurotransmitters Diff: 3 Page Ref: 86-90 Topic: 4.5 Synaptic Transmission Type: (Factual) 7) Discuss three ways that drugs produce agonistic effects and three ways that they produce antagonistic effects. Provide specific examples. Answer: 35% for describing three mechanisms of agonistic drug effects 35% for describing three mechanisms of antagonistic drug effects 30% for providing six specific examples of each of the six discussed mechanisms Diff: 3 Page Ref: 96-98 Topic: 4.7 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior Type: (Factual) Copyright © 2014 Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Copyright © 2014 Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Copyright © 2014 Education, Inc. All rights reserved.