My Lab and Mastering Chapter 26

What is the process that can return useful solutes like electrolytes and glucose to the blood? Reabsorption Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________. peritubular capillaries Contraction of the muscular bladder forces urine out of the body through the __________. urethra Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? Adaptive immunity Control of calcium levels Conservation of nutrients Regulation of blood volume Which organ in the urinary system produces urine? Kidney What are the blood vessels found in the renal corpuscle that produce filtrate? Glomerular capillaries What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that leads to the ureter? Renal pelvis In what part of the kidney are the renal pyramids located? Renal medulla Which part of the kidney functions as an endocrine organ to produce erythropoietin and the enzyme, renin? The juxtaglomerular complex What parts of the kidney make up the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)? Distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes include the __________. proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop Which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine? Urinary bladder Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? Introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma Removal of organic waste products from body fluids Homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma Elimination of waste into the environment What are the cells that surround the glomerular capillaries and limit filtration? Podocytes The group of tall cells in the distal convoluted tubule that serve as either chemoreceptors or baroreceptors are the __________ cells. macula densa In which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries? Filtration Which of the following brings oxygenated blood into the kidney? Renal artery Which of the following is NOT a waste product normally found in urine? Glucose Ammonia Creatinine Urea Blood enters each kidney through the renal arteries. What is the order in which blood travels from the renal artery to the glomeruli? Segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries Which process in the formation of urine removes chemicals from the blood and puts them into the urine and is not driven by blood pressure? Secretion A decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure from 50 mmHg to 40 mmHg _____________. is devastating to kidney function since at 40 mmHg, kidney filtration stops because the net filtration pressure falls to 0 mmHg Which of the following occurs first when there is a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate? Renin is released from cells of the juxtaglomerular complex. What are the cells found between adjacent glomerular capillaries that can change the diameter of the capillaries and adjust blood flow? Mesangial cells Which of the following is not a part of the filtration membrane in the kidney? Glomerular capsule Fenestrated endothelium Basement membrane Foot processes of podocytes What effect does constricting the efferent arteriole have on the filtration process? Increasing the volume of blood leaving the glomerular capillaries Increasing the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries Increasing glomerular filtration rate What is the stimulus that leads to the release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)? Decrease in blood volume Decrease in blood pressure Obstruction of blood flow to the kidneys Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by _____________. angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), which is produced in the capillaries of the lungs Autoregulation controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by __________. dilation of the afferent arteriole constriction of the efferent arteriole constriction of the afferent arterioles In a person with normal blood pressure, what is the average glomerular filtration rate? 125 mL/min What is the formula for net filtration pressure? NFP = NHP – BCOP Sympathetic innervation into the kidney is responsible for __________. stimulation of renin release direct stimulation of water and sodium ion reabsorption regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure Colloid osmotic pressure is the osmotic pressure resulting from ___________. suspended proteins in the blood The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________. glomerular filtration rate Regulation of blood volume is an important function of the urinary system. Which of the following is NOT involved with the regulation of blood volume? Regulation of glucose levels Dangerously low glomerular fitration rate (GFR), which can lead to acute kidney failure, can be caused by all the of the following except ______________. hypertension Blood in the urine would be called _____________. hematuria Which hormone produced by the heart increases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? Natriuretic peptides What is the name for the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate, where the afferent arterioles adjust their diameter in response to blood pressure changes? Myogenic mechanism What are the forces opposing filtration at the glomerulus? Capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________. capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) Dilation of the afferent arteriole and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________. an elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels Aldosterone stimulates ion pumps along the distal convoluted tubule DCT and the collecting duct causing __________. a reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine Which of the following is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle? Glomerular hydrostatic pressure The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 180 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________. renal corpuscle Which of the following statements about the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is false? Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR. Elevation of blood pressure increases the GFR. Constriction of the efferent arterioles increases the GFR. Renin is released when the GFR is low. What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerular wall? Glomerular hydrostatic pressure The proximal convoluted tubule performs all of the following functions except _______________. reabsorption of approximately 99 percent of the water reabsorption of organic nutrients like glucose and amino acids active reabsorption of ions like sodium, potassium, and magnesium active secretion of hydrogen ions What is the primary site of the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid? Distal convoluted tubule What is/are the primary site(s) in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated? Nephron loop and collecting duct What is the effect of taking a diuretic? Increased water loss in the urine The plasma concentration at which a specific substance or ion begins to appear in the urine is called the __. renal threshold Sixty to seventy percent of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed in the __________. proximal convoluted tubule In which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed? Proximal convoluted tubule Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carrier-mediated transport? Kidney cells have only one type of carrier on an individual cell. Carriers have a transport maximum. Carriers generally move a chemical in one direction. Carriers are specific for what they will transport. The collecting ducts perform all of the following functions except _________________. water reabsorption under the control of atrial naturetic peptide One of the functions of the urinary system is to help in the regulation of pH. How does the nephron correct an acidosis condition in the blood? Secreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3- Which of the following parts of the nephron has two limbs with thick segments and thin segments? Nephron loop In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions? Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct Which of the following is a counter transporter found in the renal tubules? Na+ / H+ When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and __________. glucose appears in the urine When referring to reabsorption of molecules in the kidney, Tm is the abbreviation for __________. transport maximum, the number of available carrier proteins in the renal tubules To regulate pH, all of the following are secreted into the fluid in the collecting system except __________. iron hydrogen bicarbonate Which portion of the nephron is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation? Distal convoluted tubule What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron? Proximal convoluted tubule Which of the following is the result of prolonged aldosterone stimulation? Hypokalemia What type of transport occurs when two chemical substances cross the membrane in the same direction, bound to the same carrier, in the process of reabsorption? Cotransport Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the tubular fluid are relatively high? Facilitated transport All of the following characteristics are true of carrier-mediated transport processes except that _______________. a given carrier protein can typically work in both directions a specific substrate binds to a carrier protein that facilitates movement across the membrane the distribution of carrier proteins can vary in different regions of the cell surface the membrane of a single tubular cell contains many types of carrier proteins What is the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct? Increased conservation of sodium ions and water Which part of the urinary system in the male is shared with the reproductive system? Urethra Which of the following causes urinary incontinence? The loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine? Transitional When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes __________ and __________. more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases The ability to control the micturition reflex depends on the control of the _________. external urethral sphincter The average pH of normal urine is about __________. 6.0 Which of the following is not an effect of advanced age on the urinary system? Increase in the GFR Problems with urinary retention in males due to an enlarged prostate Increase in the formation of kidney stones Reduced sensitivity to ADH All of the following are age-related changes in the urinary system except ________________. an increase sensitivity to ADH leading to an increase in water and sodium retention a 30–40 percent decrease in the number of functional nephrons from age 25–85 a reduction in the GFR because of fewer glomeruli a decrease in muscle tone of the external urethral sphincter which can lead to incontinence The area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the __________. trigone Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing __________. dehydration In which area of the nephron would countercurrent multiplication occur? Nephron loop What is the triple-layered muscle responsible for urinary bladder contractions? Detrusor ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________. both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts Which of the following statements is not true regarding the BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test? Urea is created in the liver from the breakdown of carbohydrates. The test measures the amount of urea in the blood. Some nitrogenous wastes are expected in the urine, but high levels should not remain in the blood. The test measures the ability of the kidneys to excrete nitrogenous wastes like urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for establishing a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid in the medulla of the kidney? Nephron loop What is the urinary structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder? Ureter