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A Case Study on Bone Tissue Structure and Repair

Uploaded: 5 years ago
Contributor: Guest
Category: Anatomy
Type: Assignment
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Filename:   Ch._6_Case_Study new..doc (85.5 kB)
Page Count: 4
Credit Cost: 1
Views: 61
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Description
1.    Define the following terms, used in the case and also in associated questions:
a.   hemorrhage
b.   fracture
c.   proximal
d.   diaphysis

2.    One-way bones are classified is by their shape. How would you classify the bones fractured by Mrs. Morgan?

3.    The body of Mrs. Morgan’s vertebra is fractured. What type of bone tissue makes up the majority of the vertebral body? Describe the structure and function of this type of bone.

4.    The diaphysis of Mrs. Morgan’s humerus is fractured. What type of bone makes up the majority of the diaphysis of long bones like the humerus? Describe the layers of bone tissue found here.

5.    Most connective tissue, including bone, is highly vascular. Which anatomical structures in Mrs. Morgan’s compact bone house blood vessels? What sign or symptom in Mrs. Morgan’s case is directly related to disruption of these structures by her bone fractures? How is the sign or symptom related to these anatomical structures?

6.    Within days after a fracture, a “soft callus” of fibrocartilage forms. What fibers are found in this type of cartilage? Identify the cells required for fibrocartilaginous callus formation and list their functions.

7.    As a fracture is repaired, new bone is added to the injury site. What term is used to describe the addition of new bone tissue? Identify which bone cell is responsible for this process and explain how it occurs.

8.    In the final stage of bone repair, some of the osseous tissue must be broken down and removed. What term is used to define the breaking down of osseous tissue? Which bone cell would be best suited for this task?

9.    The extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone is considered to be a composite material made up of organic and inorganic matter. What makes up the organic and inorganic portions of the matrix? Describe the cellular mechanism involved in breaking down this matrix; include the bone cell required for the process.
Transcript
Look Out Below: A Case Study on Bone Tissue Structure and Repair Mrs. Debbie Morgan is a 45-year-old female who works as a stocking clerk for a local home improvement store. While she was at work today a large box of metal rivets fell from a 20-ft.-high overhead shelf, striking her outstretched arm and knocking her to the ground. The ambulance personnel reported that she had lost quite a bit of blood at the accident scene and was “knocked out” when they arrived. To minimize further hemorrhage, the paramedics applied a pressure bandage to her arm. You meet the paramedics as they bring Mrs. Morgan into the emergency room and begin to assess her for injuries. She is awake and alert, but complaining of severe left arm and back pain, plus she has a “killer headache.” To fully examine her injuries, you remove four blood-soaked bandages from her arm. You notice a large open wound on her arm with what appears to be bone tissue sticking out of the skin. She also has bruises covering her left shoulder, left wrist, and lower back. To determine the extent of her injuries Mrs. Morgan undergoes several x-rays, which reveal the following: 1) fracture of the left humerus at the proximal diaphysis, 2) depressed fracture of the occipital bone, 3) fracture of the 3rd lumbar vertebral body. Short Answer Questions 1. Define the following terms, used in the case and also in associated questions: hemorrhage fracture proximal diaphysis 2. One-way bones are classified is by their shape. How would you classify the bones fractured by Mrs. Morgan? 3. The body of Mrs. Morgan’s vertebra is fractured. What type of bone tissue makes up the majority of the vertebral body? Describe the structure and function of this type of bone. 4. The diaphysis of Mrs. Morgan’s humerus is fractured. What type of bone makes up the majority of the diaphysis of long bones like the humerus? Describe the layers of bone tissue found here. 5. Most connective tissue, including bone, is highly vascular. Which anatomical structures in Mrs. Morgan’s compact bone house blood vessels? What sign or symptom in Mrs. Morgan’s case is directly related to disruption of these structures by her bone fractures? How is the sign or symptom related to these anatomical structures? 6. Within days after a fracture, a “soft callus” of fibrocartilage forms. What fibers are found in this type of cartilage? Identify the cells required for fibrocartilaginous callus formation and list their functions. 7. As a fracture is repaired, new bone is added to the injury site. What term is used to describe the addition of new bone tissue? Identify which bone cell is responsible for this process and explain how it occurs. 8. In the final stage of bone repair, some of the osseous tissue must be broken down and removed. What term is used to define the breaking down of osseous tissue? Which bone cell would be best suited for this task? 9. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone is considered to be a composite material made up of organic and inorganic matter. What makes up the organic and inorganic portions of the matrix? Describe the cellular mechanism involved in breaking down this matrix; include the bone cell required for the process. Define Hemorrhage – Bleeding Fracture – broken bone Proximal – toward the attached end of a limb Diaphysis – shaft of a long bone Mrs. Morgan fractured three bones, her left humerus, occipital bone and her 3rd lumbar vertebral body. The left humerus is classified as a long bone because it longer than its width. Occipital bone is classified as a flat bone due to it thin, flattened and maybe somewhat curved. The 3rd lumbar vertebral body is classified as an irregular bone because the bones have various shape that do not fit into previous categories. The majority of the vertebral body is made of spongy tissue. The function is allowing mobility and flexibility to absorb and protect against impact. Structure of lumbar vertebrae is the vertebral body, posterior elements, inter-vertebral disks and ligaments. The type of bone that makes up for the majority of the diaphysis of long bones like the humerus is compact bone. The compact bone is on the outside, it’s a dense outer layer that appears smooth and solid. The spongy bone is on the inside, its needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae. Layers of tissue bone found here are Periosteum, canaliculi, central canals and osteons. The Haversian canal and Volkmanns both are what houses the blood vessels of the compact bone. With the information given that she is bleeding abundantly, then that could only mean that she a hemorrhage. This sign is related because one of the canals was ruptured when her bone was fractured and forced out of the skin. The type of fibers found in fibrocartilage is collagen fiber to keep its strength. The two cells required for formation of fibrocartilage are Fibroblast and Chondroblasts. Fibroblast function is to produce collagen that acts as glue between the fractured edges. Function of chondroblats are cells that secret the matrix. When a new bone tissue is added the process is called ossification and is carried out by osteoblasts. It occurs when the osteoblasts lays the matrix formed from collagen onto the new area. It’ll mineralize over a period of days and weeks resulting in bone tissue. Then the bone is remodeled to match the shape of the broken bone. The breaking down of osseous tissue is bone resorption. The best bone cell suited for this task would be osteoclasts, it removes the excess bone tissue that is no longer need when bone repair is successfully achieved. Organic part of the bone is osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, while osteoid is the organic of matrix. Inorganic matrix are hydroxyapatites or mineral salts. The process of breaking down and reabsorption of the bone is called osteoclasts. When bones are breaking down they rest in the resorption and display a ruffled border. Ruffled border increases the surface area for the bones that are being destroyed and seal off the area from the matrix.

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