NR 507 Week 4 Midterm.docx

NR 507 Week 4 Midterm 58/60 = 96.7% The coronary ostia are located in the: (Points : 2)         Left ventricle         Aortic valve         Coronary sinus         Aorta Where in the respiratory tract do the majority of foreign objects aspirated by children finally lodge? (Points : 2)         Trachea         Left lung         Bronchus         Bronchioles Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction? (Points : 2)         IgA         IgE         IgG         IgM Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(an): (Points : 2)         Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens         Immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another person         Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease         Undetectable immune response in the presence of antigens What is the final stage of the infectious process? (Points : 2)         Colonization         Invasion         Multiplication         Spread 1. Colonization 2. Invasion 3. Multiply 4. spread The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur? (Points : 2)         Right-to-left blood shunting         Left-to-right blood shunting         Blood flow from the umbilical cord         Blood flow to the lungs It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. What is the meaning of this finding? (Points : 2)         Cancer is confined to the organ of origin.         Cancer has spread to regional structures.         Cancer is locally invasive.         Cancer has spread to distant sites What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? (Points : 2)         Consolidation         Pulmonary edema         Atelectasis         Bronchiolar plugging Which statement is true concerning the IgM? (Points : 2)         IgM is the first antibody produced during the initial response to an antigen.         IgM mediates many common allergic responses.         IgM is the most abundant class of immunoglobulins.         IgM is capable of crossing the human placenta. Apoptosis is a(an): (Points : 2)         Normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive         Antigrowth signal activated by the tumor-suppressor gene Rb         Mutation of cell growth stimulated by the TP53 gene         Transformation of cells from dysplasia to anaplasia Which statement concerning benign tumors is true? (Points : 2)         The resulting pain is severe.         Benign tumors are not encapsulated.         Benign tumors are fast growing.         The cells are well-differentiated. Which complex (wave) represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarizations? (Points : 2)         PRS         QRS         QT interval         P Which organism is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection? (Points : 2)         Staphylococcus aureus         Clostridium perfringens         Helicobacter pylori         Treponema pallidum Which organ is stimulated during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? (Points : 2)         Adrenal cortex         Hypothalamus         Anterior pituitary         Limbic system What is the role of caretaker genes? (Points : 2)         Maintenance of genomic integrity         Proliferation of cancer cells         Secretion of growth factors         Restoration of normal tissue structure Where are antibodies produced? (Points : 2)         Helper T lymphocytes         Thymus gland         Plasma cells         Bone marrow The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via which nerve? (Points : 2)         Vagus         Phrenic         Brachial         Pectoral What physical sign is the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel? (Points : 2)         Increased blood pressure during periods of stress         Bounding pulse felt on palpation         Cyanosis observed on excretion         Murmur heard on auscultation What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? (Points : 2)         Immature immune system         Small alveoli         Surfactant deficiency         Anemia What is the fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia? (Points : 2)         Hypotension         Hyperesthesia         Hypoxia         Ischemia Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized? (Points : 2)         Dysplasia         Hyperplasia         Myoplasia         Anaplasia Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia? (Points : 2)         Iron deficiency         Pernicious         Sideroblastic         Hemolytic How is most carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood transported? (Points : 2)         Attached to oxygen         In the form of bicarbonate         Combined with albumin         Dissolved in the plasma Question 24.24. Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is present in childhood asthma? (Points : 2)         IgM         IgG         IgE         IgA Question 25.25. An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when he or she has a seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody? (Points : 2)         IgG         IgM         IgA         IgE Question 26.26. Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication? (Points : 2)         Retropharyngeal abscess         Laryngospasms         Rupturing of the tonsils         Gagging induced aspiration Question 27.27. Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man? (Points : 2)         Ligase chain reaction (LCR)         Gram-stain technique         Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)         DNA testing Question 28.28. Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response? (Points : 2)         The immune response is similar each time it is activated.         The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it.         The response to a specific pathogen is short term.         The response is innate, rather than acquired. Question 29.29. When an individual aspirates food particles, where would the nurse expect to hear decreased or absent breath sounds? (Points : 2)         Left lung         Right lung         Trachea         Carina Question 30.30. What is the primary site for uncomplicated local gonococci infections in men? (Points : 2)         Epididymis         Lymph nodes         Urethra         Prostate Question 31.31. Deficiencies in which element can produce depression of both B- and T-cell function? (Points : 2)         Iron         Zinc         Iodine         Magnesium Question 32.32. An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect? (Points : 2)         Atrial septal defect (ASD)         Ventricular septal defect (VSD)         Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)         Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect Question 33.33. Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells? (Points : 2)         Lying on their left side         Performing the Valsalva maneuver         Squatting         Hyperventilating Question 34.34. In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a: (Points : 2)         Basal cell         Target cell         Caretaker gene         Proto-oncogene Question 35.35. Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infant’s: (Points : 2)         High body surface–to–body size ratio         Slow metabolic rate         Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses         Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty Question 36.36. A person with type O blood is considered to be the universal blood donor because type O blood contains which of the following? (Points : 2)         No antigens         No antibodies         Both A and B antigens         Both A and B antibodies Question 37.37. Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen? (Points : 2)         Passive-acquired immunity         Active-acquired immunity         Passive-innate immunity         Active-innate immunity Question 38.38. Erythrocyte life span of less than 120 days, ineffective bone marrow response to erythropoietin, and altered iron metabolism describe the pathophysiologic characteristics of which type of anemia? (Points : 2)         Aplastic         Sideroblastic         Anemia of chronic disease         Iron deficiency Question 39.39. How is most of the oxygen in the blood transported? (Points : 2)         Dissolved in plasma         Bound to hemoglobin         In the form of carbon dioxide (CO2)         Bound to protein Question 40.40. What is the action of urodilatin? (Points : 2)         Urodilatin causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.         It causes vasodilation of the efferent arterioles.         Urodilatin inhibits antidiuretic hormone secretion.         It inhibits salt and water reabsorption. Question 41.41. What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? (Points : 2)         Low birth weight         Alcohol consumption during pregnancy         Premature birth         Smoking during pregnancy Question 42.42. What is the most common cause of insufficient erythropoiesis in children? (Points : 2)         Folic acid deficiency         Iron deficiency         Hemoglobin abnormality         Erythrocyte abnormality Question 43.43. What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)? (Points : 2)         Deficit of interleukin (IL)–1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and interferon-alpha (IFN-??         Deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)         Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-?         Deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL-24, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) Question 44.44. Which manifestations of vasoocclusive crisis are associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) in infants? (Points : 2)         Atelectasis and pneumonia         Edema of the hands and feet         Stasis ulcers of the hands, ankles, and feet         Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly Question 45.45. What process allows the kidney to respond to an increase in workload? (Points : 2)         Glomerular filtration         Secretion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3         Increased heart rate         Compensatory hypertrophy Question 46.46. What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone? (Points : 2)         Sodium retention         Sodium excretion         Water retention         Water excretion Question 47.47. Which cells have phagocytic properties similar to monocytes and contract like smooth muscles cells, thereby influencing the glomerular filtration rate? (Points : 2)         Principle cells         Podocin cells         Mesangial cells         Intercalated cells Question 48.48. Research supports the premise that exercise has a probable impact on reducing the risk of which cancer? (Points : 2)         Liver         Endometrial         Stomach         Colon Question 49.49. What effect do natriuretic peptides have during heart failure when the heart dilates? (Points : 2)         Stimulates antidiuretic hormones.         Inhibits antidiuretic hormones.         Stimulates renin and aldosterone.         Inhibits renin and aldosterone. Question 50.50. Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma? (Points : 2)         Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 T-helper Th1 lymphocytes         CD4 T-helper Th2 lymphocytes         CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes         Memory T lymphocytes Question 51.51. In which primary immune deficiency is there a partial-to-complete absence of T-cell immunity? (Points : 2)         Bruton disease         DiGeorge syndrome         Reticular dysgenesis         Adenosine deaminase deficiency What is the ratio of coronary capillaries to cardiac muscle cells? (Points : 2)         1:1 (one capillary per one muscle cell)         1:2 (one  capillary per two muscle cells)         1:4 (one  capillary per four muscle cells)         1:10 (one  capillary per ten muscle cells) Question 53.53. The most common site of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location? (Points : 2)         Bones         Brain         Bladder         Kidney Question 54.54. Which cardiac chamber has the thinnest wall and why? (Points : 2)         The right and left atria; they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood.         The right and left atria; they are not directly involved in the preload, contractility, or afterload of the heart.         The left ventricle; the mean pressure of blood coming into this ventricle is from the lung, which has a low pressure.         The right ventricle; it pumps blood into the pulmonary capillaries, which have a lower pressure compared with the systemic circulation. Question 55.55. The only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area is called the: (Points : 2)         Proximal convoluted tubules         Distal tubules         Ascending loop of Henle         Descending loop of Henle Question 56.56. How high does the plasma glucose have to be before the threshold for glucose is achieved? (Points : 2)         126 mg/dl         150 mg/dl         180 mg/dl         200 mg/dl Question 57.57. Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)? (Points : 2)         IL–1 and IL-6         IL-2 and TNF-?         IFN and IL-12         TNF-ß and IL-4 Question 58.58. Which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the kidneys? (Points : 2)         Antidiuretic hormone         Aldosterone         Erythropoietin         Angiotensinogen Question 59.59. What effects do exercise and body position have on renal blood flow? (Points : 2)         Exercise and body position activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.         They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.         Both activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.         They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation. Question 60.60. The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to which factor? (Points : 2)         Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries         Diffusion rate in the renal cortex         Diffusion rate in the renal medulla         Glomerular active transport