GMU BIOL 330 Practicle 2

Practice Exam for Section One: Evolution FOUNDATIONS OF ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION BIOL 308 FALL 2011 MULTIPLE CHOICE: Select the BEST answer available. (1.5 points each) 1. It is true that complex structures and organisms can't arise by chance, although _________ is random, ___________ is not; it is directed in the sense of increasing adaptation. A) evolution/selection B) mutation/selection C) adaptation/mutation D) selection/mutation 3. Which of the following was NOT part of Darwin's explanation of natural selection? A) Organisms commonly produce more offspring than can survive B) Variations exist within members of a population C) Members of a species compete with each other for food and other resources. D) New variations continually arise by mutation E) Usually the better-adapted of each generation survive to reproduce 4. True or False: Stabilizing selection leads to an increase in homozygous genotypes. A) True B) False 6. A culture of bacteria is grown on culture medium that contains the antibiotic streptomycin. At first, no growth is apparent, but soon two colonies begin to grow on the streptomycin-containing medium. What does this indicate? A) two bacteria adjusted to the streptomycin due to exposure to it and this streptomycin resistance was passed on to their offspring B) two bacteria were resistant to streptomycin before being exposed to it and these cells generated streptomycin-resistant colonies C) Streptomycin induced mutations in two bacterial cells which made them resistant and these two cells produced resistant colonies D) all bacteria will eventually grow in the presence of streptomycin if given long enough. Match the figures with the appropriate forms of selection. 7. ________ stabilizing selection 8. ________ directional selection 9. ________ disruptive selection Fitness 508063539370 Fitness Fitness Fitness B) C) D) A) % Phenotype A Phenotype Phenotype Phenotype 11. You are raising a stock of Drosophila flies, and when each individual emerges from the pupa you clip off its wings. Assume that this treatment does not disrupt mating success and they go on to produce new generations, in each of which you continue to clip wings. By the end of 50 generations, what would you most expect to observe in the last generation of flies as they emerge? A) all flies would be born with wings B) all flies would be born without wings C) many flies would be born without wings D) the size of the wings would decrease from the first to the fiftieth generation. 13. A mutation in which position in a codon is more likely to result in a silent substitution? A) first B) second C) third D) all of the above are equally likely E) there is no pattern Questions #14-17. For the following questions use the answers below. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. (1.5 points each) A) Jean Babtiste LaMarck B) Georges Cuvier C) Charles Lyell D) Ernst Mayr 14. Wrote the Flora of France, but is better known for “inheritance of acquired characteristics” 15. Wrote Principles of Geology, a book read by Darwin during his voyage 17. Systematist who was important in formulating the modern synthesis. 18. The influence of Thomas Malthus to evolutionary biology was in: A) providing data on fossils at various positions in the rock strata. B) his suggestion to Darwin that he not hesitate in publishing his work on evolution. C) his work with Darwin on the voyage to South America. D) his suggestion that population growth is limited by available resources. E) his suggestion that giraffes might achieve long necks over time if they stretched for leaves. 19. Here’s a good one from a freshman biology textbook. Which of the following communities would be the most likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium? A) Covertree --- where all four of the natives live normal lives. B) Oldport --- a remote paradise where the rich love to mingle with the richer, and hate the poor. C) Provenance --- an area where nobody wants to go, the natives haven't the sense to leave, and only people with big ears have offspring. D) Cube Island --- still another remote paradise, where the many natives indiscriminately mate with each other several times a day. E) Northerly --- a far-distant place that endures an annual influx of people from Disconnecticut, who never leave. For the following questions match the MOST APPROPRIATE letter with the appropriate number: 20. Elderflower A) Positive Frequency-dependent Selection 21. orchids B) Stabilizing Selection 22. Aposematic coloration C) Genetic Bottleneck 23. Kuru D) Negative Frequency-dependent selection 24. Pingelapese people E) Mutation-Selection Balance 21. True or False: Non-random mating is an evolutionary mechanism. A) True B) False Characterize the following examples (questions 26–29) as: (A) directional selection (B) disruptive selection C) stabilizing selection. 26. The fossil record shows that the few surviving species of horseshoe crabs have existed relatively unchanged in form for almost 200 million years. 27. As arid conditions became more prevalent in the coastal deserts of Chile, rodents there evolved adaptations for physiological water conservation. 28. A population of Black-bellied seed crackers (birds) has a broad range of variation in lower mandible width and length. Those with large bills and those with small bills have greater fitness than those with average sized bills. 29. Gall-making flies usually have medium-sized galls because wasps parasitize the larvae in large galls and birds eat the larvae in small galls. FILL IN THE BLANK. (1.5 points each) __________________________34. Type of homology in which the divergence of homologous genes can be traced to gene duplication events. __________________________35. Describes a situation in which heterozygotes at a particular locus tend to have higher fitness than homozygotes. __________________________36. The person who came up with the same idea as Darwin for evolutionary change through natural selection, and essentially forced Darwin to publish his book. __________________________37. Random fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to another. __________________________38. “The rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time.” _________________________39. The term that refers to an individual’s relative success in contributing genes to future generations. _________________________40. The ship on which Darwin sailed on his voyage. _________________________41. The null model for population genetics. _________________________42. A ____ population is one where all individuals are potential partners (aka. random mating). _________________________43. A sudden change from one generation to the next, that is large, or very large, in comparison with the usual variation of an organism ("Hopeful Monsters”). SHORT ANSWER/LISTING/SHORT DISCUSSION. 1. List FOUR explanations (discussed in lecture) for female choice that provide good reasons why females might prefer some males over others. (4 points) 2. List THREE examples/forms (discussed in lecture) of male-to-male competition. (3 points) 3. List the two specific types/examples of genetic drift discussed in lectures. (2 points) 1. Fill in the relevant information given the characteristics of the following population (10 points): Number of Individuals: 180 AA = 61 Aa = 82 aa = 37 Here’s a little help: p = P + (1/2) Q q= R + (1/2) Q p2 + 2pq + q2 X2 = ((observed - expected)2 / expected) X2 2, 0.05 = 3.841 Observed genotype frequencies: _____________________________________ Observed allele frequencies: _________________________________________ Expected genotype frequencies: ______________________________________ Is the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? _____________________ Show your work. Bonus. (2 points) WHAT IS THE COMPLETE TITLE OF THE BOOK DARWIN PUBLISHED THAT CHANGED BIOLOGICAL HISTORY. Son of Bonus (I). (1 point) Who wrote this? “There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one;...” Son of Bonus (I). (2 points) The year in which Darwin published the book that changed biological thought was ___. Son of Bonus (II). (1 point) What is the title of the textbook we are using in lecture?