Transcript
History 207
Exam 1 Study Guide
Chapter 1
Paleo Indians- the first people group to inhabit the Americas, hunted megafauna with their
signature Clovis point
Archaic Period (10,000 BC-1,000 BC)- period of climate change causing the extinction of
megafauna, civilizations began in Mesoamerica along
with the birth of agriculture and the bow and arrow
Mesoamerica- also known as Central America, contained many pre-Columbian societies that
flourished
Anasazi- ancestors of the Pueblos, native to southwestern Americas from 200 BC to 1500 AD,
Chaco Canyon
Adena culture- a pre-Columbian culture that existed during the Woodland Period from 1000 BC
to 200 BC, known for the sharing of burial and ceremonial systems.
Native American agriculture- farmed using the “three sisters” (squash, corn, and beans)
Olmecs- earliest known civilization in Mesoamerica
Mayans- Mesoamerican civilization known for their architecture, mathematics, astronomical
calendar, and hieroglyphics
Chapter 2
Aztecs- confederation of three city states established in 1427, the most prominent being
Tenochtitlan
Conquistadores- Spanish conquerers of Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies
Prince Henry the Navigator- patron of Portuguese exploration, influential in the School of
Navigation
Hernan Cortez- conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire and claimed Mexico for Spain
Vasco de Gama- Portuguese explorer who was the first European to reach India by sea
Christopher Columbus- an Italian explorer who was the first European to discover the
Americas under the Spanish crown, confusing the Caribbean Islands to
be islands off the coast of Japan
Martin Luther- Catholic monk that opposed indulgences with his 95 theses that stated the Bible
is the ultimate authority, salvation through faith, and the “priesthood of the
believer”
John Calvin- French lawyer and theologian who believed in the “elect” who were saved through
predestination
Protestant Reformation- division sparked within the Catholic Church by those seeking to
reform it
Columbian Exchange- transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and technologies
between the West Africa, the New World, and the Old World
Huguenots- French Protestants that were highly persecuted by the Catholic majority
Henry VIII- English king whose divorce to his wife, Catherine of Aragon, sparked the English
Reformation
English Reformation- event in which the Church of England broke away from the Catholic
Church and the Pope’s authority
Sir Walter Raleigh- granted a royal charter by the Queen of England to explore and colonize the
New World
Roanoke- also known as the “Lost Colony,” was the first English colony in the New World
Chapter 3
New Mexico- founded by Juan de Onate in 1598 along with 500 colonists
Pueblos- the Acoma siege
St. Augustine- founded in 1565 by the Spanish, oldest continuously inhabited European
settlement
Franciscans- friars sent to the New World to evangelize to Native Americans, established
missions
Virginia Company- English joint stock company that founded Jamestown
Jamestown- founded in 1607, was the first permanent English settlement in America
Captain John Smith- influential in the founding of Jamestown, established order and trained
settlers to farm and work, “He that will not work, shall not eat”
John Rolfe- married Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan, was the first to successfully
cultivate tobacco as an export crop
Indentured servant- commonly poor Europeans who immigrated to America and paid for their
passage through their work, very influential in the cultivation of tobacco
“Headright” system- incentive given following Virginia Company becoming a royal charter,
offered 50 acres of land for every settler and an additional 50 acres for
every family member and servant
Lord Calvert- petitioned English Crown for a charter for the area now known as present day
Maryland to establish a haven for English Catholics
Maryland- established as a proprietary colony by the the Calvert family as a colony for
persecuted English Catholics
Mecrcantilism- government regulation of economy through the use of tariffs, trade, and export
of raw materials
Navigation Acts- required all colonial trade to be conducted only with England on English
vessels
Bacon’s Rebellion- an armed rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against the Governor William
Berkley, resulted in the institutionalization of slavery for tobacco cultivation
Chattel slavery- slavery in which a person is permanent property along with any offspring
Slave codes- laws made to outline the rights and duties of slaves
Middle passage- route taken by slave ships sailing from Africa to the Americas
African Transatlantic Slave Trade- driven by probability of sugar plantations, 90% of all
slaves landed in Brazil or Caribbean Islands
The Carolinas- William Berkley and John Colleton established a joint proprietorship aimed at
colonizing Carolina region
James Oglethorpe- founded Georgia and colonized it with those who were religiously
persecuted and the “worthy” poor of England
Chapter 4
New France- established by Samuel de Champlain as a trading area for France
New Netherlands- Dutch West Indies Company placed trading settlements on the Hudson and
Fort Orange in 1614
New Amsterdam- Dutch settlement on the tip of Manhattan Island and was the government
center for the New Netherlands, was taken over by English in 1664, it is now
known as present day New York City
Beaver hats- biggest product of the Indian fur trade
Iroquois League- Native American confederation of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas,
Cayugas, and Seneca
Pilgrims- Separatist settlers who left persecution in England and went to the Netherlands,
traveled from the Netherlands to America
Mayflower Compact- created as a form of government because the Pilgrims felt their charter
did not state authority
Plymouth- coastal town in present day Massachusetts where the Pilgrims settled and held the
first Thanksgiving
Puritans- Protestants who closely followed the teachings of John Calvin and believed they could
purify the Church of England
Massachusetts Bay Company- joint stock trading company that was used by Puritans under the
leadership of John Winthrop to establish the Massachusetts Bay
Colony in 1630
John Winthrop- governor of Massachusetts Bay Company, changed charter from a trading to a
government charter and strived to create a Puritan “city on a hill”
Roger Williams- founded Rhode Island and the First Baptist Church of America after he split
from the Puritans upon calling for religious freedom, separation of church and
state, and fair dealings with the Indians
Anne Hutchinson- Puritan midwife who was an antinomianist and accused Puritan ministers of
being damned
Metacom’s or King Phillip’s War- Chief Metacom organized tribes of New England against
colonists after assassination rumors, war ended with his
death and the destruction of the Wampanoags
Quakers- believed everyone possessed the “inner light” and that the recognition of such was
what brought them together
William Penn- founded Pennsylvania with the Quakers as a “holy experiment” in 1681
Glorious Revolution- brought permanent realignment of power within the English constitution
when William of Orange took the throne from James II in 1688
Chapter 5
Louisiana- was named by de La Salle in 1682 after King Louis XIV, first permeant settlement,
Fort Maurepas was founded by d’Iberville in 1699
Maroon communities- groups of fugitive slaves who established their own society in remote
areas where they could not easily be discovered
Scots-Irish- Protestant Scots who fled Scotland, went to Ireland for religious freedom, and many
eventually migrated to America
Great Awakening- evangelical revival that broke out across the 13 colonies between 1730-1740,
Jonathan Edwards (“Sinners In the Hands of an Angry God”) and George
Whitefield were the two prominent preachers, caused the growth of the
Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian Churches
Enlightenment- was the birth of modern science, sparked by Issac Newton’s Principia and John
Locke’s theories in psychology, resulted in the belief that human reason could
understand the laws of nature and society
Benjamin Franklin- influenced by both the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment, caused
him to conduct experiment with kite and key, eventually led to many
inventions such as the lightning rod and bifocals
Benign neglect- also known as salutary neglect, was a policy instituted by England that avoided
strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep the colonies obedient to
England, Prime Minister Walpole believed the colonies would “flourish” upon
its institution
Chapter 6
Fort Necessity- began the French and Indian War on July 3, 1754 in Uniontown, Pennsylvania,
was the site of George Washington’s first military experience and the only
surrender of his career
French and Indian War- also known as the “Seven Years’ War,” was a war between the British
American colonies and the colonies of New France and their Indian
allies, resulted in England taking control of New France and the North
American continent
William Pitt- British Prime Minister during the French and Indian War, Pittsburgh named after
him, known for his devotion to victory over France and British world dominance
General Edward Braddock- was commander of the the 13 colonies during the French and
Indian War, known for his command of the disastrous Ohio River
Valley Expedition in 1755 where he lost his own life
