Cognitive Psychology How the Brain Gives Rise to the Mind

Cognitive Psychology Mind Brain How the Brain Gives Rise to the Mind Multiple Choice deals with the processing of information from the senses a Encoding c Perception b Executive processing d Mental simulation Answer c The cognitive process responsible for entering new information into memory is a executive processing c attention b encoding d representation in long-term memory Answer b allows you to hold information in awareness and to think about it a Working memory c Mental simulation b Attention d Executive processing Answer a Page s in Text Preparing and executing a response to a stimulus requires a attention c working memory b executive processing d motor cognition Answer d Page s in Text - Plato made a distinction between a wax and stone tablets c memories for facts and events b the brain and its functions d etching and carving Answer b Page s in Text Topic A Brief History The mind-body problem was originally articulated by a Plato c Aristotle b Locke d Descartes Answer d Page s in Text Topic A Brief History The idea that thought was composed of a series of images was espoused by a Plato c Locke b Descartes d Berkeley Answer c Page s in Text Topic A Brief History Looking within oneself to assess one s mental activity is referred to as a reflectance c transference b introspection d metacognition Answer b Page s in Text - Topic A Brief History was interested in understanding the nature of consciousness a Locke c Chomsky b Berkeley d Wundt Answer d Page s in Text Topic A Brief History When you describe to your friend how a stunning sunset looked you are engaging in a verbal report c introspection b self-report d perception Answer c Page s in Text Topic A Brief History According to Wundt and Tichner consciousness can be understood by characterizing and the a basic elements rules that combine them c physical stimulus behavioral response b thoughts associated processing resources d perceptions decisions about them Answer a Page s in Text Topic A Brief History One of the problems with introspection is that people a are unaware of sensations c could not do it b could not be trained in it d can make decisions without knowing how Answer d Page s in Text Topic A Brief History Functionalist psychology was developed by and motivated by a Tichner Wundt c James Darwin b Wundt James d Skinner Hull Answer c Page s in Text Topic A Brief History William James was more interested in the of mental activity than the of mental activities a function nature c observation implication b basic components whole d conscious aspect unconscious aspect Answer a Page s in Text Topic A Brief History The central doctrine of the behaviorists was that psychologists should only study a stimuli and responses c stimuli processes and responses b animal behavior d stimuli responses and consequences Answer d Page s in Text Topic A Brief History Consequences are important for behaviorist theories because consequences establish between stimuli and behavior a testable outcomes c specific laws b associations d observable events Answer b Page s in Text Topic A Brief History If you opened the case of your desktop computer to determine what the different parts of the computer do you might be considered a a structuralist c functionalist b behaviorist d rationalist Answer c Page s in Text - Topic A Brief History If you studied your desktop computer to determine the basic units used by the computer to store information you might be considered a a structuralist c functionalist b behaviorist d rationalist Answer a Page s in Text - Topic A Brief History If you examined the relationship between what you type on the keyboard and what appears on your computer monitor you might be considered a a structuralist c functionalist b behaviorist d rationalist Answer b Page s in Text - Topic A Brief History believed that internal events such as motivation could be inferred directly from behaviors a Skinner c Hull b Thorndike d Watson Answer c Page s in Text Topic A Brief History Which of the following researchers did not play a prominent role in the cognitive revolution a Chomsky c Simon b Newell d Hull Answer d Page s in Text - Topic A Brief History One of the reasons the cognitive revolution was successful is that technology allowed the mind to be compared to a n a flow chart c artificial organ b computing machine d Turing machine Answer b Page s in Text Topic A Brief History Eric Kandel won the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for studying changes in neurons related to learning What level of analysis did he use to examine memory a philosophical c physical b functional d information processing Answer c Page s in Text - Topic Understanding the Mind When Freud developed the idea that the mind can repress a memory until a person is able to address that memory he was operating at what level of analysis a philosophical c physical b functional d information processing Answer b Page s in Text - Topic Understanding the Mind Cognitive psychologists interested in memory typically examine how we encode store and retrieve information What level of analysis do these psychologists operate at a philosophical c physical b functional d information processing Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Understanding the Mind Based on your text which level of analysis is superior for understanding the mind a physical c representational b philosophical d information processing Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Understanding the Mind Two of your friends go to see a ball game They both contact you about an amazing play One sends a voice message and the other sends a text message What characteristic of their messages is different a content c arguments b relations d format Answer d Page s in Text Topic Understanding the Mind You are reminiscing with your family one night about a past family experience As people talk you realize you remember an account of the event that is different from that of other family members What aspect of your mental representation is different from you family members a content c arguments b relations d format Answer a Page s in Text Topic Understanding the Mind A set of processes that use and create mental representations as needed is a n a algorithm c processing system b mental representation d modular system Answer c Page s in Text Topic Understanding the Mind When given a certain input a n is guaranteed to produce a certain response a algorithm c structure-process trade-off b mental representation d modular system Answer a Page s in Text Topic Understanding the Mind Serial algorithms parallel algorithms as a iterative simultaneous c at once in steps b in steps at once d general specific Answer b Page s in Text Topic Understanding the Mind refers to the ability to specify the correct combination of representations and processes to accomplish a task a Adequacy c Generalizability b Combinatory processing d Identifiability Answer d Page s in Text Topic Understanding the Mind Understanding the structure and function of the brain can help us determine the of a theory of cognitive processing a generalizability c explanatory adequacy b identifiability d parsimoniousness Answer c Page s in Text Topic Understanding the Mind are often referred to as the building blocks of the brain a Glial cells c Neurotransmitters b Synapses d Neurons Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain The basic parts of the neuron include the a axon dendrites and cell body c dendrites axon and synapse b axon terminal buttons and synapse d dendrite synaptic cleft and cell body Answer a Page s in Text - Topic The Cognitive Brain Action potentials are characterized as being a gradated c scaled b all-or-none d variable Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain The brain and spinal cord make up the nervous system while the skeletal and autonomic nervous systems make up the nervous system a sympathetic parasympathetic c central peripheral b peripheral central d parasympathetic sympathetic Answer c Page s in Text - Topic The Cognitive Brain As you make a presentation in front of your class you find that your palms are sweaty and your heart is beating quickly These physiological changes are due to the nervous system a peripheral c autonomic b parasympathetic d sympathetic Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain As you sit in your seat after making a class presentation you notice that your heart beat and respiratory are rate slowing down This change is due to the nervous system a peripheral c autonomic b parasympathetic d sympathetic Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain The cerebral cortex has folds or winkles The top of a fold or winkle is referred to as a a fissure c gyrus b sulcus d ventricle Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain The cortex is divided into cerebral hemispheres The is the main connection between the hemispheres a corpus callosum c pons b reticular formation d hippocampus Answer a Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain The four major lobes of the brain are a ventral dorsal medial lateral c visual auditory somatosensory decisional b occipital parietal temporal frontal d cortical ventricle meninges cerebral Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain The visual pathway has been traced from the eye to the thalamus The thalamus is made of several different nuclei The nucleus important for vision is toward the side or farther away from midline As a result this area is called the geniculate nucleus a superior c inferior b lateral d medial Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain What sensory information is primarily processed in the occipital lobe a auditory c visual b somatosensory d olfactory Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain What sensory information is primarily processed in the parietal lobe a auditory c visual b somatosensory d olfactory Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain What type of processing does not take place in the temporal lobe a visual memory c language comprehension b language production d emotion Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain There is a famous neuropsychological example in which Phineas Cage a railroad foreman accidentally had a tamping rod shoot from under his chin through his skull damaging his frontal lobe Which of the following is most likely to have changed for Phineas after the accident a his personality c his ability to recognize objects b his sense of touch d his hearing Answer a Page s in Text - Topic The Cognitive Brain Question Type applied difficult After receiving a crushing hit by the linebacker the running back gets to return to the huddle but has difficulty running Which lobe was most likely affected by the hit a occipital c temporal b parietal d frontal Answer d Page s in Text - Topic The Cognitive Brain Question Type applied difficult Unfortunately Sam was buying a hot dog from a vendor at a baseball game when a foul ball hit him in the head After the hit Sam seemed to be talking louder than usual and had difficulty understanding what his friends were saying to him Which lobe was most likely affected by the foul ball a occipital c temporal b parietal d frontal Answer c Page s in Text - Topic The Cognitive Brain Question Type applied difficult This subcortical area receives sensory information from the ears and sends it to the auditory cortex a hippocampus c hypothalamus b thalamus d amygdala Answer d Page s in Text - Topic The Cognitive Brain The controls bodily functions such as body temperature and blood pressure a hippocampus c hypothalamus b thalamus d amygdala Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain The plays an important role in storing memories in the temporal lobe a hippocampus c hypothalamus b thalamus d amygdala Answer a Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain Physical coordination is controlled in the a frontal lobe c pons b reticular formation d cerebellum Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain The basal ganglia are associated with a basic instincts c taste perception b developing habits d time estimation Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain Question Type factual difficult Rewards during learning activate the a amygdala c nucleus accumbens b cerebellum d reticular formation Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain Question Type factual difficult What part of the brain would you lesion to determine if anticipating rewards is really an important part of learning a amygdala c nucleus accumbens b cerebellum d reticular formation Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain Question Type applied difficult If you somehow damaged your pons what would you have difficulty doing a making facial expressions c walking b comprehending speech d recalling old memories Answer a Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain Question Type applied difficult To control seizures a patient has part of his hippocampus removed In which cognitive function would you anticipate seeing impairments a motivation c motor coordination b visual recognition d memory Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain Cognitive emphasizes information processing while cognitive emphasizes the brain a neuroscience psychology c neuroscience phrenology b psychology neuroscience d psychology biology Answer b Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition A variety of research methods can be used in cognitive psychology Unfortunately limitations can be found for all of them This is one reason why is are important a association c dissociation b converging evidence d behavioral methods Answer b Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition An advantage of the protocol collection method is that it a is subtle c can reveal a sequence of processing steps b assesses subjective reactions d measures processing effectiveness Answer c Page s in Text - Topic Studying Cognition Each of the following is a limitation of using accuracy as a dependent variable in memory research except a ceiling effects c floor effects b expectancy effects d speed-accuracy tradeoff Answer b Page s in Text - Topic Studying Cognition Experimental expectancy effects and speed-accuracy tradeoff are potential research limitations when using a response time c accuracy b judgments d protocol collection Answer a Page s in Text - Topic Studying Cognition If everyone in class gets nearly all the multiple choice questions correct on this exam you might argue that the questions were too easy resulting in a a floor effect c expectancy effect b curve d ceiling effect Answer d Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition You conduct a study in which you measure both accuracy and response time As you examine the data you notice that response times are fairly quick but the participants made quite a few errors What could possibly explain this finding a expectancy effects c speed-accuracy trade-off b floor effects d task demands Answer c Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition Psychology majors are not always good psychological research participants because they can sometimes figure out what the experiment is about and then tend to change their responses accordingly resulting in a ceiling effects c experimental curing effects b experimenter bias d experimental expectancy effects Answer d Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition When cues are present within a task itself that suggest to a participant how to respond in an experiment exist a expectancy effects c a speed-accuracy trade-off b task demands d confounds Answer b Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition Neuroimaging methods can be evaluated using four dimensions Which of the following is not a dimension used in evaluating neuroimaging methods a functional resolution c invasiveness b spatial resolution d temporal resolution Answer a Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition Which of the following neuroimaging methods would be best to use if you are interested in locating the place in the brain associated with a certain cognitive function a EEG c MRI b optical imaging d MEC Answer c Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition Which of the following neuroimaging methods would be best to use if you are interested in examining changes in cognitive processing over time a optical imaging c MRI b ERP d PET Answer b Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition A n can be used to determine the part of the brain damaged after a stroke and can be used to determine the extent of cognitive deficits caused by the stroke a ERP TMS c ERP transcranial magnetic stimulation b MRI self-reports d MRI neuropsychological studies Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Studying Cognition Which of the following is not a limitation of neuropsychological studies a damage not be limited to one area c lack of adequate neuropsychological tests b temporal resolution is poor d only good for areas near the brain surface Answer a Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition All of the following are potential problems when using drugs that affect specific brain areas except that they a affect multiple brain areas c help determine brain areas for certain tasks b take a long time to work d only provide correlational evidence of function Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Studying Cognition The difference between computer simulation models and artificial intelligence is that computer simulation models underlying human cognitive processing while artificial intelligence intelligent behavior a mimic corresponds to c represent produces b fabricate copies d are unrelated to creates Answer c Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition Although process models can specify the sequence of processes that occur from a stimulus input to a corresponding response they also have all of the following limitations except they a assume serial processing c do not learn b cannot convert input to output d only provide feedback when a process is complete Answer b Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition Which of the following would be part of a neural-network model a intermediate layer c input layer b output layer d hidden layer Answer a Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition Short Answer Describe Wundt s approach to understanding consciousness Answer First characterize the basic sensations and then find the rules that combine them Page s in Text Topic A Brief History Briefly state the two major contributions of Wundt s school of psychology Answer showed that mental activities could be broken down into basic operations and developed objective methods for assessing mental activity Page s in Text Topic A Brief History Explain what the cognitive revolution was in response to Answer researchers understood the limitations of behaviorism and became open to other approaches technological advances led to new ways to think about mental activity comparisons of mind to machine new methods developed to test predictions from computational models leading to more objective measures of mental activity Page s in Text - Topic A Brief History Although behaviorists have made numerous contributions to the nature of learning and to experimental psychology they failed to account for a number of important areas related to cognition List at least three of these areas Answer some behaviorists rejected all discussion of internal events could not explain the most interesting human behaviors such as language and failed to provide insights into the nature of perception memory decision making Page s in Text Topic A Brief History Why is it important to be able to examine internal events in contrast to only external events as proposed by the behaviorists Answer Sometimes an input does not produce a desired response When this happens it is important to determine how the input is interpreted in order to fully understand the process of responding to a particular stimulus Page s in Text Topic A Brief History Your authors define two facets to mental representations Describe these facets and provide an example of how they can be combined to represent information Answer form or means by which the information is conveyed e g visual and content or meaning conveyed e g scene Page s in Text Topic Understanding the Mind Cognitive psychology has been relying more heavily on facts about the brain in recent years Give an example that illustrates the importance of this trend Answer Different types of information processing can lead to the same result therefore it is important to examine other kinds of information such as brain activity in order to determine how the processing takes place Page s in Text Topic Understanding the Mind Draw and label a neuron Page s in Text - Topic The Cognitive Brain What is the role of neurotransmitters in communicating between neurons Answer Neurotransmitters send information from one neuron to another across the synaptic cleft the effect of the neurotransmitter depends on the receptors present at the post-synaptic neuron with some neurotransmitters being excitatory and some being inhibitory Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain Name the four lobes of the brain and state the major functions associated with each Answer frontal speech production fine motor movements planning and reasoning emotions personality parietal representation of space somatosensory processing consciousness attention mathematical thinking temporal visual memory auditory processing language comprehension memory emotion occipital vision Page s in Text - Topic The Cognitive Brain Briefly state the difference between cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience Answer Cognitive psychology focuses on information processing while cognitive neuroscience focuses on the brain and the different parts of the brain involved in information processing Page s in Text - Topic Studying Cognition What is the difference between spatial and temporal resolution Answer Spatial resolution deals with how precisely an area in the brain producing a signal can be localized Temporal resolution refers to how well changes in brain activity can be tracked Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition Your authors make a distinction between correlational neural methods and causal neural methods Briefly state the basis for this distinction Answer Correlational neural methods e g MRI associate a brain location with a function Causal neural methods e g lesion allow for a causal connection between a brain area and function Page s in Text - Topic A Brief History Essay Describe the contributions of the different schools of psychology e g functionalists to the current state of cognitive psychology Answer Descartes mind-body problem Locke thought is a series of mental images Berkeley some concepts are too abstract for mental images Wundt and Tichner structuralism mental activity can be broken down into basic operations and these could be studied objectively James functionalism focused on the function of mental activity behaviorism experimental techniques computer science computer as a model and a research tool Page s in Text - Topic A Brief History The computer has proven to be a helpful analogy for understanding the mind and brain Provide an overview of this important analogy in cognitive psychology Be sure to include both hardware and software in your description Answer Both the computer and brain are information processors Although computer hardware can be loosely likened to the brain and software to mental activity both may be more accurately examined on a physical and functional level Additionally the hard drive is like long-term memory etc Page s in Text - Topic Understanding the Mind What dilemma is created by structure-process trade-offs and can facts about the brain impact cognitive theories to deal with the dilemma Answer A structure-process trade-off occurs when we change a theory of a representation and then compensate for that change by modifying the theory of the process This makes theories somewhat arbitrary However theories should be consistent with the properties of the brain Page s in Text - Topic Understanding the Mind Explain why artificial intelligence researchers are interested in designing complex processing systems that perform human tasks What are some of the strengths and weaknesses of this approach Answer AI researchers believe that human cognition is so complex that creating a processing system that performs similar tasks can provide insight into human cognition While the AI approach can lead to important insights AI research often ignores how processing takes place in the brain Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition What is meant by converging evidence Explain why it is important for developing our understanding of cognitive processing Answer Converging evidence is provided when different types of results point to the same conclusion Converging evidence is important because all methodologies have limitations or weaknesses Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition What is a dissociation What information does it tell us about cognitive processing How does a double dissociation improve upon this information Answer A dissociation means that an activity or a variable affects performance on one task In double dissociation an activity or variable affects one process P but not another P while a second activity or variable has the opposite affect impairs P but not P Double dissociations provide strong evidence for two processes Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition You are interested in studying the effects of music on memory Outline an experiment being sure to specify the conditions and measures you will use Also indicate a potential problem you might encounter in the study and state how you will attempt to control for it Answer Answers will vary but should focus on behavioral methods Problems to address could include ceiling effects floor effects speed-accuracy trade-off experimental expectancy effects and task demands Page s in Text - Topic Studying Cognition Five different neuroimaging methods were presented in the text Select and compare three of these methods Answer EEG and ERP have poor spatial resolution but excellent temporal resolution low invasiveness and are relatively low cost MEC have good spatial resolution for sulci only and excellent temporal resolution their invasiveness is low but cost is high PET has good spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution PET is highly invasive and costly MRI and fMRI have excellent spatial resolution and marginal temporal resolution Invasiveness is low but the cost is high Optical imaging has poor spatial resolution and marginal temporal resolution It is moderately invasive but the cost is low Page s in Text - Topic Studying Cognition Discuss the pros and cons of using electroencephalography EEG or event-related potentials ERP Answer Pros high temporal resolution low invasiveness and low cost Cons disrupted by slight movements poor spatial resolution Page s in Text - Topic Studying Cognition In what ways are neural-network models superior to process models Answer There are several limitations to process models Process models typically involve serial processing provide feedback only after each processing step is complete and do not learn Neural-network models on the other hand do not have these limitations plus they emphasize the difference between a neural code and a mental representation Page s in Text - Topic Studying Cognition Name Chapter Quick Quiz The cognitive process responsible for entering new information into memory is a executive processing c attention b encoding d representation in long-term memory allows you to hold information in awareness and to think about it a Working memory c Mental simulation b Attention d Executive processing Consequences are important for behaviorist theories because consequences establish between stimuli and behavior a testable outcomes c specific laws b associations d observable events One of the reasons the cognitive revolution was successful is that technology allowed the mind to be compared to a n a flow chart c artificial organ b computing machine d Turing machine A set of processes that use and create mental representations as needed is a n a algorithm c processing system b mental representation d modular system The basic parts of the neuron include the a axon dendrites and cell body c dendrites axon and synapse b axon terminal buttons and synapse d dendrite synaptic cleft and cell body The four major lobes of the brain are a ventral dorsal medial lateral c visual auditory somatosensory decisional b occipital parietal temporal frontal d cortical ventricle meninges cerebral To control seizures a patient has part of his hippocampus removed In which cognitive function would you anticipate seeing impairments a motivation c motor coordination b visual recognition d memory A variety of research methods can be used in cognitive psychology Unfortunately limitations can be found for all of them This is one reason why is are important a association c dissociation b converging evidence d behavioral methods A n can be used to determine the part of the brain damaged after a stroke and can be used to determine the extent of cognitive deficits caused by the stroke a ERP TMS c ERP transcranial magnetic stimulation b MRI self-reports d MRI neuropsychological studies Answer Key Chapter Quick Quiz Answer b Page s in Text Answer a Page s in Text Answer b Page s in Text Topic A Brief History Answer b Page s in Text Topic A Brief History Answer c Page s in Text Topic Understanding the Mind Answer a Page s in Text - Topic The Cognitive Brain Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Cognitive Brain Answer b Page s in Text Topic Studying Cognition Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Studying Cognition Chapter Perception Multiple Choice When we search for an object we only see fine details a up close c at the center of the scene b at fixation d they are important to us Answer b Page s in Text Topic What It Means to Perceive Processing part of a sensory input for additional details at the expense of others parts involves a search c selective attention b signal separation d shifting where you are looking Answer c Page s in Text Topic What It Means to Perceive Perception provides information concerning and a what how c what when b where how d what where Answer d Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Ultimately our perceptions lead to a recognition c action b attention d awareness Answer c Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Which set below is in the proper order for visual processing a retina optic nerve LGN c ganglion cells photoreceptors LGN b LGN optic nerve V d optic nerve striate cortex ganglion cells Answer a Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception In vision the dorsal pathway ventral pathway as a frontal lobes temporal lobes c LGN striate cortex b occipital lobes parietal lobes d parietal lobes temporal lobes Answer d Page s in Text - Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Question Type factual difficult Where an item is located and how it might be acted upon in space is processed in the pathway a visual c ventral b dorsal d caudal Answer b Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Recognition and identification of an object occurs in the pathway a visual c ventral b superior d dorsal Answer c Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception processes are driven by sensory information while processes are driven by knowledge beliefs expectations and goals a External internal c Top-down bottom-up b Bottom-up top-down d Passive active Answer b Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception If you see six vertical lines to the left you are likely engaged in processing a top-down c bottom-up b external d passive Answer c Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception If you see three pairs of two lines to the left you are likely engaged in processing a internal c top-down b active d bottom-up Answer c Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Perceptions are of what we see a mental copies c mental images b interpretations d neural codes Answer b Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Perceptions are formed by processing a bottom-up c passive and active b bottom-up and top-down d internal Answer b Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Our interpretations of the world are influenced by our and a bottom-up top-down processing c environment experience b motivation goals d biological structure experience Answer d Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception An experiment in which a kitten is placed in an environment with only vertical lines for a period of time and then has difficulty moving about an environment with only horizontal lines demonstrates a the importance of the environment c the importance of a critical period b the importance of research ethics d the importance of both vertical and horizontal lines Answer c Page s in Text - Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Sensory information from all modalities appears to a be processed equally c be processed serially with vision first b compete for cortical resources d be processed according to first in - first out Answer b Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception refers to a cell that responds to a certain area in the physical world at a particular moment a Visual field c Ganglion b Receptive field d Receptor Answer b Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects A collection of photoreceptors organized in such a way that a light excites the photoreceptors in the middle but inhibits photoreceptors toward the outside is also known as a n a basic receptive field c center-surround receptive field b excitatory receptive field d complex receptive field Answer c Page s in Text - Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects A light and dark bar are side by side When you look at the bars a portion of the light bar looks lighter next to the dark bar and a portion of the dark bar looks darker next to the light bar This phenomenon is referred to a a lateral inhibition c edge detection b ganglion interactions d Mach bands Answer d Page s in Text Topic Building From the Bottom Up From Features to Objects To process detail you need a receptive field a large c center-surround b medium d small Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Part of the visual pathway that is easy to recognize because it looks like an X is the a lateral geniculate nucleus c optic tract b superior colliculus d optic chiasm Answer d Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Cells in the visual cortex that are organized according to their sensitivity to certain aspects of a visual feature are referred to as a receptive fields c extrastriate cortex b hypercolumns d V Answer b Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects The tilt aftereffect is an example in which some cells are in order to provide evidence for the type of information processed by other cells a removed c inhibited b excited d fatigued Answer d Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Damage to this area of the extrastriate cortex results in akinetopsia a V c V b V d V Answer c Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Question Type factual difficult Achromatopsia results from damage to a V c V b V d V Answer d Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Question Type factual difficult Mark sustained a head injury during a car accident After the accident Mark had no memory of color He is most likely suffering from which of the following a akinestopia c achromatopsia b amnesia d agnosia Answer c Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects John had a stroke After the stroke he reported only being able to see a series of still images no fluid motion You order an MRI to look for damage to area a V c V b V d V Answer b Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Akinetopsia is also known as a cortical color blindness c motion deficit syndrome b prosopagnosia d motion blindness Answer d Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Grouping principles were discovered by a Tichner c Wundt b Gestalt psychologists d functionalist psychologists Answer b Page s in Text Topic Building From the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Which Gestalt grouping principle explains why the nine dots to the left look like three columns of three dots each a good continuation c uniform connectedness b similarity d proximity Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects explains why these dots are seen as three rows of three dots a Good continuation c Uniform connectedness b Similarity d Proximity Answer c Page s in Text - Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects When you look at you see and instead of some other configuration due to which Gestalt grouping principle a closure c similarity b uniform connectedness d good continuation Answer d Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Why might you perceive this as an O instead of a C a good continuation c uniform connectedness b closure d familiarity Answer b Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Sometimes you can see a shape that is not really present because your visual system fills in parts of the shape When this happens we see a n a pseudo-shape c illusory context b subjective illusion d subjective contour Answer d Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Objects that are occluded are seen as objects a complete c fragmented b unrecognizable d missing Answer a Page s in Text - Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Agnosia results from damage to a sensory organs c sensory nerves b part of the brain d the spinal cord Answer b Page s in Text Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before If you are diagnosing someone with potential agnosia you need to rule out a cortical damage c environmental conditions b damage to the sense organs d genetic factors Answer b Page s in Text Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before After a stroke Steve is unable to recognize his wife s face can but recognize her by her voice Steve s inability to recognize his wife s face may be due to a selective memory loss c post-stroke syndrome b multi-sensory interference d visual agnosia Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before When you look at a bucket from the side you see something like this However when you look down from above the bucket you see looks something like this Why are these two images of the same object so different a object perspective c observer perspective b unusual vantage point d viewpoint dependence Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Template-matching models Feature-matching models as a part whole c whole part b pattern corresponding d identical characteristic Answer c Page s in Text - Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Recognizing a golden retriever poodle and husky as dogs represents a template matching c exemplar variation b viewpoint dependence d feature matching Answer c Page s in Text Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Research has shown that there are neurons in the visual cortex that are tuned to all of the following visual features except a color c letters b shape d eyes of a face Answer c Page s in Text Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Geons are a viewpoint dependent c configural models b viewpoint invariant d templates Answer b Page s in Text Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before are simple three-dimensional geometric shapes that are combined to form the objects we see a Icons c Vertices b Cubicles d Geons Answer d Page s in Text Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Configural models take into account a the types of geons present c viewpoints b spatial relations d feature matching Answer b Page s in Text Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Describing a suspicious person as having eyes too close together is consistent with which model of object recognition a template-matching models c feature-matching models b configural models d recognition-by-components model Answer b Page s in Text Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Question Type applied difficult Prosopagnosia refers to the inability to recognize different a objects c geons b colors d faces Answer d Page s in Text Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before The four types of models of object recognition include all of the following except a template-matching models c feature-matching models b recognition-by-context models d configural models Answer b Page s in Text - Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Face recognition has been linked to what area in the brain a fusiform gyrus c thalamus b central sulcus d medial temporal area Answer a Page s in Text Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Question Type factual difficult Illusions of brightness and size show us that can influence our perceptions a confusion c context b errors d uncertainty Answer c Page s in Text Topic Interpreting from the Top Down What You Know Guides What You See If you visit a plastic surgeon to discuss a nose job you should look at pictures of different noses on a face instead of pictures of individual noses because of the a face superiority effect c size illusion b face perception adaptation d interactive processing Answer a Page s in Text Topic Interpreting from the Top Down What You Know Guides What You See Network feedback models include a recognition monitoring c parallel processing b confirmation monitoring d bottom-up and top-down processing Answer d Page s in Text Topic Interpreting from the Top Down What You Know Guides What You See use information from previous experiences to make inferences about the environment a Bayesian approaches c Superiority effects b Context effects d Network feedback models Answer a Page s in Text - Topic Interpreting from the Top Down What You Know Guides What You See There are two young children One lives on a farm and has seen dogs cats horses cows and pigs The other child lives in the suburbs and has only seen different types of dogs If both children are shown a new breed of dog that they had no prior exposure to according to Bayes s theorem which child would recognize the new animal as a dog faster a the child from the suburbs c neither child would have an advantage b it depends on motor ability d the child from the farm Answer a Page s in Text - Topic Interpreting from the Top Down What You Know Guides What You See Question Type applied difficult processing is determined by information from the external environment a Bottom-up c Middle-out b Top-down d Network Answer a Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception processing is guided by knowledge beliefs goals and expectations a Top-down c Middle-out b Network d Bottom-up Answer a Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Bottom-up and top-down processing tend to a be processed serially c be processed in parallel b be modular d interact Answer d Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Neural evidence supports the idea that the visual perception is an interactive system since sends more projects back to than it receives a V V c V LGN b the fusiform gyrus V d inferior temporal cortex V Answer c Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Question Type factual difficult The Necker cube is an example of a a size illusion c bistable perception b adaptation d figure-ground Answer c Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception The face-vase illusion is an example of a a size illusion c bistable perception b adaptation d figure-ground Answer d Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception With the face-vase illusion it is impossible to see a the face and vase simultaneously c the face b the vase d alternating faces and vase Answer a Page s in Text - Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception The is active during the spontaneous reversals of ambiguous figures a posterior parietal cortex c prefrontal cortex b ventral extrastriate cortex d ventral temporal cortex Answer b Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Question Type factual difficult Spatial processing relies on the pathway a occipital c ventral b temporal d dorsal Answer d Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Question Type factual difficult Object recognition processing relies on the pathway a dorsal c ventral b parietal d occipital Answer c Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Question Type factual difficult George had a stroke which damaged part of his temporal lobe With which perceptual function is George most likely to experience difficulties a locating objects c bistable perception b binocular rivalry d recognizing objects Answer d Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Question Type applied difficult Gracie had a stroke which damaged part of her parietal lobe With which perceptual function is Gracie most likely to experience difficulties a locating objects c bistable perception b binocular rivalry d recognizing objects Answer a Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Question Type applied difficult Ventral pathway dorsal pathway as a location recognition c competition adaptation b where what d what where Answer d Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Apperceptive agnosia refers to the inability to a judge the form of objects c locate objects in space b resolve bistable images d know what to do with an object Answer a Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Question Type factual difficult Apraxia refers to the inability to a describe objects from memory c judge the form of objects b report orientation of objects d make voluntary movements Answer d Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Question Type factual difficult The Rubin face-vase illusion is an example of a n a ambiguous figure c binocular rivalry b bottom-up processing d Dutch impressionism Answer a Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception You suspect that an individual who is having difficulty describing the forms and shapes of objects has apperceptive agnosia You want to conduct an MRI to determine if in fact damage to the brain has occurred Considering you think she has apperceptive agnosia what part of the brain would you look at first a visual cortex c LGN b ventral pathway d dorsal pathway Answer b Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Question Type applied difficult Sam has difficulties making voluntary movements You suspect that he may have apraxia If you were able to perform an MRI on Sam what area of the brain would you look for damage to support your suspicion a visual cortex c LGN b ventral pathway d dorsal pathway Answer Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Question Type applied difficult The difference between the what and where pathways provide a a double dissociation c dual processing system b independent perceptual paths d binocular rivalry Answer a Page s in Text Topic In Models and Brains The Interactive Nature of Perception Short Answer Briefly describe two reasons why sensory input is often ambiguous Answer sensory information does not contain enough information to explain our perceptions and the world has too much sensory input to include into our coherent perceptions at any single given moment Page s in Text Topic What It Means to Perceive Describe two ways in which visual processing is narrowed to eliminate the problem of having too much sensory information to process at any given time Answer detailed processing only occurs in the fovea or at fixation and selective attention Page s in Text Topic What It Means to Perceive Distinguish between bottom-up and top-down processing Answer Bottom-up processing is sensory driven Top-down processing is driven by knowledge beliefs expectations and goals Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Colinearity was described in your text as a special case of relatability What is relatability and why is it important for grouping and perceiving contours in the world Answer Relatability refers to how well contours relate to each other The basic question in addressing relatability is how likely are two parts to be part of the same contour Page s in Text - Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Describe the binding problem Answer The binding problem focuses on how we associate different sensory and perceptual features e g size shape color to ultimately perceive a single object This problem arises because we appear to process different features in different areas of the brain indicating that these individual features must be combined at some point to form a single object Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects A current debate in visual perception is whether or not perception occurs as a result of a number of specialized subsystems or if it is the result of a single general-purpose recognition system Present evidence that supports both sides of this debate Which side of the debate do you favor Explain your decision Answer Damage to the ventral temporal cortex is associated with difficulties in recognizing all types of objects This suggests that recognition is a single process distributed across the brain However research also indicates that the fusiform gyrus is primarily responsive to faces in upright orientations and that damage to this part of the brain is associated with the inability to recognize faces In contrast damage to portions of the ventral temporal cortex is associated with the inability to recognize objects The double dissociation between face and object recognition suggests that perception is specialized to particular areas of the brain indicative of the modular perspective Page s in Text - Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Question Type factual difficult The physical context of a stimulus is not the only thing that can influence perception What are some other factors that can influence how we perceive objects Give an example Answer Knowledge beliefs goals and expectations also influence perception partial answer Page s in Text - Topic Interpreting from the Top Down What You Know Guides What You See Briefly explain how the feature net model of word recognition accounts for the word superiority effect Answer Bottom-up processing occurs as features are processed and combined to activate different letters Additionally the letters are combined to activate possible words Top-down processing occurs as the possible words are used to fill in the missing pieces of the letters Page s in Text - Topic Interpreting from the Top Down What You Know Guides What You See Question Type factual difficult Essay Describe how the visual system detects edges Answer If there are light and dark surfaces next to each other forming an edge separating the surfaces center-surround receptive fields are excited by the light surface but inhibited by the darker surface Additionally the center-surround receptive fields on the border between the light and dark surfaces respond differently since these receptive fields startle both the light and dark sides On the light side the center of these receptive fields is excited by the light and a portion of the surround is excited by the dark producing a heightened response Conversely on the dark side the center is inhibited by the dark and a portion of the surround is inhibited by the light producing a more negative response The resulting perception is an edge but one with Mach bands Page s in Text - Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects An object that is occluded can still be recognized Explain why we can still recognize an object that is occluded Also describe a potential perceptual error that can arise when something is occluded Answer An occluded object is perceived as a complete object because the portion of the object that is occluded is filled in by the visual system Relatability is one factor that contributes to this completion process However we can sometimes perceive a stimulus inaccurately when we fill in information that is not present in reality Page s in Text - Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Differentiate between viewpoint dependence and viewpoint invariance Speculate as to the advantages and disadvantages of each Answer Viewpoint dependence refers to the different orientations or views we see objects from Each view can produce a unique image of the object Dealing with viewpoint dependence within a template matching account for example would require a tremendous number of templates corresponding to all of the objects we have seen from all the different orientations we can see them from This tremendous number of templates would result in a cumbersome matching process Viewpoint invariance is the opposite of viewpoint dependence and suggests that viewpoint-invariant properties are seen as part of an object regardless of the point of view The invariant properties of geons for instance are useful for determining the general category of an object but are not as well suited for detecting individual differences Page s in Text - Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Four models of recognition were presented in the text Briefly describe how each of the four models work Choose two of the four models and provide an example of how the two models could interact together leading to the recognition of objects A current debate in visual perception is whether or not perception occurs as a result of a number of specialized subsystems or if it is the result of a single general-purpose recognition system Present evidence that supports both sides of this debate Which side of the debate do you favor Explain your decision Answer Template-matching models compare objects to a standard A match between the two results in recognition Feature-matching models match characteristic features instead of the whole object The recognition-by-components model combines geons to form objects Configural models take into account the spatial relations between features and how these relations deviate from a prototype partial answer Page s in Text - Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Question Type applied difficult Name Chapter Quick Quiz Processing part of a sensory input for additional details at the expense of others parts involves a search c selective attention b signal separation d shifting where you are looking Which set below is in the proper order for visual processing a retina optic nerve LGN c ganglion cells photoreceptors LGN b LGN optic nerve V d optic nerve striate cortex ganglion cells Where an item is located and how it might be acted upon in space is processed in the pathway a visual c ventral b dorsal d caudal Recognition and identification of an object occurs in the pathway a visual c ventral b superior d dorsal processes are driven by sensory information while processes are driven by knowledge beliefs expectations and goals a External internal c Top-down bottom-up b Bottom-up top-down d Passive active Sometimes you can see a shape that is not really present because your visual system fills in parts of the shape When this happens we see a n a pseudo-shape c illusory context b subjective illusion d subjective contour After a stroke Steve is unable to recognize his wife s face can but recognize her by her voice Steve s inability to recognize his wife s face may be due to a selective memory loss c post-stroke syndrome b multi-sensory interference d visual agnosia Template-matching models Feature-matching models as a part whole c whole part b pattern corresponding d identical characteristic are simple three-dimensional geometric shapes that are combined to form the objects we see a Icons c Vertices b Cubicles d Geons Prosopagnosia refers to the inability to recognize different a objects c geons b color d faces Answer Key Chapter Quick Quiz Answer c Page s in Text Topic What It Means to Perceive Answer a Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Answer b Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Answer c Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Answer b Page s in Text Topic How It Works The Case of Visual Perception Answer d Page s in Text Topic Building from the Bottom Up From Features to Objects Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Answer c Page s in Text - Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Answer d Page s in Text Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Answer d Page s in Text Topic Achieving Visual Recognition Have I Seen You Before Chapter Attention Multiple Choice It is widely agreed that attention involves a previewing sensory information c natural selection b subconscious control d selecting some information for processing Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Selecting some information for further processing and inhibiting other information from receiving further processing are functions of a sensory memory c working memory b perception d attention Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention You started thinking about an interesting point your professor just made in class While you are thinking about the question the professor continued to lecture Later when comparing notes with your friend in class you noticed that you did not have as much information written down as she did This is an example of a failure of multitasking c failure of selection in space b failure of selection in time d failure of selection in context Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention While listening to your professor you did not notice the person next to you participating in an online fantasy football draft This is an example of a failure of multitasking c failure of selection in space b failure of selection in time d failure of selection in context Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention You are watching a TV show with your friend At one point in the show the camera switches back and forth between two characters You notice that the hair of one of the actresses is different in different shots but your friend does not This type of phenomenon is referred to as a visual capture c failure of selection in time b cinematic illusion d change blindness Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention We do not attend to all the information that is available to us Instead we attend to information that is and a obvious important c meaningful relevant b relevant noticeable d accessible applicable Answer c Page s in Text - Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention People may not notice a change in a scene depicted in one picture to another However we are more likely to notice changes that are of interest a marginal c sustained b central d focal Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention can influence how we select and process information a Bottom-up processing c Information processing b Middle-out processing d Top-down processing Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Concentrating on one source of information to the exclusion of other sources is referred to as a sustained attention c tunnel vision b focused attention d dynamic attention Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention is when multiple sources of information are attended to at one time a Divided attention c Focused attention b Diffused attention d Spreading attention Answer a Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Not being able to detect a stimulus that is presented within a particular time from after an earlier stimulus is presented is referred to as a n a divided attention c attentional blink b type II error d focusing error Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention When participants are shown a stream of letters they have difficulty indicating the presence of a probe letter if it is presented between to milliseconds after a target letter This interval is referred to as a n a attentional blink c blank interval b no processing zone d period of blindness Answer a Page s in Text - Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention In a single-task paradigm a stream of letters is presented including a target and a probe Participants are required to indicate whenever they see the a target b pre-target letter b post-target letter d probe Answer d Page s in Text - Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention In a dual-task paradigm a stream of letters is presented including a target and a probe Participants are required to identify the and indicate when they see the a target probe c pre-target letter post-target letter b target post-target letter d probe target Answer a Page s in Text - Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Attentional blink repetition blindness as a letters pictures c pictures letters b single task dual task d words pictures Answer a Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Question Type factual difficult In some studies dealing with processing limitations the information that is missed tends to be at the periphery of a visual display suggesting that the limitation is due to However other studies show similar processing limitations with information presented in the center of a display suggesting that the limitation is due to the of information that can be processed a visual acuity quality c spreading activation fixation point b spatial decay quantity d sensory processing amount Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention In models of attention a restriction on the amount of information that can be processed at one time is referred to as a a bottleneck c load restriction b tunnel vision d processing limitation Answer a Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention You are taking notes in your cognition class Part way through class your friend text messages you about your plans after class You find that it is difficult to continue to take good notes in class while texting back your friend at the same time This is an example of a a response bottleneck c divided attention b dual-task interference d controlled processing Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Interference or decrements in performance is detected in experiments by examining and a response time load c response latency response quality b accuracy response time d misses false alarms Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Question Type applied difficult You are carrying a package to your car in your right hand The car is locked and your keys are in your right pocket You hesitate while attempting to determine your next course of action This type of slowing or interference is most likely due to a a response bottleneck c dual-task interference b response options d dexterity Answer a Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Interference resulting from selecting between two possible responses is referred to as a a dual-task interference c response confusion b conflicting outputs d response bottleneck Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention is required to turn a controlled task into an automatic task a Endogenous attention c Proceduralization b Practice d Exogenous attention Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Familiar and easy tasks tend to involve processing while difficult and new tasks use processing a unconscious conscious c automatic controlled b controlled automatic d pre-attentive attentive Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention is an attention deficit in which the impairment leads the patient to ignore information appearing on the side of space opposite the damaged side of the brain a Visual agnosia c Hemispatial neglect b Balint s syndrome d Spatial blindness disorder Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention J S recently had a stroke which damaged the right parietal lobe You give J S a line bisection task in which he must bisect a line into two equal segments J S typically marks lines like this Based on this performance you suspect that J S may have a motor inaccuracies c post-stroke syndrome b hemispatial neglect d a slow but normal recovery Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Your friend s grandmother recently had a stroke Although her memory and language skills appear normal and she is able to walk without much difficulty your friend notices some strange behaviors For instance the other day she wore a shirt that was wrinkled on the left side and ironed on the right side You ask your friend if the stroke affected blood flow to his grandmother s a right occipital lobe c right frontal lobe b right parietal lobe d right temporal lobe Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Question Type applied difficult Endogenous attention exogenous attention as a bottom-up top-down c middle-out cued b top-down bottom-up d central peripheral Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention During statistics class someone drops his calculator on the floor Your attention is drawn to the sound of the calculator hitting the floor This is an example of a endogenous attention c orientation b visual capture d exogenous attention Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention You keep looking at your history professor but you are really checking how much time is left in the class using the clock on the front wall This is an example of a spreading attention c covert attention b dual tasking d exogenous attention Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention attention is a form of attention in which top-down information drives the selection of information in the input a Focused c Selective b Endogenous d Exogenous Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Posner proposed a model of attention that included a moving focusing inhibiting c disengaging moving engaging b detecting filtering selecting d shifting selecting inhibiting Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Question Type factual difficult Patients with damage to the midbrain and having progressive supranuclear palsy have difficulty attention a disengaging c engaging b focusing d moving Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Question Type applied difficult Patients with damage to the pulvinar tend to have difficulties attention a disengaging c engaging b focusing d moving Answer c Page s in Text - Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Question Type applied difficult According to your authors cross-modal research has found interactions between each sensory pair listed below except a touch-vision c audition-touch b audition-touch d olfaction-taste Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention occurs when a stimulus facilitates processing of a subsequent stimulus a Inhibition c Disengaging b Priming d Engaging Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Object-based attention suggests that we a prefer objects over other stimuli c are exogenously cued by objects b have limited attention d process all features of a selected object Answer d Page s in Text - Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Early selection theories of attention hold that the bottleneck in processing occurs a prior to a brief sensory store c after semantic processing b immediately after the sensory store d at response selection Answer b Page s in Text - Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories Late selection theories of attention hold that the bottleneck in processing occurs a prior to a brief sensory store c after semantic processing b immediately after the sensory store d at response selection Answer c Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories In a dichotic listening task participants are required to the message in the target ear while the message in the unattended ear a listen to ignoring c repeat writing down b shadow explaining d shadow ignoring Answer d Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories What are participants able to notice about the message in the unattended ear of a dichotic listening task a change in language c if the message was played backwards b if the sex of the speaker changed d content of the message Answer b Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories The cocktail party effect emphasizes the importance of a early selection c salient information b processing interactions with alcohol d semantic processing Answer c Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories To accommodate various findings regarding late and early selection Moray proposed that information must also while Treisman suggested that different information has different for additional processing a pass through a filter needs c processed contextually priorities b task dependent time demands d pass through a filter thresholds Answer d Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories A problem with the spotlight theory of attention is a identification is not enhanced close to the attentional spotlight b attention does not move spatially c an object can be preferentially selected at the same location d obstacles between spatial locations capture attention Answer c Page s in Text - Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories As a competitive system attention can be thought of in terms of and a automatic controlled processes c filtering selecting b selection inhibition d priorities selection Answer b Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories There are seven red X s and one blue X in a search array This would be an example of a search a distractor c conjunctive b disjunctive d integrative Answer b Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories A search array has three blue X s four red X s four blue O s and one red O This would be an example of a search a feature c conjunctive b disjunctive d integrative Answer c Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories Dichotic listening unattended ear as visual search a distractor c feature b illusory conjunction d preattentive Answer a Page s in Text and Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories An illusory conjunction is a n a incorrect combination of features c imaginary distractor b incorrect target d errant disjunctive search Answer a Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories A participant is briefly shown a search display containing red and green circles and red squares In addition to seeing the red circles and squares and green circle she reports seeing a green square This report is evidence of a n a hallucination c illusory conjunction b color-form illusion d feature integration error Answer c Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories Feature integration theory divided perceptual information into separate a categories c spatial locations b maps d time frames Answer b Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories According to feature integration theory you would expect a participant to take longer to perform a n search than a n search a disjunctive feature c conjunctive feature b conjunctive conjunctive d disjunctive conjunctive Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories According to feature integration theory you would expect a participant to take longer to search for a n than a n a color shape c something present something absent b distractor target d something stationary something moving Answer c Page s in Text - Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories Guided search is relatively efficient because it makes use of a search instructions c prior search strategies b preattentive information d multiple senses Answer b Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories Early processing in both feature integration theory and guided search relies on a feature maps c disjunctive searches b conjunctive searches d searching for present features Answer a Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories You are in a grocery store looking for a Coke As you begin to walk down the soda aisle you only look at the red cans to find your Coke This is an example of a feature integration theory c disjunctive search b early selection d guided search Answer d Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories In an ERP study an increase in the amplitude of the waveform found in the occipital lobe shortly after the onset of a stimulus suggests that attention early processing of visual stimuli a enhances c occurs at the same time as b interferes with d comes after Answer a Page s in Text Topic Looking to the Brain ERP studies using visual attention tasks support a n selection account of attention a guided c early b late d simultaneous Answer c Page s in Text Topic Looking to the Brain Attentional switching studies using PET suggest that the plays the primary role in switching attention in visual search tasks a basal ganglia c anterior cingulate b superior parietal lobe d thalamus Answer b Page s in Text Topic Looking to the Brain Question Type factual difficult Endogenous mechanisms of attention use more areas of the brain while exogenous mechanisms use more areas a dorsal ventral c frontal dorsal b medial temporal d frontal posterior Answer a Page s in Text Topic Looking to the Brain Question Type factual difficult Attention is a process that occurs in area s of the brain a fixed a specialized c competitive dorsal b variable many d passive temporal Answer b Page s in Text Topic Competition A Single Explanatory Framework for Attention Question Type factual difficult is a general theory of attention that assumes that attention arises from the competition between inputs a Selective attention c Biased competition b Early selection d Information processing Answer c Page s in Text Topic Competition A Single Explanatory Framework for Attention The integrated competition theory of attention was proposed by a Treisman and Gelade c Posner b Cherry d Desimone and Duncan Answer d Page s in Text Topic Competition A Single Explanatory Framework for Attention ERP waveforms are in various brain regions under conditions of competition a reduced c distributed b dissipated d magnified Answer d Page s in Text Topic Competition A Single Explanatory Framework for Attention Question Type factual difficult You are conducting a fMRI study in which participants must select a particular target If attention is actively involved in this task the fMRI signal should be a enhanced c condensed b dissipated d reduced Answer a Page s in Text Topic Competition A Single Explanatory Framework for Attention You are conducting a fMRI study in which participants must suppress a particular stimulus The fMRI signal associated with the suppressed stimulus should be a enhanced c dispersed b improved d reduced Answer d Page s in Text Topic Competition A Single Explanatory Framework for Attention Short Answer Briefly describe what a phenomenon like change blindness tells us about attention Answer Change blindness shows we do not attend to and process all the information available to us Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Bisiach and Luzzatti found that hemispatial neglect also occurred for patients when they were imaging a visual scene What does this finding indicate about attention Answer Attention is important for selecting objects within a visual scene external source for additional processing as well as for imaging a visual scene internal source Page s in Text - Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Two important functions of attention is detecting information we need and inhibiting information we do not need What do Posner et al s endogenous cuing studies tell us about detection and inhibition Answer Validly cued objects are processed faster while invalidly cued objects are inhibited or processed slower than uncued objects These findings tell us that attention facilitates processing target information and inhibits processing of information that is believed to be irrelevant Page s in Text - Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Posner and colleagues found a double dissociation between people with progressive supranuclear palsy and those with lesions to the pulvinar How does this double dissociation support his model of attention Answer Posner s model includes disengaging attention moving attention and engaging attention at a new location Patients with progressive supranuclear palsy had difficulties with moving attention while patients with lesions to the pulvinar had difficulties engaging attention Together these findings support the idea that attention moves and engages in processing at a particular location thereby supporting Posner s model Page s in Text - Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Question Type applied difficult Selective attention is necessary to reduce the amount of information coming in from the external world However selective attention is also a consequence of basic information processing limitations In particular what limitation necessitates selective attention Answer Information processing can be limited by channel capacity Channel capacity in turn limits the flow or amount of information than be processed Therefore selective attention is necessary to reduce the amount of incoming information to fit the size of the processing channel Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories According to feature integration theory why does it take longer to perform a conjunctive search than a disjunctive search Answer Feature integration theory incorporates a number of feature maps that also contain information about the location at which a feature is present When doing a disjunctive search for a red target for example the participant only needs the information from the color map However a conjunctive search for a red square for instance requires information from the color map and the shape map Acquiring information from two maps takes more time than obtaining information from only one map Therefore conjunctive searches take more time than disjunctive searches Page s in Text Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories Differentiate between feature integration theory and guided search Answer Both feature integration theory FIT and guided search divide the perceptual system into separate feature maps The feature information stored in these maps is location specific According to feature integration theory disjunctive searches isolate feature information in the appropriate feature map while conjunctive searches combine features from multiple maps for a particular location The main difference between FIT and guided search is that guided search occurs in two stages In the first stage preattentive information is obtained and is used to rule out objects that cannot be targets This information is then used to guide later serial searches Page s in Text - Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories Several methodological approaches were presented for the study of attention Briefly describe three of these approaches and state what type of information each approach contributes to our understanding of attentional processing Answer Behavioral studies e g visual search typically use RTs to make inferences about how attentional processing takes place ERP studies measure changes in electrical activity in response to a stimulus providing information about the temporal nature of attention i e when it takes place PET and fMRI studies measure blood flow or metabolism to determine which regions of the brain are active in processing information i e where it takes place TMS studies of attention use a magnetic field to render a set of neurons inactive for a brief period of time These studies are somewhat similar to lesion studies without the long-term consequences Page s in Text - Topic Looking to the Brain Essay Compare and contrast a task used to produce an attentional blink and one used for repetition blindness What do the findings from these tasks tell us about the attentional selection of information time Answer To demonstrate attentional blink a stream of letters is presented including a target letter and probe letter The time between the presentation of the target and probe letters can be manipulated In the single-task version the participant is required to indicate when the probe is presented within the stream Performance is generally accurate on this task However in the dual-task version the participant is required to identify the target and indicate when the probe is presented Detection of the probe is compromised when the probe occurs between to milliseconds after the target This finding suggests that attention to one stimulus precludes attending to a second stimulus when they occur within a short period of time from one another To demonstrate repetition blindness a picture is repeated within a stream The second occurrence of the picture is not noticed if the pictures are close together in time This finding shows that when we do not have much time we do not form a second representation of a stimulus we have just processed Page s in Text - Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Your text authors summarize a study conducted by Cate and Behrmann in which letters were presented briefly on the left and right side of a computer screen The letters on the left were presented alone followed a letter presented on the right or preceded a letter presented on the right The amount of time between left and right presentations was manipulated Participants were asked to identify the letters presented on the left side their neglected side Briefly state the key points from this study What implications do these findings have for spatial and temporal attention Answer Cate and Behrmann make two important points in their study First a letter presented on the left can survive neglect if it is presented alone i e not right competitors Second if a letter is presented on the left and right identification of the letter on the left is reduced unless a sufficient amount of time passes at least msec between when the letter appears on the right and when the letter appears on the left Together these findings show that spatial and temporal attentional mechanisms interact to determine the amount of neglect that occurs Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention What is object-based attention Describe the findings from patients with brain damage that support this position Answer Our environment contains a host of objects that we must interact with These objects can capture our attention When our attention is focused on an object all parts of the object are processed This phenomenon is known as object-based attention The idea of object-based attention is supported by behavioral and neuroimaging studies as well as findings from brain- damaged patients For instance patients with hemispatial neglect from a right hemisphere lesion are good at detecting object on the right side of space but poor at detecting objects on the left side of space Page s in Text - Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention According to the biased competition theory of attention proposed by Desimone and Duncan attention is an emergent property Explain what this means Answer Attention is not a single process or confined to one area of the brain Instead attention arises from the competition created from multiple sources of inputs As a result attention occurs across a variety of brain areas and inputs or information are selected via a variety of mechanisms e g early selection late selection top-down and bottom-up Thus attention arises from the integrated processing of competing pieces of information Page s in Text - Topic Competition A Single Explanatory Framework for Attention Name Chapter Quick Quiz Selecting some information for further processing and inhibiting other information from receiving further processing are functions of a sensory memory c working memory b perception d attention We do not attend to all the information that is available to us Instead we attend to information that is and a obvious important c meaningful relevant b relevant noticeable d accessible applicable Concentrating on one source of information to the exclusion of other sources is referred to as a sustained attention c tunnel vision b focused attention d dynamic attention Not being able to detect a stimulus that is presented within a particular time from after an earlier stimulus is presented is referred to as a n a divided attention c attentional blink b type II error d focusing error In models of attention a restriction on the amount of information that can be processed at one time is referred to as a a bottleneck c load restriction b tunnel vision d processing limitation Familiar and easy tasks tend to involve processing while difficult and new tasks use processing a unconscious conscious c automatic controlled b controlled automatic d pre-attentive attentive attention is a form of attention in which top-down information drives the selection of information in the input a Focused c Selective b Endogenous d Exogenous occurs when a stimulus facilitates processing of a subsequent stimulus a Inhibition c Disengaging b Priming d Engaging According to feature integration theory you would expect a participant to take longer to perform a n search than a n search a disjunctive feature c conjunctive feature b conjunctive conjunctive d disjunctive conjunctive Attention is a process that occurs in area s of the brain a fixed a specialized c competitive dorsal b variable many d passive temporal Answer Key Chapter Quick Quiz Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Answer c Page s in Text - Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Answer a Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature and Roles of Attention Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Explaining Attention Information-Processing Theories Answer b Page s in Text Topic Competition A Single Explanatory Framework for Attention Question Type factual difficult Chapter Representation and Knowledge in Long-Term Memory Multiple Choice Information about the world that is stored in memory is referred to as a learning c knowledge b understanding d experience Answer c Page s in Text Topic Roles of Knowledge in Cognition According to the authors of your text is necessary for the effectiveness of any mental process a knowledge c perception b attention d experience Answer a Page s in Text - Topic Roles of Knowledge in Cognition is the ability to establish that a perceived entity belongs to a particular group of things that share key characteristics a Categorization c Grouping b Perception d Familiarization Answer a Page s in Text Topic Roles of Knowledge in Cognition You decide to organize all of your DVDs by genre What ability will you use to accomplish this task a grouping c familiarization b categorization d experience Answer b Page s in Text Topic Roles of Knowledge in Cognition allow you to derive information not explicitly present in a single member of a category but available because of your knowledge about the group a Deductions c Inferences b Assumptions d Conjectures Answer c Page s in Text Topic Roles of Knowledge in Cognition Knowledge affects all of the following except a action c perception b language d development Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Roles of Knowledge in Cognition A is a physical state that stands for an object event or concept a category c memory b representation d neural network Answer b Page s in Text The intentionality criterion for a representation states that a representation must be constructed intentionally to stand for something else This criterion a is a controlled process c requires conscious effort b is inherent in our brain system d is based on prior knowledge Answer b Page s in Text Topic Representations and Their Formats A representation must be constructed intentionally to stand for something else and must what it stands for a represent c explain b carry information about d accurately reflect Answer b Page s in Text A format for a representation refers to all of the following except a how elements are arranged c processes for extracting information b type of code d neural structure Answer d Page s in Text Representations can be modality specific meaning that they a are situation specific c rely on the most common occurrences b use perceptual or motor systems d cannot be generalized Answer b Page s in Text The element of an image representing a particular location of a visual scene at a single point of time is called the a storage unit c spatiotemporal window b space-time unit d stored information Answer c Page s in Text - Neurons in the visual cortex respond in such a way that they preserve a that is the spatial layout in the brain represents the spatial layout in the environment a modality correspondence c spatiotemporal window b topographical map d bottom-up representation Answer b Page s in Text Visual images are represented in the lobe a frontal c parietal b occipital d temporal Answer b Page s in Text Mental images have been found in the system a olfactory c sensory b motor d emotion Answer b Page s in Text Pictures provide a complete image of scene but the brain seems to hold images that are not as accurate as pictures is probably the reason for this difference a Prior knowledge c Spatial resolution b Change blindness d Visual attention Answer d Page s in Text Kosslyn found that the of a mental image influenced how quickly it was processed a category c modality b level of detail d relative size Answer d Page s in Text Question Type factual difficult A n is an object or event that plays an important role in an organism s survival and pursuit of goals a memory entity c storage unit b episodic memory d experience Answer a Page s in Text A n is a meaningful sensory aspect of a perceived stimulus a aspect c feature b quality d characteristic Answer c Page s in Text Neurons that combine information such as color and shape are a mirror neurons c conjunctive neurons b feature neurons d perceptual neurons Answer c Page s in Text Representations from feature records images a compete against c replace b complement d are identical to Answer b Page s in Text Modality-specific amodal perceptually-related a motor-related c multiple modalities b frequently occurring d abstract Answer d Page s in Text Which of the following is not an example of an amodal representation a neural net c frame b property list d semantic network Answer a Page s in Text A neural net is a representation based on a actual neural pathways c statistical patterns b spreading activation d neural interactions Answer c Page s in Text - Category knowledge develops from the of representations of individual members of the category a integration c patterns b quality d types Answer a Page s in Text Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge Individual members become associated with a category because they a have the same image c have identical features b share a statistical pattern d share storage units Answer b Page s in Text Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge The average category member generated through simulation can also be referred to as a n a prototype c archetype b model d mean member Answer a Page s in Text Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge Question Type factual difficult Category knowledge is a greater than sensory information c limited to immediate sensory information b perceptually driven d not appropriate as a basis for inferences Answer a Page s in Text Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge A population of conjunctive neurons that associate feature information within a given modality is known as a n a neural net c primary sensory cortex b association area d secondary sensory cortex Answer a Page s in Text Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge Information is integrated in the convergence zone a across modalities c about actions b about prior experiences d within a modality Answer d Page s in Text Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge Convergence zones integrate information while higher order convergence zones integrate information a about vision about other senses b within modalities across modalities c across modalities within modalities d bottom-up top-down Answer b Page s in Text - Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge When you think about a family camping trip you remember the cool night air yellow glow and warmth of the fire and the taste of roasted marshmallows These sensations were originally integrated a in the frontal lobe c in an association area b based on common features d in a higher order convergence zone Answer d Page s in Text - Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge You are driving to your roommate s house Not only have you not visited her house before you have never driven in her hometown before Listening to your roommate give you directions and looking for the street names she is saying requires a vigilance c modality switching b sustained attention d convergent processing Answer c Page s in Text Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge found costs associated with switching between modalities in a perception task while found similar switching costs in a property verification task a Spence Pecher c Martin Damasio b Damasio Spence d Pecher Martin Answer a Page s in Text - Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge Question Type factual difficult fMRI research has shown that the system is activated when participants are shown manipulable objects even though they cannot touch or use them in the study a association c motor b decision-making d convergent Answer c Page s in Text - Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge You are conducting a PET study You ask the participant to describe his first car What area of the brain will be most active when he describes the color of his car a MT c visual association area b inferior temporal cortex d V Answer d Page s in Text Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge Question Type applied difficult Individual members of a category are known as a prototypes c member units b schemata d exemplars Answer d Page s in Text A n is a precise definition of the criteria for a category a prototype c exemplar b rule d operational definition Answer b Page s in Text A tool is a saw if it has a toothed metal blade or disk that can be used to manually or mechanically cut hard material This is an example of a a prototype c rule b exemplar d operational definition Answer c Page s in Text The visual areas of the brain represent the of exemplars and the motor areas the process of rehearsing rules a convergence enhance c content implement b rules activate d qualities facilitate Answer c Page s in Text A n specifies what properties are most likely to be true of a category a exemplar c rule b prototype d schemata Answer b Page s in Text Topic From Structures in Category Knowledge Within a typicality gradient a bear would be a n and a dolphin would be a n member of the category for mammals a general specific c exemplar exception b typical atypical d positive-match negative-match Answer b Page s in Text When updating a rule or prototype newly perceived properties a activate background knowledge c are simply added to the existing information b are isolated d take the place of existing information Answer a Page s in Text - are structured representations that capture the information that typically applies to certain situations or events a Schemata c Prototypes b Exemplars d Rules Answer a Page s in Text Schemata are used for Rules and prototypes are used for a knowledge categorizing c inferences decisions b understanding categorizing d memory learning Answer b Page s in Text Playing games like Pictionary oftentimes require that you draw or describe different characteristics of an object person etc in order for your partner to guess the correct answer Games such as these are good examples of a typicality gradients c category flexibility b fuzzy boundaries d dynamic representation Answer d Page s in Text Which of the following would not be an ontological type a Vulcan literature c fugues b constellations d NASCAR drivers Answer a Page s in Text Topic Category Domains and Organization Categories are universal if a they have the same exemplars c they are identical for everyone b statistical patterns are invariant d they are present across cultures Answer d Page s in Text Topic Category Domains and Organization As categories become more specific they are likely to be universal a more c less b equally d very Answer c Page s in Text Topic Category Domains and Organization In terms of categories brain lesions result in deficits to a specific categories c all categories b categories sharing similar properties d ontological categories Answer b Page s in Text - Topic Category Domains and Organization Question Type factual difficult A n is a set of nested categories that vary in abstraction with each nested subset being a subset of its higher order category a ontological type c schema b taxonomy d typicality gradient Answer b Page s in Text - Topic Category Domains and Organization Short Answer Images are examples of one possible representational format Briefly describe the three elements of an image Answer The three elements of an image are spatiotemporal window storage units and stored information Images are bound to a specific location in space and time The spatiotemporal window refers to these constraints Storage units contain information about a specific area of the larger spatiotemporal window They collect information from the various storage units to make up the content of the image Page s in Text - Feature detection occurs as the result of the responding of populations of neurons instead of single neurons What is a benefit of relying on a population of neurons instead of a single neuron Answer Two benefits of using populations of neurons presented in the text are a population of neurons allows for a graded response instead of an all-or-none response and neurons are sensitive to more than one feature Page s in Text State two reasons why neural nets have a greater scope than amodal systems Answer First statistical patterns can be viewed as neurons or as populations of neurons Second an amodal symbol typically represents one category but multiple patterns of a neural net can represent the same category Page s in Text - Using a visual scene as an illustration highlight the three types of representations Be sure to include information regarding when each type of representation is formed Also include the general brain area i e the lobes in which the representations are formed Answer Examples will vary However an initial visual image is formed in the occipital lobe Feature detection extracts meaningful features occipital temporal and parietal lobes Statistical patterns in the temporal lobe become active through conjunctive neurons which link back to the image and feature representations to form a multilevel representation of a scene Page s in Text - Describe the role of bottom-up and top-down processing in developing statistical patterns and using simulation Answer Bottom-up processing of sensory information leads to statistical patterns representations These representations can later be used in a simulation process to generate mental images and remember past events Simulation is a top-down process Page s in Text Provide an example describing how a golden retriever bassett hound and sheep dog become members of dog category knowledge Answer Some students may attempt to answer this question by highlighting similar features However more space is devoted in the text to statistical patterns If students answer this way they should note that each type of dog shares part of the same statistical pattern The shared pattern links these individual members into the dog category Page s in Text Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge What is the distinction between a convergence zone and a higher order convergence zone Answer Convergence zones integrate information within a modality while higher order convergence zones integrate information across modalities Page s in Text - Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge Briefly describe how exemplar memory can impact categorizing objects using rules Answer When exemplars are activated they influence how information is categorized For instance Allen and Brooks found that positive-match exemplars were correctly categorized percent of the time but that negative-match exemplars were correctly categorized only percent of the time Page s in Text - Essay Your text authors claim that knowledge plays an important role in all cognitive processing Provide examples supporting this claim using three different cognitive processes Answer Knowledge about characteristics of a group helps us categorize information Once we know information about a category we can make inferences about objects events etc Knowledge of different contexts and past events influences our actions Knowledge of what to expect can also influence our perceptions as well as direct our attention Knowledge of words syntax and connotation allows us to understand language Knowledge impacts our decision making planning problem solving and reasoning Page s in Text - Topic Roles of Knowledge in Cognition The analogy of digital pictures was used in the text to describe mental images Examine this analogy In what ways are digital pictures like mental images and in what ways are they different Answer A picture depicts one location within the environment This is analogous to the spatiotemporal window of an image The pixels of a digital image are analogous to the storage units of an image The collection of these storage units produces the subject of the picture or the content of an image Perhaps the biggest difference between a digital picture and a mental image is that a picture evenly represents the visual scene while an image is often uneven This is likely due to visual attention selecting some aspects of a visual scene over others Page s in Text - Research has shown that similar areas of the brain are used to process sensory information during perception and in simulating category representations What implication s does this finding have on our understanding of category knowledge Answer This finding suggests that processing of a physical stimulus and its corresponding representation are related Representations are not developed and stored in a specific area of the brain Instead representation processing is distributed across the brain using similar perceptual and motor systems Page s in Text - Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge What is a typicality gradient What are the effects of typicality gradients on how we process categories Answer If a category has a prototype the prototype represents what is most likely true for the category e g a robin Individual members of the category will vary from the prototype e g chicken The degree to which the category members are similar or vary from the prototype creates a typicality gradient Behavioral research has shown that we learn faster categorize faster and make stronger inferences if an item is closer to the prototype Page s in Text Name Chapter Quick Quiz A is a physical state that stands for an object event or concept a category c memory b representation d neural network A format for a representation refers to all of the following except a how elements are arranged c processes for extracting information b type of code d neural structure Kosslyn found that the of a mental image influenced how quickly it was processed a category c modality b level of detail d relative size A n is a meaningful sensory aspect of a perceived stimulus a aspect c feature b quality d characteristic The average category member generated through simulation can also be referred to as a n a prototype c archetype b model d mean member Convergence zones integrate information while higher order convergence zones integrate information a about vision about other senses b within modalities across modalities c across modalities within modalities d bottom-up top-down Individual members of a category are known as a prototypes c member units b schemata d exemplars A n specifies what properties are most likely to be true of a category a exemplar c rule b prototype d schemata Categories are universal if a they have the same exemplars c they are identical for everyone b statistical patterns are invariant d they are present across cultures In terms of categories brain lesions result in deficits to a specific categories c all categories b categories sharing similar properties d ontological categories Answer Key Chapter Quick Quiz Answer b Page s in Text Answer d Page s in Text Answer d Page s in Text Question Type factual difficult Answer c Page s in Text Answer a Page s in Text Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge Question Type factual difficult Answer b Page s in Text - Topic From Representations to Category Knowledge Answer d Page s in Text Answer b Page s in Text Answer d Page s in Text Topic Category Domains and Organization Answer b Page s in Text - Topic Category Domains and Organization Question Type factual difficult Chapter Encoding and Retrieval from Long-Term Memory Multiple Choice Memory relies on all of the following except a encoding c deciding b retrieving d consolidating Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Declarative nondeclarative explicit a implicit c semantic b procedural d episodic Answer a Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Remembering your birth date and the hospital you were born in requires memory a semantic c episodic b procedural d associative Answer a Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Remembering what happened at your last birthday party requires memory a semantic c procedural b episodic d associative Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory memory is memory for facts and memory is memory for events a Episodic semantic c Semantic episodic b Procedural biographic d Semantic biographic Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Memory tests that require you to describe knowledge from memory are known as memory tests a semantic c episodic b procedural d explicit Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Long-term memory can be divided into and memory a semantic procedural c episodic associative b explicit implicit d declarative explicit Answer b Page s in Text - Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Nonconscious forms of long-term memory that are expressed as a change in behavior without conscious recollection make up memory a procedural c episodic b implicit d associative Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Memory tests examining changes in performance are referred to as memory tests a procedural c explicit b implicit d associative Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Structures in the medial temporal lobes are involved in memory a semantic c episodic b implicit d explicit Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Priming is associated with the a amygdala c striatum b cortex d cerebellum Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Question Type factual difficult Memory for skills and habits are associated with the a amygdala c striatum b cortex d cerebellum Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Question Type factual difficult Classically conditioned emotional responses are associated with the a cortex c cerebellum b amygdala d reflex pathways Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Question Type factual difficult Classically conditioned musculature responses are associated with the a striatum c amygdala b cerebellum d reflex pathways Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Question Type factual difficult Habituation and sensitization are associated with the a cerebellum c striatum b reflex pathways d amygdala Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Question Type factual difficult H M could not remember a items for a short period of time c events from his childhood b skills and procedures d new information Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory H M had his removed to control epileptic seizures a cerebellum c corpus callosum b amygdala d medial temporal lobe Answer d Page s in Text - Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory The medial temporal cortex includes all of the following structures except the a dentine gyrus c hippocampus b entorhinal cortex d amygdala Answer a Page s in Text - Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Question Type factual difficult After a stroke Henry can remember things from his past but is unable to remember new information Henry has a episodic amnesia c anterograde amnesia b retrograde amnesia d semantic amnesia Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory James suffered brain damage due to carbon monoxide poisoning He is now unable to remember events from his past James is experiencing a forgetfulness c retrograde amnesia b early onset dementia d anterograde amnesia Answer c Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory A word stem task is an example of a n a priming c associative memory b implicit memory d vocabulary Answer b Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory Amnesic patients complete a word stem task as well as control subjects when instructed to use but show impairment when instructed to use a common words abstract words b words related to skills any words c memory of recent events memory of past events d the first word that comes to mind words seen before Answer d Page s in Text Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory H M s performance on the mirror tracing task improved over attempts but he a had no memory of doing the task b performed worse than controls c quickly forgot how to do it d required additional help to do so Answer a Page s in Text - Topic The Nature of Long-Term Memory is the term used for the various processes by which information is transformed into a memory representation a Elaboration c Encoding b Retrieval d Consolidation Answer c Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed involves interpreting information and connecting it with other information a Elaboration c Encoding b Consolidation d Retrieval Answer b Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed Cramming the night before an exam is an example of a elaboration c distributed practice b massed practice d consolidation Answer b Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed Studying for cognition one hour per day each day of the week is an example of a distributed practice c massed practice b elaboration d consolidation Answer a Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed Your professor shows a complicated diagram on the board while lecturing You find yourself looking at the details of the diagram while trying to follow what your professor is saying Your encoding of this information may be somewhat weak due to a divided attention c cross-modal interference b visual capture d competing schemata Answer a Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed You have to learn a list of words You decide to count the number of letters in each word to help learn the list You have decided to use a level of processing a phonological c semantic b structural d purposeful Answer b Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed You have a list of words to learn You practice the list by stating each word along with a word that rhymes with it This is an example of a n level-of-processing a structural c acoustic b semantic d phonological Answer d Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed To help learn the keywords for this chapter in your text you use each word in a sentence This is an example of a n level-of-processing a structural c acoustic b semantic d phonological Answer b Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed Learning that occurs not as a result of a purposeful attempt but as a by-product of performing a task is learning a implicit c associative b accidental d incidental Answer d Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed You have a professor who likes to use matching items on tests You practice the keywords by using flashcards You should do well on the test due to a retrieval specificity principle c transfer appropriate processing b state dependent learning d incidental learning Answer c Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed The ability to remember a stimulus depends on the similarity between the way the stimulus is processed at encoding and the way it is processed at test is referred to as the a encoding specificity principle c transfer appropriate learning b incidental learning d intentional learning Answer a Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed Processing at encoding is most effective to the extent that processing overlaps with the processing to be performed at retrieval is known as a encoding specificity principle c transfer appropriate learning b incidental learning d intentional learning Answer c Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed A key difference between incidental and intentional learning is the degree to which information is a distributed c massed b generated d elaborated Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed The left frontal lobe is implicated in the learning of a tools c pictures b faces d words Answer d Page s in Text - Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed The suggests that you will do better on an exam when you are actively involved in taking notes during class and putting the lectures into your own words than on a test for which you were given the instructor s PowerPoint presentations a encoding specificity principle c spacing effect b generation effect d engaged learning principle Answer b Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed The superiority of distributed practice over massed practice is known as the a intentional learning principle c spacing effect b massed learning effect d generation effect Answer c Page s in Text - Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed Binding of related pieces of information for long-term memory takes place in the a frontal lobe c hippocampus b association cortex d thalamus Answer c Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed The medial temporal lobe retrieves memories while consolidated memories are retrieved in more cortical regions a consolidated medial c unconsolidated medial b unconsolidated lateral d consolidated lateral Answer b Page s in Text Topic Encoding How Episodic Memories Are Formed What is a potential benefit of episodic memory being a conjunction of linked features a less complex memories c speeded integration b multiple points of access d requires less attention Answer b Page s in Text Topic Retrieval How We Recall the Past from Episodic Memory You notice someone reading The Red Badge of Courage in the library and it reminds you that book was your favorite book in high school You then remember your English class some conversations you had about the story in class who you sat next to and so on This type of retrieval process is known as a pattern completion c graded recall b spreading retrieval d episodic activation Answer a Page s in Text Topic Retrieval How We Recall the Past from Episodic Memory During recapitulation the information flow is from to a cortical areas the hippocampus c the thalamus the hippocampus b the hippocampus cortical areas d the temporal lobe the frontal lobe Answer a Page s in Text Topic Retrieval How We Recall the Past from Episodic Memory The lobes are involved in retrieving episodic memories a parietal c cerebellar b frontal d occipital Answer b Page s in Text Topic Retrieval How We Recall the Past from Episodic Memory Damage to the frontal lobes can cause amnesia a emotional c location b temporal d source Answer d Page s in Text Topic Retrieval How We Recall the Past from Episodic Memory In order to find information in PsycINFO you need to search using a keyword If you fail to use the correct keywords it is difficult to find the articles that you are really interested in PsycINFO can be seen as being a cue dependent c context dependent b content dependent d state dependent Answer a Page s in Text Topic Retrieval How We Recall the Past from Episodic Memory A friend in class thinks you should study for a test in the same classroom that you have lecture and take the test in Why would he suggest such an idea a learning-dependent effect c state-dependent effect b distributed practice effect