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Introducing Psychological Science

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Category: Psychology and Mental Health
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Introducing Psychological Science Psychology can be considered a collection of many related fields of study What is one of the features that all of these fields have in common a The use of the scientific method b The study of mental illness c The belief that the unconscious mind determines human behavior d The use of introspection Answer A are built from that are repeatedly tested and confirmed a Theories hypotheses b Hypotheses theories c Predictions observations d Observations predictions Answer A The biopsychosocial model assumes that a behavior often can be fully explained only by combining multiple perspectives b biological factors are more important than social factors in determining behavior c all living organisms form social groups based on their physical and psychological needs d the simplest explanation for behavior is usually the best Answer A Which of the following is true about the concept of scientific literacy a Only trained scientists are considered scientifically literate b Scientific literacy is the ability to answer basic science questions without looking up their answers c A person who can understand analyze and apply scientific information is demonstrating scientific literacy d Knowledge of scientific terminology is the most important part of scientific literacy Answer C is the belief that knowledge comes through observation and experience a Determinism b Parsimony c Skepticism d Empiricism Answer D Psychology has been a science since a around BC b the early s c the late s d the mid- s Answer C How did physiologists and physicists like Gustav Fechner contribute to the development of psychology as a science a They studied the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world b They demonstrated that the brain was responsible for consciousness c They identified the locations of specific functions within the brain d They extended Darwin s theory of evolution to behavior and cognitive abilities Answer A The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on a person s behavior is part of which early approach to psychology a Structuralism b Functionalism c Psychoanalysis d Behaviorism Answer C The question of nature and nurture relationships centers on how nature and nurture influence behavior and mental processes a environment heredity b heredity environment c emotion logic d logic emotion Answer B Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism a They wanted to identify the major brain structures b Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind c They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system d Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience Answer D Which school of psychology questioned whether psychologists should study the mind which was thought to be unobservable a Psychoanalysis b Behaviorism c Gestalt psychology d Humanism Answer B You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and life s meaning Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented a Behaviorism b Humanistic psychology c Functionalism d Psychodynamics Answer B psychologists are generally interested in how the behavior of individuals can be influenced by other people a Social b Gestalt c Behavioral d Humanistic Answer A Dr Fernwood is a research psychologist The main focus of her research is the use of psychological knowledge to find ways to reduce bullying in schools Dr Fernwood s research could be described as psychology a Basic b forensic c applied d I O Answer C In which field is someone with a background in psychology likely to work a Advertising b Teaching c Management d Any of the above Answer D MAIN TEST BANK Multiple Choice Items The Science of Psychology Know the key terminology of this module Understand the steps of the scientific method the concept of scientific literacy Apply the biopsychosocial model to behavior the steps in critical thinking Analyze the use of the term scientific theory According to your authors the discipline of psychology is best thought of as A a field of self-help principles to eliminate mental problems B a mixture of anecdotes and personal intuition about human behavior and mental processes C a process for encouraging people to reach their ultimate potential D the scientific study of behavior thought and experience Answer D Rationale Psychology includes many different fields of study and has a variety of goals but the two qualities shared by all psychological fields are the use of the scientific method and the study of behavior including perceptions thoughts and emotions Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of this module APA SLO Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline correct a b c d r Liam mentions to a friend that he is currently taking an introduction to psychology course Why would you want to do that asks his friend Psychology is mostly therapists analyzing people s problems and self-help gurus selling books What should Liam s response be A No psychology has nothing to do with helping people B Actually psychology is a vast discipline that covers much more than mental health and self-help C Ok those self-help gurus usually aren t real psychologists but all real psychologists are trained to really help people improve their lives D Psychology is actually about studying how chemicals in the brain interact Answer B Rationale Psychology includes many different fields of study and has a variety of goals While some psychologists try to help people with mental health and well-being issues many psychologists work in other areas including learning memory animal behavior sensation and perception and many others Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of this module APA SLO Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline Psychology can be considered a collection of many related fields of study What is one of the features that all of these fields have in common A the use of the scientific method B the study of mental illness C the belief that the unconscious mind determines human behavior D the use of introspection Answer A correct a b c d r Rationale Psychology includes many different fields of study and has a variety of goals but the two qualities shared by all psychological fields are the use of the scientific method and the study of behavior including perceptions thoughts and emotions Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of this module APA SLO Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz All types of psychology involve A interactions between patients and therapists B replicating what is already known via common sense C treating people's behavioral and emotional problems D the use of scientific method Answer D Rationale All types of modern psychology rely on the scientific method which often yields results that conflict with common sense explanations Not all psychologists work with patients and treat psychological problems Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of this module APA SLO Characterize the nature of psychology as a discipline Caroline is interested in determining how squirrels find the caches of nuts they buried several months earlier She watches the squirrels in a park and notices that they tend to bury food near landmarks such as trees or benches She predicts that moving these landmarks after the squirrels have buried their food will prevent them from finding it later on and designs an experiment to test her prediction Caroline s approach is an example of A pseudoscience B the scientific method C the psychoanalytic model D the biopsychological model Answer B Rationale Caroline is clearly using the scientific method which involves collecting observations making predictions and then testing the predictions Page Ref Objective Understand the steps of the scientific method APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology Collecting observations testing predictions about how to best explain the observations and developing theories are all part of A the scientific method B pseudoscience C the biopsychosocial model D the psychoanalytic model Answer A Rationale The scientific method is a way of learning about the world through collecting observations stating predictions about how to best explain the observations developing theories to explain the observations and using the theories to make predictions about future events It involves a dynamic interaction between hypothesis testing and the construction of theories Page Ref Objective Understand the steps of the scientific method APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive According to the scientific method this statement is most likely a n A theory B untestable statement C hypothesis D fact Answer C Rationale A hypothesis is a testable prediction that can be confirmed or rejected In this example an experiment could be designed to test whether children who watch violent cartoons do or do not become more violent The statement is not a theory because a theory is an explanation for a broad range of observations Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of this module APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology As part of the scientific method scientists form testable predictions that can be observed and measured These are called A theories B proofs C hypotheses D models Answer C Rationale A hypothesis is a testable prediction that can be confirmed or rejected In contrast a theory is an explanation for a broad range of observations Page Ref Objective Understand the steps of the scientific method APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology In order to be considered scientific a hypothesis must be A testable B believed true by a majority of experts C proven D stated in very general terms Answer A Rationale Scientific hypotheses should be precise and must be testable i e it must be possible to demonstrate if they are false Hypotheses that withstand testing are said to be confirmed not proven Page Ref Objective Understand the steps of the scientific method APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology correct a b c d r Which of the following is a good scientific hypothesis A Everything happens for a reason B Happiness is the meaning of life C People born with the zodiac sign Taurus have higher IQ scores on average than others D All humans are connected by an unseen force that cannot be measured or observed Answer C Rationale Scientific hypotheses must be testable i e it must be possible to demonstrate if they are false Although it would probably be shown to be false people born with the zodiac sign Taurus have higher IQ scores on average than others is the only option that would be testable Page Ref Objective Understand the steps of the scientific method APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology Randi is a practitioner of crystal healing the use of different crystals to treat medical disorders ranging from headaches to cancer Crystal healers like Randi use scientific terminology e g energy vibrations etc when explaining the technique to patients but do not use the scientific method to develop or test their treatments This makes crystal healing a A metascience B pseudoscience C episcience D protoscience Answer B Rationale Ideas that are presented as science but do not use the basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure are called pseudoscience Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of this module APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology The term pseudoscience refers to A the scientific study of psychology and related phenomena B hypotheses that have been rejected through observation and testing C ideas that are presented as science but in fact do not use the basic principles of scientific thinking procedure D the belief that the mind is separate from the body Answer C Rationale Ideas that are presented as science but do not use the basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure are called pseudoscience Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of this module APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology refers to a claim or statement that superficially appears to be scientific but is not A Misinformation B Hypothesis C Pseudoscience D Theory Answer C Rationale Ideas that are presented as science but do not use the basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure are called pseudoscience Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of this module APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology In science a theory can be defined as A an educated guess B an explanation that explains and integrates numerous findings and observations into a coherent whole C a personal understanding of natural laws D a testable prediction Answer B Rationale While nonscientists often use the word theory to describe a guess or a prediction in science a theory is an explanation for a broad range of observations that also generates new hypotheses and integrates numerous findings into a coherent whole Page Ref Objective Analyze the use of the term scientific theory APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology are built from that are repeatedly tested and confirmed A Theories hypotheses B Hypotheses theories C Predictions observations D Observations predictions Answer A Rationale Theories are built from hypotheses that are repeatedly tested and confirmed While theories can also lead to new hypotheses in the scientific method hypotheses are directly tested and confirmed not theories Page Ref Objective Understand the steps of the scientific method APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz What property do hypotheses and theories both share A They are both types of educated guesses B They both integrate numerous findings and observations C They are both types of opinions or beliefs D In order to be scientific they both must be capable of being proven false Answer D Rationale Hypotheses are specific predictions while theories are explanations for a broad range of observations In order to be scientific both hypotheses and theories must be falsifiable i e it must be possible to demonstrate that they are not true Page Ref Objective Understand the steps of the scientific method APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology When a psychologist uses the term scientific theory he or she is referring to something that A is guaranteed to be true B explains a wide range of observations C is no more or less plausible than any other theory D is an educated guess Answer B Rationale While nonscientists often use the word theory to describe a guess or a prediction in science a theory is an explanation for a broad range of observations that also generates new hypotheses and integrates numerous findings into a coherent whole Page Ref Objective Analyze the use of the term scientific theory APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology Which of the following is true about scientific theories A All theories are equally plausible B The quality of a theory cannot be measured by the number of people who believe it to be true C Theories are the same thing as opinions or beliefs D A theory is only valid if it has been proven to be true Answer B Rationale There are many misconceptions about theories The textbook specifically addresses three common issues theories are not the same thing as opinions or beliefs all theories are not equally plausible and a measure of a good theory is not the number of people who believe it to be true Page Ref Objective Analyze the use of the term scientific theory APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology Lidia gives a talk at a psychology conference in which she presents her new theory about the causes of autism At one point an audience member interrupts and says but that s just your theory What is the problem with this statement A A theory is not the same thing as an opinion or belief B If Lidia is presenting the theory at a psychology conference it must be true C If most of the psychologists in the audience agree with Lidia then the theory is likely to be true D The audience member should have used the term hypothesis not theory Answer A Rationale theories are not the same thing as opinions or beliefs which is implied by the audience member s critique The validity of a theory is measured by scientific testing not by who believes in it or where it is presented Page Ref Objective Analyze the use of the term scientific theory APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology Dr Preston is a psychologist studying why some people develop depression while others do not She realizes that the reasons are probably complicated and include factors such as genetics brain chemistry how individuals might experience events differently and how family members and others influence each other Dr Preston s approach is an example of A pseudoscience B the biopyschosocial model C the psychoanalytic model D gestalt psychology Answer B Rationale The biopsychosocial model is a means of explaining behavior as a product of biological psychological and sociocultural factors Psychologists who use the biopsychosocial model believe that many behaviors can only be fully explained by combining these multiple perspectives Page Ref Objective Apply the biopsychosocial model to behavior APA SLO Use concepts language and major theories of the discipline to account for psychological phenomena A perennial question for educational psychologists is Why do some students in a class succeed while others perform poorly According to the biopsychosocial model which of the following is a possible explanation for this phenomenon A biological differences in brain structures and chemistry B social and cultural differences between students C cognitive emotional and personality differences between students D each student s biological makeup social and cultural background and their cognitive abilities emotional state and personality combine to make them different from any other student in the class Answer D Rationale The biopsychosocial model is a means of explaining behavior as a product of biological psychological and sociocultural factors Psychologists who use the biopsychosocial model believe that many behaviors can only be fully explained by combining these multiple perspectives Page Ref Objective Apply the biopsychosocial model to behavior APA SLO Use concepts language and major theories of the discipline to account for psychological phenomena The biopsychosocial model assumes that A behavior often can only be fully explained by combining multiple perspectives B biological factors are more important than social factors in determining behavior C all living organisms form social groups based on their physical and psychological needs D the simplest explanation for behavior is usually best Answer A Rationale The biopsychosocial model is a means of explaining behavior as a product of biological psychological and sociocultural factors Psychologists who use the biopsychosocial model believe that many behaviors can only be fully explained by combining these multiple perspectives Page Ref Objective Apply the biopsychosocial model to behavior APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz Which of the following is true about the concept of scientific literacy A Only trained scientists are considered scientifically literate B Scientific literacy is the ability to answer basic science questions without looking it up C A person who can understand analyze and apply scientific information is demonstrating scientific literacy D Knowledge of scientific terminology is the most important part of scientific literacy Answer C Rationale Scientific literacy is the ability to understand analyze and apply scientific information A person does not need to be an expert or a scientist to be scientifically literate but should be able to read and interpret scientific information or know where to go to find out more Page Ref Objective Understand the concept of scientific literacy APA SLO Approach problems effectively Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz The ability to understand analyze and apply scientific information is called A the biopsychosocial model B scientific literacy C skepticism D empiricism Answer B Rationale Scientific literacy is the ability to understand analyze and apply scientific information Page Ref Objective Understand the concept of scientific literacy APA SLO Approach problems effectively Ms Patel is a rd grade teacher Several children in her class have been having trouble concentrating and sitting still in her class so she finds several articles from psychology journals on hyperactivity and attention in young children Although she is not a scientist Ms Patel is able to understand the articles and then use the information to redesign her classroom schedule to help improve attention This is an example of A the scientific method B the biopsychosocial model C scientific literacy D empiricism Answer B Rationale Scientific literacy is the ability to understand analyze and apply scientific information A person does not need to be an expert or a scientist or even use the scientific method to be scientifically literate but should be able to read and interpret scientific information and be able to apply it to real-world situations Page Ref - Objective Understand the concept of scientific literacy APA SLO Approach problems effectively Which of the following techniques could be described as massing A Studying for a test by breaking up your lecture notes into sections and mastering each section before moving on to the next B Studying for a chapter test by reading through the entire chapter before going back to the beginning and starting over again C Studying each flash card in a large pile before starting over again D A football player learning the playbook by reviewing each play once before starting over again Answer A Rationale Massing involves concentrating all of the studying of a single piece of information into a short period of time In contrast spacing spreads the studying of a single piece of information out over a longer period of time Studying for a test by breaking up lecture notes into sections and mastering each section by itself is a form of massing because the studying of each section is concentrated into a short period of time In contrast all of the other examples involve spacing Page Ref Objective Understand the concept of scientific literacy APA SLO Apply psychological concepts theories and research findings as these relate to everyday life A friend of yours has Spanish vocabulary words to learn by tomorrow Which of the following is the best way for her to use flashcards to study A Study each card only once B Divide the cards into five piles and then study each pile four times before moving on to the next pile C Go through the entire pile of cards four times D Divide the cards into piles and then study each pile four times before moving on to the next pile Answer C Rationale Going through the entire pile of cards four times involves spacing because there is a relatively long period of time before each card is reviewed again All of the other options involve massing the studying of each card into a shorter period of time which has been demonstrated to be less effective Page Ref Objective Understand the concept of scientific literacy APA SLO Apply psychological concepts theories and research findings as these relate to everyday life Which of the following is the best conclusion to draw from the massing versus spacing experiment discussed in the textbook A Massing is better than spacing for all types of learning B Massing is better than spacing for studying vocabulary C Spacing is better than massing for all types of learning D Spacing is better than massing for studying vocabulary Answer D Rationale The study discussed in the textbook showed that spacing was better than massing when studying vocabulary flashcards The study did not however provide enough evidence that spacing works for all types of learning More research would be needed to support this conclusion Page Ref Objective Understand the concept of scientific literacy APA SLO Apply psychological concepts theories and research findings as these relate to everyday life Jose reads in an article from a psychology journal that people tend to remember the first and last few items in long lists of information but have the most trouble remembering the items in the middle He immediately starts thinking of how he can use this information to change the way he studies the long list of vocabulary terms for his upcoming exam Which part of the scientific literacy model does this demonstrate A application B scientific explanation C knowledge gathering D critical thinking Answer A Rationale Scientific literacy is the ability to understand analyze and apply scientific information In this example Jose is specifically applying psychological information to his own life and a specific situation Page Ref Objective Understand the concept of scientific literacy APA SLO Apply psychological concepts theories and research findings as these relate to everyday life Caroline s best friend tells her that eating a chili pepper with each meal will increase her metabolism and help her burn more calories That sounds interesting says Caroline but is there any evidence to back up this claim Caroline s question illustrates what element of critical thinking A the principle of parsimony B cynicism C tolerating ambiguity D skepticism Answer D Rationale Skepticism involves not automatically excepting statements as fact and instead asking to see the evidence behind it This is not the same as being cynical or scornful of other people s beliefs Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of this module APA SLO Use critical thinking effectively Being skeptical about a claim means A asking if there is sound evidence to support it B realizing that most complex issues do not have easy answers C not believing the claim no matter what D believing the claim unless evidence to the contrary is presented Answer A Rationale Skepticism involves not automatically excepting statements as fact and instead asking to see the evidence behind it This is not the same as being cynical or scornful of other people s beliefs Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of this module APA SLO Use critical thinking effectively As a critical thinker what habit is most likely to keep you from basing your conclusions on poor research A examine assumptions and biases B examine the nature and source of the evidence C tolerate ambiguity D avoid overly emotional thinking Answer B Rationale While all of the options are important skills the reason critical thinkers are encouraged to examine the nature and source of evidence is specifically to avoid basing conclusions on unreliable or poor evidence Page Ref Objective Apply the steps in critical thinking APA SLO Use critical thinking effectively For a class project Brenda read about the results of several studies investigating the causes of schizophrenia Some of the studies seemed to indicate that schizophrenia is genetic while others indicated that schizophrenia could be triggered by environmental factors Eventually Brenda had to accept that schizophrenia is a complicated disease and that there probably is not a clear-cut reason why some people develop it This illustrates what critical thinking habit A examine assumptions and biases B examine the nature and source of the evidence C tolerate ambiguity D consider alternatives Answer C Rationale Tolerating ambiguity refers to the ability to accept situations where there is not a clearly defined answer People who tolerate ambiguity recognize that most complex issues do not have clear-cut answers Page Ref Objective Apply the steps in critical thinking APA SLO Use critical thinking effectively Which of the following is true about critical thinking A If used properly everyone who uses it will come to the same conclusion B It forces us to break persistent mental habits that almost everyone uses C It often requires being negative or arbitrarily critical of other people s ideas D It always guarantees a correct answer Answer B Rationale Truly engaging in critical thinking can be challenging One thing it asks us to do is break some persistent mental habits employed by nearly everyone even the best scientists and most rational thinkers It does not however guarantee a correct answer nor is it meant to make everyone come up with the same answer Critical thinking means respecting other viewpoints while at the same time recognizing that some ideas can be incorrect Page Ref - Objective Apply the steps in critical thinking APA SLO Use critical thinking effectively holds that when dealing with competing theories the simplest one should be chosen A Skepticism B Ambiguity C The principle of parsimony D Critical thinking Answer C Rationale Scientific and critical thinking involves the use of the principle of parsimony which means that the simplest of all competing explanations the most parsimonious of a phenomenon should be the one we accept Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of this module APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology correct a b c d r Leonard is missing a sock His sister suggests that a friend of his may have snuck into his room while he was sleeping and took the sock as a practical joke However Leonard decides it is much more likely that the sock was simply lost when he last did the laundry What element of critical thinking most likely influenced his decision A skepticism B the principle of parsimony C tolerance of ambiguity D avoiding overly emotional thinking Answer B Rationale Leonard is demonstrating the principle of parsimony the simplest of all competing explanations should be the one we accept While both explanations for the missing sock are possible Leonard s is simpler than his sister s and should therefore be favored Page Ref Objective Apply the steps in critical thinking APA SLO Use critical thinking effectively correct a b c d r According to the principle of parsimony reports of alien abduction are unlikely to be true because A there are several other explanations that are much simpler B aliens do not really exist C eyewitness reports should never be believed D anyone who thinks they were abducted by aliens is clearly mentally unstable Answer A Rationale According to the principle of parsimony the simplest of all competing explanations should be the one we accept Because there are several alternative explanations for reports of abductions that are simpler than the explanation that real aliens traveled to Earth evaded detection and secretly kidnapped people before returning them this idea should be rejected Page Ref Objective Apply the steps in critical thinking APA SLO Use critical thinking effectively How Psychology Became a Science Know the key terminology of psychology s history Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behavior is the belief that knowledge comes through observation and experience A Determinism B Parsimony C Skepticism D Empiricism Answer D Rationale Empiricism is a philosophical tenet that knowledge about the world comes from careful observation not commonsense or speculation Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz A research psychologist is interested in whether children who play violent videogames display above average violent behavior in real life Which approach to this question could the psychologist take that would be consistent with the principles of empiricism A Use common sense to determine if there is a connection B Ask children to speculate about the connection C Carefully measure the type and amount of videogame play in children and observe their behavior D Ask parents and teachers to speculate about the connection Answer C Rationale Empiricism is a philosophical tenet that knowledge about the world comes from careful observation not commonsense or speculation Page Ref Objective Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behavior APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Which of the following questions represents the concept of empiricism A Would Martin Luther King Jr have been a good president B What is the meaning of life C Was the Civil War necessary D Is there life on other planets Answer D Rationale Empiricism is a philosophical tenet that knowledge about the world comes from careful observation not commonsense or speculation The question of life on other planets could be answered by observation data from space probes receiving radio signals from another planet etc whereas the other questions can only be addressed by speculating Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Dr Patel is a school psychologist who has noticed that a th grade student has recently begun to misbehave and fall behind academically He decides there must be a reason for the student s sudden problems and decides to try to figure out what it is Dr Patel s belief that the student s behavior is the result of some unknown cause is an example of A determinism B parsimony C skepticism D empiricism Answer A Rationale Determinism is the belief in cause-and-effect relationships for example if you do X then Y will be the result In this example Dr Patel assumes that the student s behavior did not change spontaneously and that it must be the result of one or more factors Page Ref Objective Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behavior APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues According to the principle of human behavior is the result of factors that influence us is predictable ways A free will B materialism C determinism D empiricism Answer C Rationale Determinism is the belief in lawful cause-and-effect relationships As it relates to psychology determinism means that behavior is determined or influenced by many factors and natural laws Page Ref Objective Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behavior APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues The belief that behavior follows lawful cause-and-effect relationships is known as A free will B materialism C empiricism D determinism Answer D Rationale Determinism is the belief in lawful cause-and-effect relationships As it relates to psychology determinism means that behavior is determined or influenced by many factors and natural laws Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues The concept of free will the idea that we are in charge of our own behavior is often in conflict with the concept of A empiricism B determinism C parsimony D materialism Answer B Rationale Determinism is the belief in lawful cause-and-effect relationships The debate about whether we are in charge of our own behavior or whether human behavior is determined is often referred to as free will vs determinism Page Ref Objective Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behavior APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Psychological science is A both empirical and deterministic B empirical but not deterministic C deterministic but not empirical D neither empirical or deterministic Answer A Rationale Psychological science is both empirical and deterministic Our understanding of behavior comes from observing what we can see and measure and behavior is caused by a multitude of factors Page Ref Objective Analyze how the philosophical ideas of empiricism and determinism are applied to human behavior APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Psychology has been a science since A around BC B the early s C the late s D the mid s Answer C Rationale Although the scientific method started to take hold around psychology didn t become a science until the late s due to zeitgeist Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz During the Victorian period in Europe sexuality of any kind was considered taboo Today of course most adults are more open about their sexuality This is an example of how the of different periods can affect the way people behave and think A psychophysics B zeitgeist C dualism D materialism Answer B Rationale Zeitgeist refers to a general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history In this example the zeitgeist of Victorian Europe was extremely conservative about sex which greatly affected the way people thought about the body and relationships between the sexes Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues In a given culture certain periods of its history are dominated by a general set of beliefs and attitudes known as a A zeitgeist B metaperspective C parsimony D gestalt Answer A Rationale Zeitgeist refers to a general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history For example the zeitgeist of Victorian Europe was extremely conservative about sex Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues According to the authors of the textbook what is a key reason why psychology took almost years longer than physics biology and chemistry to become scientific A Early scientific methodology was too primitive to use to study the mind B Laws were passed in the s that made studying the mind illegal C Few people were interested in the mind and behavior prior to the th century D The zeitgeist of the s prevented people from believing that science could be applied to the study of the mind Answer D Rationale The power of the Zeitgeist can be very strong and there are several ways it prevented psychological science from emerging in the s Perhaps most important is that people were not ready to accept a science that could be applied to minds To the average person of the s viewing human behavior as the result of predictable physical laws was troubling Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues According to the authors of the textbook scholars in the s did not apply scientific methodology to the study of the mind and human behavior because of what belief A that scientific methodology did not work B that science needed more time to develop C that humans were not just physical machines and could not be studied using science D that it was a religious sin to try to understand the nature of the mind Answer C Rationale A likely reason why the science of psychology did not develop in the s is that people were not ready to accept a science that could be applied to minds To the average person then viewing human behavior as the result of predictable physical laws was troubling Doing so would seem to imply the philosophy of materialism the belief that humans and other living beings are comprised exclusively of physical matter This would mean that we are nothing more than complex machines that lack a self-conscious self-controlling soul Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues The belief that the mind or soul is separate from the physical body is known as whereas the belief that humans are completely physical beings is called A determinism empiricism B empiricism determinism C dualism materialism D materialism dualism Answer C Rationale Dualism refers to the belief that the mind or soul is not part of the material body In contrast materialism is the belief that humans are entirely made of physical matter including our conscious minds Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues The philosopher and mathematician Ren Descartes famously believed that the mind was not made of physical matter and could exist outside of the body Descartes belief in the relationship between mind and body could be described as A determinism B empiricism C materialism D dualism Answer D Rationale Dualism refers to the belief that the mind or soul is not part of the material body In contrast materialism is the belief that humans are entirely made of physical matter including our conscious minds Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues How did physiologists and physicists like Gustav Fechner contribute to the development of psychology as a science A They studied the relationship between the physical world and mental representation of that world B They demonstrated that the brain was responsible for consciousness C They identified the locations of specific functions within the brain D They extended Darwin s theory of evolution to behavior and cognitive abilities Answer A Rationale Fechner researched psychophysics which is the study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz Brenda is a participant in an experiment She is told to watch a series of lights and to identify which one is the brightest It is likely that Brenda is participating in a n experiment A psychophysics B anthropometric C phrenology D eugenics Answer A Rationale Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world In this example the experimenters appear to be studying how different physical stimuli the lights are perceived The experiment is unlikely to involve anthropometry or phrenology which both involve relating physical features to psychological characteristics or eugenics which is the discredited belief in the genetic superiority of some individuals Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Psychophysics is the study of A how the mind controls the body B the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world C the relationship between mental abilities and bumps on the head D how information is stored in the brain Answer B Rationale Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world It involves determining how physical stimuli e g light sound pressure are detected and represented by the nervous system Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Which of the following is true regarding Darwin s theory of evolution A it applies to physical characteristics but not behavior B it applies to behavior but not physical characteristics C it applies to physical characteristics as well as behaviors D it was discredited along with Francis Galton s concept of eugenics Answer C Rationale Charles Darwin recognized that natural selection could shape behavior as well as physical characteristics Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Who proposed that emotions and other behaviors were the result of natural selection A Spurzheim B Wernicke C Freud D Darwin Answer D Rationale Charles Darwin recognized that natural selection could shape behavior as well as physical characteristics Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Suppose a small number of geese are born with a genetic mutation that makes them spend more time caring for their eggs As a result more chicks hatch from these eggs that then survive to reproduce themselves According to the principle of natural selection which of the following would be the likely result A Other genetic mutations would start occurring at a faster rate B The genetically inherited behavior would become more common after many generations C The genetically inherited behavior would become less common after many generations D The rate of genetic mutations would slow drastically Answer B Rationale Charles Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection states that genetically inherited traits that contribute to survival and reproductive success are more likely to flourish within the breeding population In this example the genetically inherited trait improves the chance of survival for the chicks many of which will inherit the gene from their parent Therefore the trait will become more common over time This process generally does not affect the rate of genetic mutations Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues How would Charles Darwin likely explain maternal aggression when something or someone threatens a mother s children A Young girls learn to protect their children by watching their mothers B Maternal aggression is an inherited trait that is selected for because it contributes to the survival of the offspring C Mothers are rewarded for being protective of their children D Mothers learn to be protective of their children through trial and error Answer B Rationale Charles Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection states that genetically inherited traits that contribute to survival and reproductive success are more likely to flourish within the breeding population In this example maternal aggression improves the chance of survival for the child who may have inherited the trait from the mother Therefore the trait will become more common over time Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Brain localization refers to the idea that A the brain is wired for the spatial mapping of our surroundings B neurons in the brain only communicate with nearby neurons C the brain and not the heart is the seat of the human consciousness D certain parts of the brain control specific mental abilities and personality characteristics Answer D Rationale Brain localization is the idea that specific brain regions are associated with specific functions Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Which two physicians developed phrenology A Gall and Spurzheim B Broca and Wernicke C Mesmer and Freud D Galton and Wundt Answer A Rationale Franz Gall and Johann Spurzheim developed the now discredited theory of phrenology Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Which of the following is true regarding phrenology A it is still used by forensic psychologists B it was an early approach to brain localization C it was developed by Karl Wernicke and Paul Broca D it was developed in the s Answer B Rationale Phrenology which is the study of how raised features on the surface of the skull correspond to mental traits was developed primarily by Franz Gall and Johann Spurzheim in the mid s Although considered a pseudoscience today phrenology is still notable as an early approach to the localization of specific abilities within the brain Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Kelly notices a bump on the side of Roger s head and points it out to him He replies That means I m a passionate person Roger s joke is based on the theory of A phrenology B eugenics C parsimony D psychophysics Answer A Rationale Phrenology is the study of how raised features on the surface of the skull correspond to mental traits Roger s comment is clearly a joke because phrenology was discredited long ago Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues correct a b c d r Which early approach to brain localization was used by physicians like Paul Broca and was more scientific than phrenology A using electricity to stimulate different brain regions B surgically removing brain regions C studying the behavior of patients who had experienced brain injuries D studying the shape and size of the human skull Answer C Rationale An early approach to studying brain localization was to study how specific brain injuries such as strokes affected behavior Paul Broca famously discovered that patients with damage to a specific brain region lost the ability to speak He therefore concluded that language production was located in that region which is known as Broca s area Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Which two doctors were able to identify important language centers in the brain by studying their patients A Gall and Spurzheim B Broca and Wernicke C Mesmer and Freud D Galton and Wundt Answer B Rationale Paul Broca and Karl Wernicke are well known for discovering brain regions that when damaged lead to difficulty speaking Broca s area and understanding Wernicke s area language Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Who developed a now discredited medical treatment using magnets and contributed to the development of hypnosis A Galton B Wernicke C Mesmer D Freud Answer C Rationale Franz Mesmer an th century Austrian physician practicing in Paris believed that prolonged exposure to magnets could redirect the flow of metallic fluids in the body thereby curing disease and insanity Mesmer was able to put his patients into a trancelike state that became known as hypnosis Page Ref - Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues How did Franz Mesmer influence the early development of psychology A He developed the concept of brain localization B He discovered a brain region responsible for language C He developed psychoanalysis D He contributed to the development of hypnosis which Freud began to use to treat his patients Answer D Rationale Franz Mesmer was able to put his patients into a trancelike state that became known as hypnosis This caught the attention of an Austrian physician named Sigmund Freud who began to use hypnosis to treat his own patients Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one s behavior is part of what early approach to psychology A structuralism B functionalism C psychoanalysis D behaviorism Answer C Rationale Developed by Sigmund Freud psychoanalysis is a psychological approach that attempts to explain how behavior and personality are influenced by unconscious processes Structuralism functionalism and behaviorism do not share this focus on the unconscious mind Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural correct a b c d r Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the psychosomatic conditions he observed A free will B brain physiology C the unconscious mind D external consequences Answer C Rationale Freud s work with his patients led him to conclude that their disorders were the result of unconscious thoughts memories and urges Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural correct a b c d r Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients A drug therapy B neuropsychology C clinical psychology D psychoanalysis Answer D Rationale Freud s work with his patients led him to conclude that their disorders were the result of unconscious thoughts memories and urges and not physical ailments This led Freud to develop his famous approach called psychoanalysis Although psychoanalysis and clinical psychology are sometimes superficially similar the field of clinical psychology was not developed until later Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural correct a b c d r correct a b c d r Freud stressed the importance of A early life experiences B adolescence C early adulthood D middle adulthood Answer A Rationale Freud placed great emphasis on how early life experiences influence our behavior as adults Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural correct a b c d r One of the lasting legacies of Freud s theories is the approach to scientific psychology A biological B behavioral C social D medical model Answer D Rationale The use of medical ideas to treat disorders of emotions thought and behavior an approach known as the medical model can be traced to Freud s influence Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues The question of nature and nurture relationships centers on how nature and nurture influence behavior and mental processes A environment heredity B heredity environment C emotion logic D logic emotion Answer B Rationale The terms nature and nurture are used as shorthand when discussing the relative roles of heredity nature and environment nurture in determining specific traits Page Ref - Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz Which of the following would be most difficult for Francis Galton to explain with his theories A Close family relatives often have similar traits B Sometimes children from very humble families become very successful C Successful parents often have successful children D In the United States Whites are on average more successful than non-Whites Answer B Rationale Galton believed that heredity genetics explained psychological differences among people The idea of hereditary psychology fit Galton's beliefs about social class specifically that the reason why some people races and families were more successful than others was because they had better genes The idea that a child from humble beginnings and therefore bad genes could become successful conflicts with Galton s beliefs Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Which of the following is true regarding the legacy of Francis Galton A Although his ideas have been discredited his use of statistical methods to measure and study behavior has had a lasting impact on scientific psychology B While many of his ideas are still considered valid Galton failed to use scientific methodology C Both his ideas and methodology are still considered valid today D Although important in his time Galton had almost no lasting impact on scientific psychology Answer A Rationale Galton s excessive focus on the role of genetics in determining behavior and his belief in the genetic superiority of some individuals are no longer accepted by mainstream psychologists However Galton s use of statistical methods to measure and study behavior and mental processes has had a lasting impact on how psychological research is conducted Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Which individual is usually credited with establishing the first scientific psychological laboratory A Sigmund Freud B William James C John Watson D Wilhelm Wundt Answer D Rationale Most contemporary psychologists have agreed that Wilhelm Wundt established the first laboratory dedicated to studying human behavior and was responsible for establishing psychology as an independent field of science Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues correct a b c d r Wilhelm Wundt is best known for A establishing the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig Germany B writing books on ethics and logic C establishing phrenology as a science D training doctors to treat mental illness Answer A Rationale Most contemporary psychologists have agreed that Wilhelm Wundt established the first laboratory dedicated to studying human behavior and was responsible for establishing psychology as an independent field of science Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Introspection requires A metaphysical experiences B self-skepticism about experiences C empiricism D examining one s own perceptions and thoughts Answer D Rationale Introspection means to look within or to examine one s own perceptions and thoughts Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology correct a b c d r The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person s experiences A intervention B introspection C insight inventory D induction Answer B Rationale Introspection means to look within or to examine one s own perceptions and thoughts William Wundt had his subjects use introspection to perform his research which was continued by Edward Titchener and developed into structuralism Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues correct a b c d r correct a b c d r At the close of the nineteenth century Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to A analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements B determine the function or purpose of a particular human behavior C listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousness D carefully feel the bumps on a person s head in order to determine his or her character traits Answer A Rationale Wundt believed that basic sensations are the atoms more complicated experiences an idea that later became known as structuralism Structuralism was an attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and to understand how these elements work together This is in contrast to functionalism which attempted to determine the function or purpose of behaviors Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism A They wanted to identify the major brain structures B Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind C They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system D Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience Answer D Rationale Structuralism was an attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and to understand how these elements work together In this context structure refers to the way in which conscious experiences were believed to be composed of basic elements similar to how molecules are composed of atoms Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues correct a b c d r correct a b c d r Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz Which school of thought in psychology tried to identify the basic elements of sensations images and feelings A structuralism B phrenology C functionalism D psychoanalysis Answer A Rationale Structuralism was an attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and to understand how these elements work together Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues A person is asked to break down all the different components of taste when biting into an orange This type of research would be typical in which of the following schools of psychology A psychoanalysis B functionalism C behaviorism D structuralism Rationale Answer D Rationale Using introspection to break down all the different components of a perception such as taste was the approach of structuralism Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues In America Wilhelm Wundt s ideas were popularized by one of his students who gave Wundt s approach the name structuralism A Sigmund Freud B John Watson C William James D Edward Titchener Answer D Rationale Wundt s ideas made their way to the U S through students who worked with him One student Edward Titchener adopted the same method of introspection used by Wundt to devise an organized map of the structure of human consciousness He called the approach structuralism Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues What early American psychologist yearned to create a periodic table of the elements of consciousness A Sigmund Freud B William James C B F Skinner D Edward Titchener Answer D Rationale The only proponent of structuralism listed is Edward Titchener Structuralists like Titchener believed that mental experiences were made up of a limited number of sensations which were analogous to elements in physics and chemistry Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Who was an early proponent of functionalism A Ivan Pavlov B William James C Wilhelm Wundt D Max Wertheimer Answer B Rationale Influenced by Charles Darwin William James developed functionalism the study of the purpose and function of behavior and conscious experience Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues correct a b c d r correct a b c d r How behaviors and mental processes help us adapt to the environment is a question addressed by which early movement of psychology A behaviorism B cognitism C functionalism D structuralism Answer C Rationale Influenced by Charles Darwin William James developed functionalism the study of the purpose and function of behavior and conscious experience Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Which school of thought in psychology was heavily influenced by the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin A phrenology B structuralism C functionalism D psychoanalysis Answer C Rationale Influenced by Charles Darwin William James developed functionalism the study of the purpose and function of behavior and conscious experience Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Patricia believes that the purpose of jealousy in men is to prevent their mates from becoming impregnated by other men The reason why it is so common she argues is that this is a very adaptive behavior from an evolutionary perspective Patricia s approach to jealousy is an example of A structuralism B functionalism C empiricism D behaviorism Answer B Rationale Functionalism is the study of the purpose and function of behavior and conscious experience In this example Patricia is arguing that the function of male jealousy is to avoid raising the offspring of another male William James who developed functionalism was greatly influenced by Darwin s theory of evolution Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Use concepts language and major theories of the discipline to account for psychological phenomena Suppose you were one of the early graduate students in the newly developed field of psychology Your mentor is interested in discovering the answers to questions like Why is the ability to forget helpful and How do emotions assist us in social situations Your mentor's approach is most consistent with the perspective A behaviorist B functionalist C psychoanalytic D structuralist Answer B Rationale Functionalism is the study of the purpose and function of behavior and conscious experience In this example both questions center on how specific behaviors and mental processes are adaptive in other words what is their function Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues John Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of A behavior B the mind C the brain D consciousness Answer A Rationale John Watson argued that only changes in the environment and behavior can be observed and measured and that the mind and consciousness cannot be studied scientifically While Watson s approach did not exclude studying the physical brain from the field of psychology Watson believed that psychology should fundamentally be the study of behavior Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural correct a b c d r Which school of psychology questioned whether psychologists should study mental processes A psychoanalysis B behaviorism C Gestalt psychology D humanism Answer B Rationale Proponents of behaviorism like John Watson argued that only changes in the environment and behavior can be observed and measured and that mental events and processes cannot be studied scientifically Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz What advice might John B Watson have offered to psychologists of his time A Focus on observable behavior B Life is an effort to overcome inferiority C We cannot know others until we know ourselves D Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes Answer A Rationale Proponents behaviorism like John Watson argued that only changes in the environment and behavior can be observed and measured and that mental events and processes cannot be studied scientifically Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues correct a b c d r correct a b c d r correct a b c d r Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph D in psychology in the s Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B Watson Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research A a survey of daydreams B an analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired C a survey of sexual imagery in dreams of men and women D an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items Answer B Rationale Proponents behaviorism like John Watson argued that only changes in the environment and behavior can be observed and measured and that mental events and processes cannot be studied scientifically Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues correct a b c d r Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism A Gestalt and Wundt B Freud and Watson C Watson and Pavlov D Pavlov and Wundt Answer C Rationale The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov contributed to the discovery classical conditioning which became central to behaviorism John Watson popularized behaviorism in the United States Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues correct a b c d r B F Skinner is most associated with which perspective A behaviorism B cognitivism C functionalism D psychoanalysis Answer A Rationale Like John Watson before him B F Skinner was also a behaviorist and had considerable influence over American psychology for several decades Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Humanism developed in part as a reaction against which two perspectives A the cognitive and learning perspectives B the behaviorist and psychoanalytic perspectives C the sociocultural and cognitive perspectives D the biological and behaviorist perspectives Answer B Rationale Prior to the development of humanistic psychology in the s the behaviorist and psychoanalytic perspectives left little room for the concept of free will in psychology In contrast humanistic psychology focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human and their freedom to act Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and life s meaning Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented A behaviorism B humanism C functionalism D psychodynamics Answer B Rationale Humanistic psychology focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human their freedom to act i e free will their rational thought and the belief that humans are fundamentally different from other animals Humanistic psychologists generally seek to understand the meaning of personal experience Page Ref - Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz Early leaders in believed that people are generally motivated to personally grow and fulfill their potential A behaviorism B cognitive psychology C functionalism D humanistic psychology Answer D Rationale Humanistic psychology focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human their freedom to act i e free will their rational thought and the belief that humans are fundamentally different from other animals Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow two major figures of humanistic psychology believed that humans strive to develop a sense of self and are motivated to personally grow and fulfill their potential Page Ref - Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were two major figures in the development of which psychological perspective A humanistic psychology B functionalism C cognitive psychology D behaviorism Answer A Rationale Among the many major figures of humanistic psychology were Carl Rogers - and Abraham Maslow - Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural Memory researchers like Herman Ebbinghaus and Frederick Bartlett contributed to the beginning of the perspective A humanistic B psychoanalytic C cognitive D behaviorist Answer C Rationale Unlike the behaviorists Herman Ebbinghaus and Frederick Bartlett believed that mental processes like memory could be studied scientifically Their work and the work of other European psychologists studying the mind marked the beginning of cognitive psychology Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues The origins of the cognitive perspective can be traced back to a handful of European psychologists who were studying A memory B behavior C computers D language Answer A Rationale The European focus on thought flourished through the early s long before psychologists in the U S began to take seriously the idea that they could study the mind even if they could not see it Thus it was the work of European psychologists that formed the basis of the cognitive perspective Early evidence of an emerging cognitive perspective concerned the study of memory and included the work of Herman Ebbinghaus and Frederick Bartlett Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues The early perspective called gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called A psychoanalysis B cognitive psychology C behavioral psychology D social psychology Answer B Rationale Gestalt psychology was a precursor to cognitive psychology which emphasized that psychologists need to focus on the whole of the perception and experience rather than its parts Page Ref Objective Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology APA SLO APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues correct a b c d r The whole is greater than the sum of the parts is a statement that can be associated with the perspective of A introspection B functionalism C psychoanalysis D gestalt psychology Answer D Rationale Gestalt psychology was a precursor to cognitive psychology which emphasized that psychologists need to focus on the whole of the perception and experience rather than its parts In other words the whole of a perceptual experience cannot be understood by simply examining individual elements or parts Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural correct a b c d r Professor Ashmore approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective which emphasizes how people reason remember and understand language It is most likely that she accepts the perspective A biological B behavioral C cognitive D sociocultural Answer C Rationale Cognitive psychology is a modern psychological perspective that focuses on processes such as memory thinking and language Page Ref Objective Understand how various philosophical and scientific fields became major influences on psychology APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural psychologists are generally interested in how the behavior of individuals can be influenced by other people A Social B Gestalt C Behavioral D Humanistic Answer A Rationale Social psychologists are particularly interested in how the presence of other people influences behavior This is not a central theme of the other options listed Page Ref Objective Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz correct a b c d r Kurt Lewin is often cited as the founder of which perspective A social psychology B cognitive psychology C behaviorism D humanistic psychology Answer A Rationale Although social psychology was born out of collaboration Kurt Lewin is often cited as the founder of modern social psychology Trained as a gestalt psychologist Lewin shifted his attention to focus on race relations in the United States Page Ref Objective Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology APA SLO APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues A central theme in social psychology is that A human behavior can be best understood by studying individuals out of context B behavior is a function of both the individual and the environment they are in C social situations generally have the same effect on everyone D individuals act similarly no matter what context they are placed in Answer B Rationale Kurt Lewin the founder of modern social psychology concluded that behavior is a function of the individual and the environment This means that behavior is the result of an interaction between the individual and the social context they are in Page Ref Objective Apply your knowledge to distinguish among the different specializations in psychology APA SLO Explain major perspectives in psychology e g behavioral biological cognitive evolutionary humanistic psychodynamic and sociocultural Putting Psychology to Work Careers in Psychology and Related Fields Know the key terminology of psychological professions Understand the various professional settings occupied by psychologists the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements Apply your knowledge to identify the job title of psychologists based on their work Analyze the claim that psychologists could contribute to virtually any field of work Dr Barnouti has a Ph D in psychology and works for the military His goal is to find a way to keep soldiers alert and focused during long missions where they get little to no sleep Dr Barnouti would best be described as a psychologist A basic B research C forensic D academic Answer B Rationale Research psychologists typically work at universities corporations in the military and in governmental agencies Many psychologists working in these different settings focus on applying basic principles of psychology to real-world settings Dr Barnouti s research would not be described as basic because its goal is to solve a specific problem i e sleep deprivation in soldiers He also would not be considered an academic psychologist because he does not work at a university or college or a forensic psychologist because he does not deal with issues involving the law Page Ref Objective Apply your knowledge to identify the job title of psychologists based on their work APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health The goal of is to use psychological knowledge to address problems and issues across various settings and professions including law education clinical psychology and business organization and management A basic psychology B industrial and organizational psychology C forensic psychology D applied psychology Answer D Rationale Applied psychology uses psychological knowledge to address specific problems In contrast the goal of basic psychology is to acquire knowledge not to solve specific problems While I O and forensic psychology are types of applied psychology I O psychologists work specifically with companies and other organizations while forensic psychologists work specifically with issues involving the law Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychological professions APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health Dr Fernwood is a research psychologist The main focus of her research is to use psychological knowledge to find ways to reduce bullying in schools Dr Fernwood s research could be described as psychology A basic B forensic C applied D I O Answer C Rationale Applied psychology uses psychological knowledge to address specific problems such as school bullying In contrast the goal of basic psychology is to acquire knowledge not to solve specific problems While I O and forensic psychology are types of applied psychology psychologists in these fields would be unlikely to study school bullying Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychological professions APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz No matter what they specialize in psychologists who teach and or conduct research at colleges and universities can be referred to as psychologists A academic B school C forensic D clinical Answer A Rationale Academic psychologists work at colleges and universities and most combine teaching with conducting research although some do only one or the other Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychological professions APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health Which of the following is true about psychiatrists and clinical psychologists A psychiatrists have PsyD degrees while clinical psychologists typically have a PhD B psychiatrists have PhD degrees while clinical psychologists typically have a only a master s degree C psychiatrists have PhD degrees while clinical psychologists typically have a PsyD D psychiatrists have medical degrees while clinical psychologists typically have a PhD or PsyD Answer D Rationale Psychiatry is a branch of medicine and is practiced by physicians with medical degrees Some states allow clinical psychologists to work with a master s degree but many clinical psychologists have either a PhD or a PsyD degree Page Ref - Objective Understand the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health What is one similarity shared by clinical psychologists and psychiatrists A They obtain the same graduate degree B They have the same training experiences after college C They view abnormal behaviors as arising from the same causes D They diagnose and treat people experiencing psychological disorders Answer D Rationale Both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists diagnosis and treat individuals with mental and behavioral disorders However unlike clinical psychologists psychiatrists are physicians with medical degrees and different training As a result the two types of mental health professionals tend to view the causes and treatment of abnormal behavior differently Page Ref - Objective Understand the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health correct a b c d r In general are more likely to prescribe drugs when treating mental health concerns and problems while are more likely to emphasize psychological approaches such as talk therapy A social workers psychiatrists B psychiatrists clinical psychologists C clinical psychologists psychiatrists D social workers clinical psychologists Answer B Rationale As physicians psychiatrists are likely to prescribe drugs such as antidepressants Clinical and counseling psychologists are more likely to emphasize different approaches like talking therapies to treat mental health concerns and disorders Page Ref Objective Understand the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health A friend of yours is interested in getting a graduate degree and eventually becoming a clinical psychologist She wants her education to focus almost exclusively on the practice of clinical psychology and to include very little research or scientific training Which type of graduate degree programs should she apply to A PhD B PsyD C MD D EdD Answer B Rationale Clinical psychologists typically have a Doctor of Philosophy PhD or a Doctor of Psychology PsyD degree Unlike the PhD which combines science and practice the PsyD degree focuses almost exclusively on the practice of psychology Page Ref - Objective Understand the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health Nico is meeting with his academic adviser He wishes to pursue a career where he'll work to diagnose and treat mental disorders Nico aspires to be a n A clinical psychologist B experimental psychologist C forensic psychologist D school psychologist Answer A Rationale Clinical psychology is the field of psychology that concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders The other types of psychologists listed do not typically diagnose or treat mental disorders Page Ref Objective Apply your knowledge to identify the job title of psychologists based on their work APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health Because is a branch of medicine it is usually practiced by a medical doctor M D A psychiatry B clinical psychology C social work D forensic psychology Answer A Rationale Unlike clinical psychology which is usually practiced by someone with a Ph D or a Psy D psychiatrists are physicians M D s Page Ref Objective Understand the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health Vido has a master s degree and has been studying how family dynamics and a person s socioeconomic situation can affect wellbeing and mental health What type of professional is Vido most likely to become A human factors psychologist B psychiatrist C school psychologist D social worker Answer D Rationale Social workers are likely to emphasize the social context of the individuals in treatment such as the family s dynamics socio-economic status and community Unlike many other jobs in psychology which typically require a doctorate social workers usually have a Master s in Social Work MSW Page Ref - Objective Understand the distinctions among mental health professions in their approaches and educational requirements APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health A works in prisons trains and evaluates police officers assists with jury selection and evaluates whether defendants are able to stand trial A clinical psychologist B school psychologist C I O psychologist D forensic psychologist Answer D Rationale Forensic psychology encompasses work in the criminal justice system including interactions with the legal system and its professionals Page Ref - Objective Apply your knowledge to identify the job title of psychologists based on their work APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health Which of the following is a forensic psychologist most likely to do A train and evaluate police officers B profile criminals C help detectives investigate a crime D read the body language of suspects Answer A Rationale In contrast to the way it is usually portrayed on TV and in movies few forensic psychologists are involved in criminal profiling or investigation You would more likely see forensic psychologists working in prisons training and evaluating police officers or assisting with jury selections and evaluating whether defendants are able to stand trial Page Ref - Objective Understand the various professional settings occupied by psychologists APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health What two things do most members of the helping profession i e mental health professionals have in common A they have graduate degrees and state licensure or certification B they perform research and work at universities or colleges C they have a PhD and a federal certificate to practice psychotherapy D they can prescribe medication and have people committed to psychiatric hospitals Answer A Rationale Most of the helping professions have two things in common graduate degrees and licensure or certification as approved by individual states The specific educational criteria degrees and occupational role of a mental health professional depend on their specific career Page Ref Objective Understand the various professional settings occupied by psychologists APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health psychology involves work with students with special needs such as emotional social or academic problems A Forensic B Academic C Clinical D School Answer D Rationale School psychologists work with teachers parents and counselors to address ways to change troubling or disruptive behavior or a cognitive disability that interferes with learning such as dyslexia School psychologists may spend a lot of time observing a child s behavior or administering special psychological tests to identify learning disabilities Page Ref Objective Understand the various professional settings occupied by psychologists APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health Which of the following is true about school psychologists A They only work with students who have moderate to severe cognitive disabilities B They typically spend most of their time doing experimental research C Most school psychologists have only a bachelor s degree D They usually work in coordination with teachers parents and counselors Answer D Rationale School psychologists rarely work alone instead they are more often part of students educational teams which include their parents teachers and counselors In addition to working with students with cognitive disabilities they also work with students with behavioral and or social problems Like most psychological health professionals most school psychologists are required to have a graduate degree Page Ref Objective Understand the various professional settings occupied by psychologists APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health A central concept behind the field of health psychology is that A psychologists should treat the body before they treat the mind B certain behaviors and psychological traits can have a detrimental effect on your health C mental health problems are the result of untreated physical ailments D psychologists should treat patients in the same way physicians treat physical disease Answer B Rationale Health psychology or behavioral medicine is the study of how individual biological and environmental factors affect physical health This field deals with the behaviors and personality traits that put people at risk and that when combined with an unfortunate genetic heritage or infection lead to disease Page Ref - Objective Understand the various professional settings occupied by psychologists APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health Which type of psychologist is most likely to work at a large company A forensic B industrial organizational I O C clinical D school Answer B Rationale Industrial organizational I O psychology is a branch of applied psychology in which psychologists work for businesses and other organizations to improve employee productivity and the organizational structure of the company or business Page Ref Objective Understand the various professional settings occupied by psychologists APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health As cellphones cameras music players and other devices become more complicated a major problem companies face is how to design the controls and menus so that they are easy and intuitive to operate What area of psychology specializes in solving this and similar problems A forensic B clinical C human factors D academic Answer C Rationale Human factors psychology is the study of how people interact with tools physical spaces or products One job of human factors psychologists is to study human-computer-interaction to develop user-friendly software and other products Page Ref Objective Apply your knowledge to identify the job title of psychologists based on their work APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health Which of the following is an environmental psychologist most likely to do A redesign an office to encourage communication between employees B study how global warming is affecting the behavior of chimpanzees in the wild C help clients get in touch with nature D develop ways to encourage recycling Answer A Rationale Environmental psychologists study factors that improve working and living conditions by studying how the environment affects individuals or groups Results from this type of research may be used in the design of working and living spaces to foster communication to reduce distractions and to prevent or reduce strain stress and fatigue Page Ref Objective Understand the various professional settings occupied by psychologists APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health Which field is someone with a background in psychology likely to work in A advertising B teaching C management D many various fields including advertising teaching and management Answer D Rationale Because of psychology s emphasis on research methods psychology majors often turn out to be excellent problem solvers and critical thinkers Also psychology majors learn many principles of human behavior ranging from individual cognition to group dynamics These skills are needed for marketers managers teachers and for many other careers Page Ref Objective Analyze the claim that psychologists could contribute to virtually any field of work APA SLO Identify the types of academic experience and performance in psychology and the liberal arts that will facilitate entry into the workforce post-baccalaureate education or both Item appears in end-of-chapter quiz Fill in the Blank Items In order to be scientific it must be possible to a hypotheses Answer test falsify and reject are also acceptable answers Rationale A testable hypothesis is one that can be confirmed or rejected you do not prove a hypothesis and a scientific hypothesis must be testable Page Ref Objective Understand the steps of the scientific method APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology For psychologists means that we apply scientific methods carefully examine our assumptions and biases and tolerate ambiguity when the evidence is inconclusive Answer critical thinking Rationale Critical thinking involves exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others and with our own assumptions and beliefs Page Ref Objective Apply the steps in critical thinking APA SLO Use critical thinking effectively The principle of holds that when dealing with competing theories the simplest one should be chosen Answer parsimony Rationale Scientific and critical thinking involves the use of the principle of parsimony which means that the simplest of all competing explanations the most parsimonious of a phenomenon should be the one we accept Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of this module APA SLO Describe the basic characteristics of the science of psychology correct a b c d r The main difference between modern psychology and earlier attempts to understand the mind and behavior is psychology s use of Answer the scientific method Rationale Psychologists like earlier philosophers are interested in why people think and behave the way they do The main difference between the two is that psychologists apply scientific methods to find answers Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues is the field of psychology that concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders Answer Clinical psychology Rationale This is a description of clinical psychology Psychiatry also involves the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders but this is not the best answer because psychiatry is branch of medicine not psychology Page Ref Objective Apply your knowledge to identify the job title of psychologists based on their work APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health Psychoanalysis was developed by as a way to treat his patients Answer Sigmund Freud Rationale Psychoanalysis is a psychological approach that attempts to explain how behavior and personality are influenced by unconscious processes Freud developed this approach after concluding that his patients symptoms were being caused by unconscious urges thoughts and memories Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Wundt s primary research method was training volunteers to use Answer introspection Rationale Introspection means to look within or to examine one s own perceptions and thoughts William Wundt had his trained volunteers experience a stimulus and then report each individual sensation he or she could identify through introspection Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues Although Ivan Pavlov is usually credited with its discovery professor Edwin Twitmyer was one of the first people to study Answer classical conditioning Rationale While studying the patellar kick reflex Edwin Twitmyer discovered that if participants heard a bell before the mallet struck their patellar tendon they would eventually begin to respond to the bell alone This process is now known as classical conditioning and was famously studied by Ivan Pavlov Page Ref Objective Know the key terminology of psychology s history APA SLO Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected content areas of psychology theory and research representing general domains the history of psychology relevant levels of analysis the overarching themes and relevant ethical issues While popular with audiences television shows about criminal profilers and crime-scene investigation generally misrepresent the job of a typical psychologist Answer forensic Rationale Forensic psychology encompasses work in the criminal justice system including interactions with the legal system and its professionals The field is often glorified in movies and TV as criminal profiling and investigation but it is in most cases is a practical profession involving very little of what is portrayed in these shows Page Ref Objective Apply your knowledge to identify the job title of psychologists based on their work APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health psychology is a branch of applied psychology in which psychologists work for businesses and other organizations to improve employee productivity and the organizational structure of the company or business Answer Industrial organizational I O Rationale I O psychologists work with companies and large organizations For example they may develop tests to hire workers who have the best chance at succeeding they may assist work teams to improve communication and responsibility and they may help organizations with the management of change Page Ref Objective Understand the various professional settings occupied by psychologists APA SLO Describe major applied areas of psychology e g clinical counseling industrial organizational school health True-False Items Psychology is best defined as the study of mental illness and abnormal behavior Answer False Page Ref Rationale Psychology is the scientific study of behavior thought and experience It is much more than the study of mental illness A hypothesis is a testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured Answer True Page Ref Rationale This is the definition of a hypothesis A good hypothesis is one that is stated in the most general terms possible Answer False Page Ref Rationale A good scientific hypothesis is stated in precise terms that can clearly be confirmed or rejected Theories are basically the same thing as opinions or beliefs Answer False Page Ref Rationale Some people use the term theory in casual conversation to mean guess or opinion but this is not how the term is used in science Part of being scientifically literate is being able to apply scientific knowledge to real-world situations Answer True Page Ref Rationale Scientific literacy includes the ability to understand analyze and apply scientific information to real-world situations Critical thinking involves exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others and with our own assumptions and beliefs Answer True Page Ref Rationale Critical thinking involves having curiosity that drives us to ask thoughtful questions and to look beyond simple answers and skepticism toward anything that seems to be an easy or obvious answer It also involves questioning our own assumptions and conclusions along with those of others Critical thinkers realize that all opinions are created equal Answer False Page Ref Rationale Critical thinking means respecting other viewpoints but it also means that some ideas can be incorrect In many cases one answer emerges as the best one because a large body of evidence converges upon it Empiricism means that knowledge about the world is based on the careful observation not common sense or speculation Answer True Page Ref Rationale Empiricism is a philosophical tenet that knowledge comes through experience and careful observation Psychology became a scientific discipline in the s Answer False Page Ref Rationale Psychology became a formal discipline in the late s with the founding of Wilhelm Wundt s laboratory Phrenologists suggested that specific mental traits and dispositions could be read by examining the surface of the skull Answer True Page Ref Rationale Phrenologists believed that the brain was comprised of different organs each corresponding to a specific function or trait They also believed that these organs could be discovered by examining the skull over different parts of the brain Sigmund Freud s work using hypnosis to cure patients made him to realize that many of his patients symptoms had mental not physical causes and this led to the development of psychoanalysis Answer True Page Ref Rationale Freud was interested in how hypnosis seemed to cure several patients of hysterical paralysis a condition in which an individual loses feeling and control in a specific body part despite the lack of any known neurological damage or disease These experiences led Freud to believe that unconscious processes were responsible for his patients symptoms and to develop his famous approach called psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis emphasizes the influence of unconscious urges and memories on behavior Answer True Page Ref Rationale Psychoanalysis is a psychological approach that attempts to explain how behavior and personality are influenced by unconscious processes Credit for establishing psychology as an independent field of science is generally given to William James Answer False Page Ref Rationale Most contemporary psychologists have agreed that Wilhelm Wundt established the first laboratory dedicated to studying human behavior and was responsible for establishing psychology as an independent field of science The goal of Wilhelm Wundt s trained introspection volunteers was to break down behavior into its most basic elements Answer True Page Ref Rationale Wundt used introspection to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and to understand how these elements work together Structuralism was an early psychological approach that emphasized the purpose of behavior and consciousness Answer False Page Ref Rationale This describes functionalism not structuralism Structuralism was an attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and to understand how these elements work together Humanistic psychology is an approach emphasizing that psychologists need to focus on the whole of the perception and experience rather than its parts Answer False Page Ref - Rationale This is a description of gestalt psychology not humanistic Humanistic psychology focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human their freedom to act their rational thought and the belief that humans are fundamentally different from other animals The cognitive perspective is an approach that emphasizes mental processes in thinking memory language and other areas of behavior Answer True Page Ref Rationale Cognitive psychology is a modern psychological perspective that focuses on processes such as memory thinking and language Thus much of what cognitive psychologists study are mental processes that are inferred through rigorous experimentation Applied psychology is the study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application Answer False Module Page Ref Rationale This is the description of basic research not applied Applied psychology uses psychological knowledge to address problems and issues across various settings and professions including law education clinical psychology and business organization and management Programs leading to a PsyD are usually designed to prepare a person both as a scientist and as a clinical practitioner Answer False Module Page Ref Rationale Unlike the PhD degree which combines science and practice of psychology the PsyD degree focuses almost exclusively on the practice of psychology Most of the helping professions in psychology require graduate degrees and state licensure or certification Answer True Module Page Ref Rationale While individuals with a bachelor s degree can work in treatment settings on a basic level most mental health jobs in psychology require a graduate degree e g MSW PhD PsyD MD and licensure or certification as approved by individual states Health psychologists are interested in how lifestyle choices and other behaviors combine with genetics and environment to affect physical health Answer True Module Page Ref Rationale Health psychology or behavioral medicine the study of how individual biological and environmental factors affect physical health Only a small percentage of this year s bachelor-level psychology graduates will go on to work in psychological fields Answer True Module Page Ref Rationale Most psychology students who major or minor in psychology end up applying their knowledge in other areas including teaching marketing nursing and business Essay Questions Many non-scientists confuse the terms hypothesis and theory Explain the difference between the two terms and the interaction between hypothesis testing and the construction of theories in the scientific method Page Ref - Answer A good answer will include the following key points A hypothesis is a testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured A theory is an explanation for a broad range of observations that integrates numerous findings into a coherent whole A theory can generate new hypotheses which can lend support for the theory if they are confirmed or lead scientists to revise the theory if they are rejected The scientific method was applied to the study of physics biology and chemistry beginning in the s but it was almost years later before it was used to study the mind Explain why the zeitgeist of Western world in the th century slowed the development of psychological science Page Ref Answer A good answer will include the following key points People in the s were not willing to accept that the mind could be studied with science Applying the scientific method to the mind would imply that the mind followed predictable laws and would blur the lines between the body and the soul At the time most people believed in dualism the idea that the mind or soul was separate from the body and not part of the physical world that the scientific method was designed to study In the th and early th centuries many of the early contributions to psychology were made not by psychologists but by individuals from other professions Identify how each of the following professions areas contributed to the early development of psychology physics evolutionary theory medicine and the social sciences Provide examples of individual contributions for each Page Ref - Answer A good answer will include the following key points Physicists like Gustav Fechner contributed the study of psychophysics and helped to explain how the physical and mental worlds interact Charles Darwin s evolutionary theory helped to explain how different behaviors and traits like physical traits could develop through the process of natural selection Physicians like Broca and Wernicke contributed to our understanding of brain localization Another medical contribution to psychology was from Sigmund Freud who used medical ideas to treat disorders of emotions thought and behavior Social scientists like Francis Galton developed statistical methods for measuring human traits To most people the word psychologist conjures up an image of a therapist listening intently to a client But not all psychologists do clinical work Describe the different professional activities of psychologists Module Page Ref - Answer A good answer will include the following key points Research psychologists typically work at universities corporations in the military and in governmental agencies such as the National Institutes of Health and Mental Health Academic psychologists teach and do research in colleges and universities Psychologists provide mental health services e g clinical and social workers Psychologists conduct research and apply the findings of psychology in nonacademic settings such as business I O psychology law forensic psychology and design human factors psychology The majority of students who study psychology do not go on to become psychologists Analyze the claim that individuals with psychology training could contribute to virtually any field of work Include examples of jobs that require skills and knowledge associated with psychology Module Page Ref Answer A good answer will include the following key points Because of psychology s emphasis on research methods psychology majors often turn out to be excellent problem solvers and critical thinkers Psychology majors learn many principles of human behavior ranging from individual cognition to group dynamics These skills are needed for marketers managers and teachers QUESTIONS FROM THE TEXTBOOK A testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured is referred to as a n a theory b hypothesis c opinion d hunch Answer B A theory or prediction is falsifiable if a it has been proven false b it is impossible to test c there can be evidence for it or against it d if and only if it comes from pseudoscience Answer C How would you apply the biopsychosocial model to a news report claiming that anxiety is caused by being around other people who are anxious a Recognize that the news report considers all portions of the biopsychosocial model b Recognize that psychologists do not regard biological factors when it comes to anxiety c Recognize that the only effective treatment of anxiety must be drug based d Recognize that the news report only considers one portion of the biopsychosocial model Answer D The hypothesis that exercise improves memory ability is a scientific one because a it cannot be confirmed b it cannot be rejected c it makes a specific testable prediction d it can be proven Answer C Someone who exercises curiosity and skepticism about assumptions and beliefs is using a critical thinking b a hypothesis c pseudoscience d the biopsychosocial model Answer A Scientific literacy does not include a gathering knowledge b accepting common sense explanations c critical thinking d applying scientific information to everyday problems Answer B Paul is considering whether to take a cholesterol-reducing medicine that has been recommended by his physician He goes to the library and learns that the government agency that oversees medications the FDA has approved the medication after dozens of studies had been conducted on their usefulness Which aspect of critical thinking does this best represent a Paul has examined the nature and source of the evidence b Paul was simply curious c Paul did not consider alternative viewpoints d Paul was avoiding overly emotional thinking Answer A In philosophical terms a materialist is someone who might believe that a money buys happiness b species evolve through natural selection c personality can be measured by feeling for bumps on the surface of the skull d everything that exists including human beings are composed exclusively of physical matter Answer D According to psychoanalytic theory which of the following would be the most likely explanation for why someone is behaving aggressively a They are acting on evolved survival instincts b There is something going on at the unconscious level that is causing them to behave this way c They are acting out of free will d The environment is determining their behavioral response Answer B Jan believes that all knowledge is acquired through

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