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Introducing Psychology The World of Psychology

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Category: Psychology and Mental Health
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Introducing Psychology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Psychology is best defined as the a. search for the most successful treatment for people with emotional, cognitive, or neurological disorders. b. use of scientific methods to study the elements of human consciousness. c. study of the human experience from birth to old age. d. science of behavior and mental processes. ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 2. Tim is telling his parents about his classes this semester. He tries to explain what his Introductory Psychology class is all about. Tim can best describe psychology as the study of a. disorders and therapies. b. behavior and mental processes. c. motivation and emotion. d. rats in mazes. ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 3. According to the textbook, all psychologists, regardless of their backgrounds or work settings, attempt to a. diagnose and treat mental disorders. b. separate psychology from other scientific disciplines. c. combine sociological and psychiatric constructs. d. apply their knowledge to the service of human welfare. ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 4. If you wanted to choose a book that best described the whole scientific field of psychology, what book title would be most appropriate? a. A Closer Look at Intelligence b. Learning: From Birth to Old Age c. Abnormalities: The Brain Revealed d. Understanding Behavior and Mental Processes ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 5. Veronica's research focuses on optimism and the factors that lead to living a balanced and happy lifestyle. Veronica has dedicated her research to the study of ___________ psychology. a. dialectical b. convergent c. positive d. abnormal ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 6. While relaxing in the park, Dilbert decides to read his new book on the study of positive psychology. This book will primarily focus on a. correlations in which an increase in one factor leads to an increase in another. b. what makes life worth living. c. an individual's strengths, while ignoring any weaknesses. d. what causes people to be similar to one another. ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 7. Roy is tired of learning about mental disorders and stress-related illnesses. He would rather focus on what goes right with people and learn about creativity or self-actualization. You recommend Roy look into the study of __________ psychology. a. positive b. object relation c. intrinsic d. forensic ANS:  A REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 8. Dr. Jamison is conducting a study examining the emotional and behavioral changes that occur during puberty. Dr. Jamison is especially interested in how these changes are associated with changes in hormones. The subfield of psychology Dr. Jamison seems to be interested in is __________ psychology. a. clinical b. personality c. biological d. social ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 2% B: 3% C: 95% D: 1% rpb = .24 9. Dr. Vance is attempting to discover where emotional experience is localized in the brain by using brain imaging technology. Dr. Vance works in the subfield of __________ psychology. a. personality b. educational c. forensic d. biological ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 10. Calisha and Renata are discussing arsonists. Calisha has been reading the work of a __________ psychologist and believes that fire-setting behavior might be linked to hormonal imbalances. Renata has been reading the work of a __________ psychologist and believes that fire-setting is a behavior that is supported by group processes. a. developmental; cognitive b. developmental; social c. biological; cognitive d. biological; social ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 0% B: 0% C: 5% D: 95% rpb = .29 11. Dr. Foust studies the causes and treatment of schizophrenia. Dr. Foust is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist. a. quantitative b. experimental c. clinical d. eclectic ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 0% B: 11% C: 82% D: 7% rpb = .22 12. Martha is a psychologist interested in the treatment of an eating disorder. She focuses on the maladaptive ways in which its sufferers receive and process information about themselves. Martha is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist with a(n) __________ approach. a. school; humanistic b. clinical; cognitive c. personality; cognitive d. clinical; evolutionary ANS:  B , 18 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 1% B: 77% C: 18% D: 3% rpb = .17 13. Cognitive psychologists are primarily interested in a. what makes people unique. b. studying and treating abnormal functioning. c. describing and understanding the changes in behavior and mental processes that occur during a lifetime. d. studying memory, thinking, learning, and other mental processes. ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 1% B: 2% C: 22% D: 75% rpb = .21 14. A cognitive psychologist would be most likely to design a study of a. how people influence each other. b. what processes are involved in decision making. c. which characteristics make humans unique. d. how we can best analyze psychological data. ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 3% B: 91% C: 3% D: 3% rpb = .39 15. Psychologists who focus their research on processes like decision making, problem solving, and imagination would most likely be considered __________ psychologists. a. cognitive b. personality c. social d. industrial and organizational ANS:  A REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 92% B: 5% C: 0% D: 3% rpb = .22 16. Cicely is trying to prevent teenage inner-city boys from joining gangs. She has set up a program in the boys' neighborhood to teach job skills. Cicely is most likely a __________ psychologist. a. clinical b. community c. counseling d. social ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 2% B: 87% C: 1% D: 10% rpb = .23 17. Community psychologists are primarily interested in the __________ of mental illness. a. treatment b. prevention c. observation d. analysis ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 33% B: 41% C: 22% D: 4% rpb = .39 18. A paper entitled “Prevention is the answer: A clinical view” was probably written by a(n) __________ psychologist. a. community b. biological c. social d. experimental/cognitive ANS:  A REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 64% B: 12% C: 10% D: 15% rpb = .30 19. Dr. Bashir meets with clients who are dealing with a range of psychological disorders. He discusses strategies for changing behaviors and thoughts and assists his clients in the process of overcoming their problems. Dr. Bashir most likely works in the __________ subfield of psychology. a. experimental b. cognitive c. personality d. counseling ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 20. Sadia works in an office setting. She meets with patients who suffer from various anxiety disorders. Sadia's group therapy sessions help her patients cope with the distress they experience on a daily basis. Sadia is most likely a __________ psychologist. a. counseling b. biological c. cognitive d. community ANS:  A REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 21. A counseling psychologist is most likely to conduct research on which of the following? a. How cultural factors influence the formation of prejudices b. Genetic and environmental effects on disorders c. The relationship between lack of exercise and health problems d. How improving school programs may lead to the reduction of crime ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 22. Psychologists in which of the following subfields would be most interested in researching changes in human behavioral, emotional, and mental processes over time? a. Social psychology b. Personality psychology c. Cognitive psychology d. Developmental psychology ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 1% B: 3% C: 5% D: 91% rpb = .19 23. Dr. O'Bryan works with children, trying to understand the changes that occur in their play activities as they grow older. Dr. O'Bryan is a(n) __________ psychologist. a. developmental b. educational c. personality d. environmental ANS:  A REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 24. Latoria is interested in the kinds of changes that people go through in old age (sixty-five years or older). This research is most likely to be conducted in what subfield of psychology? a. Biological b. Cognitive c. Personality d. Developmental ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 6% B: 3% C: 3% D: 88% rpb = .49 25. Dr. Cassidy researches how teachers can most effectively teach grammar principles to elementary school students. Dr. Cassidy's research is most appropriate for which subfield of psychology? a. Developmental b. Social c. School d. Educational ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 26. Leon is working with state officials to restructure the curricula in the public school system. His research has suggested certain changes will help to reduce dropout rates while creating a collegial learning environment for students. Leon likely works in the __________ subfield of psychology. a. engineering b. personality c. school d. educational ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 27. Vicki is working as an educational psychologist. Which of the following exemplifies the kind of work Vicki’s job will entail? a. Determining how interior design affects student productivity b. Studying the effectiveness of new learning techniques c. Investigating how personality traits predict behavior d. Diagnosing students with learning disabilities ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 28. The interiors of cars have been redesigned in recent years so that most of the controls can be operated without the hands of the driver leaving the steering wheel. These changes would most likely be made by a(n) __________ psychologist. a. personality b. engineering c. social d. developmental ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 29. A creative team wants to design a web site that users can navigate intuitively and that has a logical flow of information. This team would benefit from the expertise of a(n) __________ psychologist. a. clinical b. community c. engineering d. humanistic ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 30. Maggie is a graduate student in human factors. She is working with a local grocery store to improve their customer service while reducing costs to the consumers. Most likely, Maggie will a. administer personality tests to all of the employees. b. complete a job analysis for each job position to eliminate redundancies. c. find ways to make shopping aisles more colorful and cheery for customers. d. help design a self-checkout system that is intuitive and logical. ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 31. Dr. Branaman's study investigated the relationship between offices with large windows and workers' productivity. Dr. Branaman is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist. a. educational b. counseling c. environmental d. community ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 2% B: 0% C: 89% D: 9% rpb = .11 32. As an environmental psychologist, Fred would be most interested in a. treating psychological disorders. b. creating a more functional workplace. c. how social factors affect a child's development. d. understanding the expression of traits. ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 33. Edward and his team develop architectural designs for university residence halls. The goal of their designs is to promote collaborative learning among students while maintaining a sense of individual privacy and comfort. To ensure his plans will meet his goals, Edward has most likely consulted with a(n) __________ psychologist. a. personality b. environmental c. community d. industrial and organizational ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 34. At the trial, the __________ psychologist testified that the defendant fit the profile for the crime committed. a. social b. forensic c. experimental d. biological ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 35. In her job, Clarisse creates criminal profiles for the FBI and often consults with lawyers during the jury selection process. Clarisse is most likely a __________ psychologist. a. community b. forensic c. personality d. social ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 36. Lola is conducting research on the intersection of psychology and law. Specifically, she wants to know how eyewitness testimony can be affected by the way that police officers and attorneys phrase their questions. Lola is interested in the __________ subfield of psychology. a. clinical b. developmental c. forensic d. cognitive ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 37. Dr. McGufficke's research indicates that twenty minutes of exercise done three times a week positively affects people's emotions as well as their overall fitness. Dr. McGufficke is a(n) __________ psychologist. a. cognitive b. developmental c. health d. industrial and organizational ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 38. Brandi and Dustin are studying how stress and lack of exercise lead to illness. They want to use this information to aid in a campaign for maintaining a balanced lifestyle. Brandi and Dustin are interested in the field of __________ psychology. a. educational b. community c. health d. cognitive ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 39. For the summer, Hailey obtains an assistant position for a research team of health psychologists. The focus of their research will most likely investigate the relationship between a. genetic and environmental influences on major depression. b. coping with cancer and the effect on family relationships. c. resilience and the presence of strong neighborhood communities. d. creativity and the cognitive process that underlie it. ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 40. As an undergraduate psychology major, Carl has developed a strong desire to study behavior and mental processes, in particular human performance. During an internship at a local business, Carl is intrigued with how a manager's interpersonal style can affect the workers' motivation. The field of __________ psychology would be most applicable to Carl's interests. a. personality b. industrial and organizational c. cognitive d. educational ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 41. Tara graduated from college and was hired by a large company to develop training programs to improve the productivity of employees. Tara most likely received her degree in __________ psychology. a. educational b. quantitative c. industrial and organizational d. developmental ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 2% B: 0% C: 89% D: 9% rpb = .11 42. The tasks of a(n) __________ psychologist include improving supervisors' leadership skills, creating maximum-efficiency work groups, and suggesting other research-based programs designed to increase efficiency. a. industrial and organizational b. clinical c. experimental d. developmental ANS:  A REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 92% B: 8% C: 0% D: 0% rpb = .51 43. Whether a person attributes success or failure to external forces (such as luck) or to personal efforts would be of most interest to which subfield of psychology? a. Social b. Personality c. Biological d. Quantitative ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 8% B: 87% C: 1% D: 3% rpb = .27 44. Camara just took a test that attempts to identify people who are likely to be honest and trustworthy employees. Camara's test was most likely created by a __________ psychologist. a. clinical b. developmental c. personality d. cognitive ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 45. A researcher interested in measuring characteristics such as agreeableness or openness to experience would probably be a __________ psychologist. a. developmental b. social c. clinical d. personality ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 46. Chandra has gathered data from several studies investigating the relative effects of heredity and environment on an individual's level of well-being. Chandra uses various statistical methods on the data in hopes of finding significant results. Chandra must be a __________ psychologist. a. quantitative b. human factors c. forensic d. cognitive ANS:  A REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 47. Kwong is interested in the effects of age on people's problem-solving skills. He has pulled together data from ten studies in various psychology subfields. By using statistical tools, Kwong intends to determine whether any patterns can be found in the data. Kwong is most likely a __________ psychologist. a. quantitative b. clinical c. social d. personality ANS:  A REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 48. According to the textbook, the primary goal of a quantitative psychologists is to a. develop statistical methods to overcome the limitations of empiricism. b. define the structure of consciousness by its most basic elements. c. create a functional analysis of behavior. d. analyze data collected by their colleagues. ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 49. Julene is applying to graduate school in psychology. She wants to study ways to test children so they can be placed into learning programs such as special education. Julene should apply to graduate programs that specialize in __________ psychology. a. developmental b. school c. human factors d. cognitive ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 65% B: 24% C: 1% D: 11% rpb = .14 50. Craig works with students at Middlesex High School who are experiencing academic problems. He meets with these students to assess what family and peer factors may be leading to their poor performance. Craig is a __________ psychologist. a. biological b. school c. developmental d. social ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 51. The difference between a school psychologist and an educational psychologist is that a school psychologist a. is more likely to conduct research on effective curricula. b. focuses on how community programs are likely to lead to academic achievement. c. is more directly involved with individual students. d. has little involvement with students’ mental health problems. ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 52. Dr. Bothwell's research finds a correlation between frequency of touching another person during conversations and perceived attractiveness of the person doing the touching. You would most likely find Dr. Bothwell's work reported in a journal that publishes research in __________ psychology. a. biological b. developmental c. personality d. social ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 2% B: 1% C: 14% D: 83% rpb = .20 53. To attempt to discover why some adolescents begin using drugs and alcohol, a social psychologist would most likely study the a. effects of peer pressure and the influence of role models, such as rock or movie stars, on adolescents' decision-making processes. b. internal conflicts and struggles within substance-abusing adolescents. c. chromosomal pattern of substance abusers, in search of a genetic predisposition to substance abuse. d. personality profile of adolescents engaged in substance abuse. ANS:  A REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 93% B: 2% C: 0% D: 55% rpb = .26 KEY: Application 54. “Group decision making: The role of the leader” would be a likely title for a research paper written by a(n) __________ psychologist. a. experimental b. social c. personality d. clinical ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 2% B: 90% C: 5% D: 2% rpb = .23 55. J. B., a tennis player, finds it difficult to concentrate when playing against a higher ranked opponent. Whom should J. B. hire to help him focus his attention? a. A cognitive psychologist b. A sport psychologist c. An environmental psychologist d. A personality psychologist ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 56. A psychologist who wants to know what relaxation techniques improve athletic ability is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist. a. experimental b. biological c. personality d. sport ANS:  D REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 57. According to the textbook, psychology is linked with other disciplines for all the following reasons except a. a common commitment to science. b. common interests in a broad topic. c. that research and theory are applicable across disciplines. d. disagreement within the discipline of psychology. ANS:  D OBJ:  4 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 58. Although psychology contains diverse subfields and approaches, two factors provide unity. One of these factors is that a. psychologists' interests, activities, and values are not unified. b. every psychologist performs research in many subfields of psychology. c. psychologists in every subfield draw on and contribute to knowledge from other subfields. d. psychologists use speculative methods instead of empirical methods. ANS:  C OBJ:  4 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 59. As a biological psychologist, Dr. Arzt often collaborates with his colleagues in the fields of genetics, computer science, and neurophysiology. These researchers from different disciplines all work within the larger field of a. neuroscience. b. psychoneuroimmunology. c. community psychology. d. physiological psychology. ANS:  A OBJ:  5 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 60. The shift from the behaviorism of Watson to the present-day focus on mental processing represents a return to studying A) biological functioning. B) consciousness. C) the influences of the environment. D) the importance of heredity. ANS:  B OBJ:  6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 61. Scientific psychology is empirical because it relies on information from a. research studies. b. deductive reasoning. c. reflection. d. mathematical proofs. ANS:  A OBJ:  6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 80% B: 11% C: 2% D: 6% rpb = .15 62. Doctor Gaga, a psychologist, gathers information using an empirical approach. This means that she a. tries to evaluate a theory. b. gathers and analyzes information about a specific topic. c. tries to reject or accept hypotheses. d. controls or manipulates a variable. ANS:  B OBJ:  6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 63. You are asked to be on a panel of experts investigating the nature of consciousness. While the other experts are content to rely on speculation regarding consciousness, you demand that the evidence be based on experience and observation. Your approach is known as a. functionalism. b. empiricism. c. reductionism. d. rationalism. ANS:  B OBJ:  6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 64. Like all sciences, psychology relies on __________ data to test its predictions. a. introspective b. empirical c. mediational d. hypothetical ANS:  B OBJ:  6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 3% B: 87% C: 1% D: 9% rpb = .31 65. Zorica studies social influences on consumer behavior. Pat researches the effect of chemical imbalances on the onset of depression. Zorica and Pat study different topics and may use different methods, but like the majority of psychologists, they both a. work in more than one subfield. b. emphasize empirical research. c. publish articles on their research. d. engage in speculative research. ANS:  B OBJ:  6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview KEY: Analysis 66. The modern age of psychology began when a. Sigmund Freud first uttered the phrase, “Tell me about your dreams.” b. B. F. Skinner used shaping to teach birds to play ping pong. c. Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig. d. Ivan Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate at the tone of a bell. ANS:  C OBJ:  7 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 67. If you were to study consciousness by having your friends use introspection and report the results to you, your research method would be most similar to that used by a. structuralists. b. functionalists. c. psychoanalysts. d. cognitive psychologists. ANS:  A OBJ:  7 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 61% B: 14% C: 17% D: 9% rpb = .31 68. As a homework assignment, you choose to research the concept of introspection from your psychology textbook. You would first explain that introspection is the a. process of observing your own mental processing. b. scientific study of sensory systems and perceptual processes. c. philosophical view that holds that we are the product of our experiences. d. first therapeutic technique developed by Edward Titchener. ANS:  A OBJ:  7 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 69. Jarrod believes that introspection is the only way to obtain good data. In his research, he is trying to identify the basic components of consciousness. Jarrod's research most closely adheres to the tenets of the __________ school of psychology. a. structuralist b. functionalist c. humanistic d. Gestalt ANS:  A OBJ:  8 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 70. “The whole of conscious experience is not the same as the sum of its parts” is a belief proposed by which view of psychology? a. Gestalt b. Psychodynamic c. Behavioral d. Humanist ANS:  A OBJ:  9 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 71. Cory is holding a bright purple ball. He is attempting to describe in detail the experience of feeling and seeing the ball, as well as reporting any internal reactions that holding the ball creates. Cory is engaging in a. prosopagnosia. b. introspection. c. cognitive fixation. d. subliminal perception. ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 3% B: 78% C: 16% D: 3% rpb = .27 72. Subjects in an experiment are exposed to a stimulus and asked to describe and analyze their experiences. These subjects are engaging in a. affective processing. b. client-centered therapy. c. introspection. d. free association. ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 3% B: 2% C: 86% D: 9% rpb = .29 73. As part of a study, Derek is asked to examine his own mental activity as he describes a dull, orange object. Derek is a. functioning at the preconscious level. b. using a “talk-aloud” protocol. c. engaging in introspection. d. using heuristics. ANS:  C REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 74. A psychologist blindfolds a subject and then places the subject's hand into a dish of water. The psychologist asks the subject to report whether his hand feels colder or warmer than before being placed in the water. Which of the following psychologists was most likely to have conducted this study? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. John B. Watson c. Sigmund Freud d. Abraham Maslow ANS:  A OBJ:  7 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 51% B: 34% C: 2% D: 12% rpb = .24 75. Wundt's approach to psychology is called structuralism because he stressed that a. childhood experiences structure later adult development. b. all conscious experience is built up of complicated combinations of elemental sensations. c. the structure of overt behavior is the only appropriate subject matter for psychology. d. the whole of the structure is different from its elemental parts. ANS:  B OBJ:  7 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 76. Meghan says to Jamal, “Instead of trying to break down consciousness into little pieces, we should look at it from the whole perspective. Like how people experience a full motion movie from thousands of still pictures. That is what's important to know!" Meghan clearly supports the work of __________ psychologists. a. human factors b. Freudian c. developmental d. Gestalt ANS:  D OBJ:  9 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 77. Travis studies consciousness. He asks his subjects to verbally report their thoughts as they are exposed to various visual stimuli. This research method is most like the techniques used by a. structuralists. b. functionalists. c. psychoanalysts. d. cognitive psychologists. ANS:  A REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 78. Pavan decided to try introspection as a way to study mental processes. Which approach to the study of consciousness was he following? a. Behavioral b. Structuralist c. Functionalist d. Biological ANS:  B REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 27% B: 45% C: 18% D: 10% rpb = .33 79. You are marooned on a tropical island with a dangerous criminal. In your suitcase are four books written by psychologists. If you believe that the criminal's behavior was mostly the result of unconscious conflicts within his mind, which author should you choose to best elaborate on this idea? a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. John Watson d. Wilhelm Wundt ANS:  A 0 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 80. William James believed the focus of research should be on how mental images, sensations, and memories come together as a function of experience. Before him, Titchener believed it was important to define the a. process of introspection. b. unconscious motivations for our actions. c. general laws of learning. d. structure of consciousness. ANS:  D OBJ:  8 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 81. Roger and Amanda are attempting to define consciousness. “What is consciousness? What does consciousness consist of?” asks Roger. Amanda says, “I think it would be more helpful to think about the purpose of consciousness. For example, how does it help us adapt to our environment?” Roger takes a __________ approach to defining consciousness, while Amanda takes a __________ approach. a. structuralist; behavioral b. behavioral; structuralist c. functionalist; structuralist d. structuralist; functionalist ANS:  D OBJ:  7,8,11 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 16% B: 1% C: 6% D: 77% rpb = .20 82. Brianna wishes to understand how consciousness helps people to cope with their environment. To study this she observes people and conducts experiments dealing with memory and the changing pattern of images and sensations people experience. She would most likely be classified as a a. structuralist. b. functionalist. c. behaviorist. d. Gestaltist. ANS:  B 1 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 21% B: 33% C: 33% D: 13% rpb = .24 83. The group of psychologists who focused on the whole of consciousness rather than its component parts were the a. structuralists. b. Gestalt psychologists. c. behaviorists. d. functionalists. ANS:  B OBJ:  9 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 84. The chapter in your textbook on consciousness would be of least interest to someone advocating a. functionalism. b. behaviorism. c. cognitive psychology. d. structuralism. ANS:  B 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 85. Greg believes that conscious experience (what people think and feel) cannot be studied scientifically. Which approach to consciousness does Greg represent? a. Behavioral b. Functionalist c. Structuralist d. Nihilist ANS:  A 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 51% B: 20% C: 21% D: 8% rpb = .31 86. “Anything that cannot be observed and measured directly is not worth studying.” Which psychologists are most likely to agree with this statement? a. Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson b. John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner c. William James and Wilhelm Wundt d. Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg ANS:  B 2, 13 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 4% B: 61% C: 26% D: 9% rpb = .29 87. Functional analysis of behavior was developed by B.F. Skinner to understand how punishment and reward a. shape and maintain behavior. b. create a whole that is more than the sum of their parts. c. underlie the study of structuralism. d. occur outside of conscious awareness. ANS:  A 3 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 88. To understand why a problem child behaves as she does, Dr. Saldeen maps out the details of how rewards and punishments shape, maintain, and change the child's behavior. Dr. Saldeen is performing __________ of behavior. a. psychoanalysis b. sociobiological analysis c. adaptive analysis d. functional analysis ANS:  D 3 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 89. In attempting to explain behavior, B. F. Skinner focused on a. internal motivational variables. b. self-image. c. childhood experiences. d. environmental stimuli. ANS:  D 3 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview 90. Within a scientific discipline, the focus of investigation is often cyclical in nature. In psychology, the cycle is represented by an emphasis on the study of __________ in the 1880s and on the study of __________ in the 1980s. a. overt behavior; physiological reactions b. conscious experience; cognitive processes c. perception; sensation d. consciousness; overt behavior ANS:  B OBJ:  7,8,18 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/The World of Psychology: An Overview Test Item Analysis:  A: 21% B: 67% C: 2% D: 10% rpb = .21 91. During lunch Tara says, “I am reading this book called On the Origin of Species, and the author has some really bizarre ideas about why we think and act as we do.” Thom replies, “Yeah, I read that book. It was written by Charles Darwin. I liked the discussion on a. functionalism.” b. structuralism.” c. introspection.” d. natural selection.” ANS:  D 5 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 92. Debi notices that her seven-year-old daughter often gives wrong answers before giving the right answers when playing word games. Debi suspects her daughter does this for several reasons; her brain is still forming, she has learned it will earn her attention, and her problem-solving skills are ever-changing. Debi's explanation reflects a(n) __________ approach to psychology. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic d. eclectic ANS:  D 4, 17, 18 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 93. Ogun was constantly fearful and tense. He went to a psychiatrist to receive treatment. Although Ogun expected to talk his problems over with the psychiatrist, the doctor talked only briefly to Ogun and prescribed a pill to help him relax. The doctor was treating Ogun with a __________ approach. a. biological b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. cognitive ANS:  A 4 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 91% B: 9% C: 0% D: 0% rpb = .23 94. Erick is a psychologist who depends on methods and strategies from more than one discipline of psychology. In other words, Erick takes an __________ approach to the study of psychology. a. empirical b. evolutionary c. environmental d. eclectic ANS:  D 4, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 95. Sharya believes that people's patterns of thoughts and judgments motivate them to behave in certain ways. Sharya's views are most consistent with the __________ approach to psychology. a. psychodynamic b. evolutionary c. cognitive d. behavioral ANS:  C 8 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 5% B: 1% C: 82% D: 12% rpb = .19 96. A philosopher who claims that "life is directed by one's thoughts" would be stating a position most consistent with the __________ approach to psychology. a. humanistic b. evolutionary c. cognitive d. behavioral ANS:  C 8 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 97. Jorie thinks that the attention her little brother gets when he has tantrums actually encourages him to have more tantrums. Jorie's explanation is based on a __________ approach. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic d. behavioral ANS:  D 7 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 3% B: 3% C: 4% D: 89% rpb = .16 98. If asked, Dr. Rowan would say that she most closely follows the humanistic approach to psychology. However, she would then go on to say that she often adopts attractive features of other approaches as well. Dr. Rowan's approach is called a. nomothetic. b. psychosomatic. c. eclectic. d. idiographic. ANS:  C 4, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 99. Aaron believes that drug abuse occurs because abusers produce more of certain brain chemicals and because they perceive drugs to be their salvation. Aaron advocates which two approaches in psychology? a. Psychodynamic and cognitive b. Behavioral and biological c. Behavioral and cognitive d. Biological and humanistic ANS:  D 4, 19 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 2% B: 26% C: 2% D: 70% rpb = .20 100. Six-year-old Jean hits another child and steals the child's lunch money. A psychologist who takes a psychodynamic approach would suggest that Jean a. learned that hitting someone would result in a reward. b. has an unconscious drive for aggression, causing her to act out. c. asserted herself, an example of bettering herself as a person. d. hit the child for food, an adaptive mechanism to survive. ANS:  B 6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 15% B: 79% C: 5% D: 1% rpb = .40 101. Adzure and Anton are identical twins, each born with a special ability. Adzure is able to dispense two aspirin from the bottle without any difficulty. Anton is able to find mates—easily and often. According to natural selection, if all other attributes are equal, who is more likely to survive, and why? a. Adzure; his ability is an example of a positive fixed action pattern. b. Anton; his ability will increase his opportunities to pass on his genes. c. Adzure; his ability will decrease his chances of falling ill. d. Neither will be more or less likely to survive. ANS:  B 5 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 102. Your friend claims that altruism, cooperation, aggression, and other social behaviors increase the chances of human survival and are genetically encoded and passed on from generation to generation. Your friend is supporting a. psychoneuroimmunology. b. psychobiology. c. sociopsychology. d. the evolutionary approach. ANS:  D 5 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 103. In research on depression, Dr. Calhoun has subjects keep track of their negative and pessimistic thoughts so those thoughts can be examined to determine how realistic they actually are. Dr. Calhoun is using a(n) __________ approach. a. humanistic b. psychodynamic c. cognitive d. eclectic ANS: C OBJ:  6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 104. Barry is looking for a journal article on childhood resilience that supports the biological approach to psychology. Which of the following keywords will aid Barry in his search? a. Environment b. Genetic influence c. Overt behavior d. Cognition ANS:  B 4 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 105. Hank the hummingbird has been isolated since birth. When he is released into the company of an attractive female hummingbird, he almost immediately begins the courtship ritual. Hank's behavior shows that a. sociobiology is not supported, since Hank had no social experiences before being released. b. fixed action patterns have a strong learned component. c. you can't keep a good hummingbird down. d. species-specific behaviors are unlearned, inherited patterns. ANS:  D 4 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 106. Overuse of antibiotics may be responsible for the production of drug-resistant bacteria. This illustrates natural selection because a. bacteria that are genetically resistant to the antibiotics, perhaps because of mutation, are freed from competition and reproduce more. b. nonresistant bacteria lose their fixed action patterns. c. resistant bacteria are better suited to survive. d. resistant bacteria have acquired a fixed action pattern. ANS:  C 5 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology KEY: Analysis 107. Dr. Allera studies how brain activity is related to depressed and anxious behavior in college students. Dr. Allera probably takes the __________ approach to psychology. a. behavioral b. psychodynamic c. cognitive d. biological ANS:  D 4 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 13% B: 6% C: 19% D: 62% rpb = .34 108. A psychologist with a humanistic approach would state that behavior is driven by a. choices. b. instincts. c. genetics. d. rewards. ANS:  A 9 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 109. Keith believes that his behavior reflects his unconscious struggles to satisfy his desires for sex and food and the need to abide by the restrictions of society. His roommate thinks his behavior reflects an excessive amount of hormones. Keith's approach regarding his behavior is __________, and his roommate has a(n) __________ approach. a. biological; biological b. evolutionary; psychodynamic c. psychodynamic; biological d. psychodynamic; evolutionary ANS:  C 4, 16 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 1% B: 1% C: 97% D: 2% rpb = .30 110. Teniel is a clinical psychologist who is studying alcoholism. She believes that alcoholism is caused by several factors, including genetics, unconscious conflicts, learned coping behaviors, and maladaptive thought patterns. Teniel is most likely following a(n) __________ approach to psychology. a. eclectic b. humanistic c. cognitive d. biological ANS:  A 4, 16, 17, 18 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 111. Achmed claims that men are more aggressive than women because in the past, being aggressive increased men's reproductive chances. Clarisse argues that this difference is a result of men being rewarded and women being punished for being aggressive. Achmed is taking the __________ approach, while Clarisse is taking the __________ approach to understanding aggressiveness. a. evolutionary; behavioral b. behavioral; biological c. humanistic; biological d. biological; behavioral ANS:  A 5, 17 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 86% B: 0% C: 0% D: 13% rpb = .27 112. Researchers have found that infants may have an innate ability to respond to faces. These researchers suggest that an interest in human faces may have developed because it helps newborns focus on their only source of food and care. These researchers are most likely following a(n) __________ approach. a. behavioral b. evolutionary c. cognitive d. biological ANS:  B 5 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 113. Professor Xidis claims females tolerate infidelity by their spouses more than males do because males have to make sure they're not committing their resources to raising another male's offspring. Professor Xidis is probably taking the __________ approach to psychology. a. behavioral b. evolutionary c. humanistic d. psychodynamic ANS:  B 5 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 114. Sabina is having problems with chronic anxiety. She goes to a psychiatrist who tells her that she needs medication to reduce her anxiety. Which approach to psychology does Sabina's psychiatrist take? a. Psychodynamic b. Biological c. Humanist d. Behavioral ANS:  B 4 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 115. When looking at his newborn son, Justin says to his wife, Natalie, “Just think. He is a totally blank slate. We will shape him with our rewards and punishments.” Natalie says, “No, he was born innately good. All we need to do is to help him fulfill his growth potential.” Justin has a(n) __________ approach, while Natalie has a(n) __________ approach. a. psychodynamic; evolutionary b. behaviorist; humanistic c. evolutionary; psychodynamic d. humanistic; behaviorist ANS:  B 7, 19 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 116. Jon has a fear of flying. His therapist has him imagine himself in a relaxing state while he thinks about flying. She also helps Jon to understand the unconscious conflicts that underlie his fear. Jon's therapist is most likely following a(n) __________ approach to psychology. a. eclectic b. humanistic c. cognitive d. biological ANS:  A 6, 17, 18 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 117. Rashma teaches a Parent Training Workshop, and she advocates that parents get to know the uniqueness of their children. She stresses that we can't see children's points of view because we don't know how they perceive the world and that children are innately good and working toward self-fulfillment. Rashma most likely identifies with the __________ approach to psychology. a. behavioral b. cognitive c. psychoanalytic d. humanistic ANS:  D 9 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 9% B: 11% C: 4% D: 77% rpb = .14 118. You firmly believe that learning from the environment is a more important influence on behavior than genetic influences. You would be most skeptical of the claims of a. the evolutionary approach. b. humanistic psychology. c. cognitive-behavioral research. d. psychoanalysis. ANS:  A 5 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 44% B: 24% C: 18% D: 13% rpb = .32 119. A psychologist following the __________ approach is most likely to believe that an unconscious struggle concerning repressed sexual urges is affecting his or her patient's mental processes. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. behavioral d. humanistic ANS:  A 6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 91% B: 2% C: 5% D: 2% rpb = .35 120. Tomeka is a clinical psychologist who specializes in working with clients who have phobias. One of the basic assumptions she makes about people's fears of spiders and snakes is that such fears can be adaptive, since spiders and snakes are sometimes dangerous. Tomeka's assumption best fits the __________ approach to psychology. a. humanistic b. evolutionary c. psychodynamic d. cognitive ANS:  B 5 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 11% B: 54% C: 13% D: 23% rpb = .40 121. Dr. Butterfield is a psychologist who believes that our choices are dictated not by our instincts but by our unique perceptions of the world. Dr. Butterfield takes a __________ approach in her practice. a. psychodynamic b. humanistic c. behavioral d. cognitive ANS:  B 9 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 2% B: 66% C: 5% D: 26% rpb = .10 122. Rosa believes therapy that helps a person resolve unconscious conflicts will greatly reduce abnormal or problematic behavior. Rosa is taking which psychological approach? a. Biological b. Behavioral c. Psychodynamic d. Cognitive ANS:  C 6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 0% B: 15% C: 70% D: 15% rpb = .27 123. Jami says to her therapist, Len, “I really want to understand myself better. That is why I am in therapy.” Len replies, “Then we will have to start digging in your past and understanding all of the unconscious motives that cause you to be who you are.” Len probably takes a(n) __________ approach to psychology. a. evolutionary b. psychodynamic c. humanistic d. cognitive ANS:  B 6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 12% B: 67% C: 12% D: 9% rpb = .43 124. Jacqueline is having difficulties with relationships. Her psychotherapist tells her that the goal of her therapy sessions will be to try to uncover unconscious conflicts she has about her relationships. Jacqueline's therapist most likely takes the __________ approach to psychology. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. behavioral d. relational ANS:  A 6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 73% B: 11% C: 13% D: 2% rpb = .50 125. A guest at a party says that the psychodynamic and behavioral approaches to psychology are quite similar. You disagree and say the behavioral approach stresses __________ while the psychodynamic model emphasizes __________ a. covert behavior; mental processes b. overt behavior; unconscious conflicts c. learning; introspection d. conscious experience; personality ANS:  B 6, 17 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 3% B: 64% C: 24% D: 9% rpb = .62 126. Dr. Mueller is interested in studying eating disorders. Her hypothesis is that abnormal eating behavior is learned through previous successes and failures with restrictive diet programs. She most likely follows which school of psychological thought? a. Behavioral b. Psychodynamic c. Developmental d. Biological ANS:  A 7 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 72% B: 8% C: 18% D: 2% rpb = .28 127. Sue wants to quit smoking, but she cannot seem to kick the addiction. A psychologist who takes a __________ approach might tell Sue that she keeps smoking because her brain is chemically dependent on the drug. a. psychodynamic b. humanistic c. biological d. behavioral ANS:  C 4 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 128. Which approach to psychology emphasizes decision making, problem solving, and information processing? a. Humanist b. Evolutionary c. Cognitive d. Behavioral ANS:  C 8 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 129. Mark is trying to teach his dog to sit at his command. To do this, he rewards the dog with a biscuit only if the dog obeys when Mark says “Sit!” Mark is following the __________ approach to psychology. a. behavioral b. psychodynamic c. cognitive d. eclectic ANS:  A 7 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 86% B: 3% C: 8% D: 3% rpb = .35 130. Dr. Dare works with children who are truant from school. When students attend class, she gives them tokens to be redeemed for candy at the end of the day. Dr. Dare is using the __________ approach. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. humanistic ANS:  B 7 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 5% B: 78% C: 5% D: 11% rpb = .29 131. Tom just read an article in the newspaper reporting new research on the link between genes and hostility. The researchers were most likely to have adopted the __________ approach in their research. a. biological b. psychodynamic c. cognitive d. behavioral ANS:  A 4 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 132. Brad was having difficulty finding time to study. He went to a counselor and they talked about Brad's perceptions of his study habits. The counselor emphasized that it was Brad's decision about whether and when to study. She stressed that Brad was a resourceful person and would be able to solve his study problem. Brad's counselor was demonstrating the __________ approach. a. behavioral b. psychodynamic c. developmental d. humanistic ANS:  D 9 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 10% B: 10% C: 8% D: 72% rpb = .29 133. A psychologist whose primary research interest is in studying the relationship between mental information processing and overt behavior would most likely be associated with which approach to psychology? a. Psychophysiological b. Psychodynamic c. Behavioral d. Cognitive ANS:  D 8 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 21% B: 11% C: 35% D: 33% rpb = .26 134. According to the humanistic approach to psychology, a person's behavior is determined by a. instincts or biological urges. b. rewards and punishments. c. unique and individual perceptions of the world. d. how information is stored, retrieved, and processed by the brain. ANS:  C 9 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 8% B: 14% C: 78% D: 1% rpb = .26 135. Clyde is conducting a study on drug abuse. “People abuse drugs to deal with internal conflicts between their own instincts on how to behave versus the social rules of behavior,” Clyde says. Most likely, Clyde follows the __________ approach to psychology. a. biological b. humanistic c. cognitive d. psychodynamic ANS:  D 6 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 1% B: 23% C: 5% D: 70% rpb = .36 136. Dr. Strack believes that depression is primarily due to how people think about themselves and what people tell themselves about any given situation. Dr. Strack supports the __________ approach. a. psychodynamic b. eclectic c. biological d. cognitive ANS:  D 8 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 44% B: 2% C: 7% D: 47% rpb = .22 137. José is interested in using computers to model how people process information when making decisions about employee performance. José follows the __________ approach in psychology. a. behavioral b. psychodynamic c. humanistic d. cognitive ANS:  D 8 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 8% B: 6% C: 8% D: 78% rpb = .32 138. When Sam meets with his psychologist, she explains that Sam has the ability to reach his full potential by understanding how his perceptions guide his actions. Which approach is Sam's psychologist taking? a. Psychodynamic b. Cognitive c. Humanistic d. Evolutionary ANS:  C 9 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology 139. Carla is a psychologist who studies the mental processes of people as they are presented information about new policies for environmental conservation. She studies how the new information is taken in, how it is processed, and how it changes people's perceptions of conservation methods. Carla most likely takes the __________ approach to psychology. a. biological b. behavioral c. psychodynamic d. cognitive ANS:  D 8 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 5% B: 7% C: 7% D: 80% rpb = .53 140. A commercial tells Mary to “Be all that you can be!” This statement most closely mirrors the philosophy of the __________ approach. a. humanistic b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. cognitive ANS:  A 9 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 78% B: 8% C: 11% D: 3% rpb = .39 141. You are looking for a psychologist to help you cope with your depression. Dr. Joellet explains that your depression is the result of norepinephrine imbalances in your brain. Dr. Graham tells you that your depression is due to your thinking negative thoughts. Dr. Turnquet explains that since you enjoy watching TV and spend more time watching TV when you are depressed, you will continue being depressed. Dr. Joellet is using the __________ approach, Dr. Graham is using the __________ approach, and Dr. Turnquet is using the __________ approach. a. biological; psychodynamic; cognitive b. biological; cognitive; behavioral c. biological; behavioral; psychodynamic d. behavioral; cognitive; psychodynamic ANS:  B 4, 17, 18 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Approaches to the Science of Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 9% B: 84% C: 6% D: 1% rpb = .22 142. An industrial and organizational psychologist doing cross-cultural work finds that in Country Alam the workers have the highest job satisfaction when they are rewarded for accomplishing more and better-quality work than their co-workers. Country Alam probably has a(n) __________ culture. a. individualist b. communist c. collectivist d. democratic ANS:  A 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 91% B: 1% C: 6% D: 2% rpb = .29 143. Which of the following beliefs would a collectivist society support? a. Personal effort leads to success. b. Restraining one's self to be part of a social unit is good. c. Multiple values such as realizing one's personal potential, meeting personal obligations to others, and identifying with one's cultural heritage are important. d. Self-esteem is a direct function of one's ability to express unique aspects of one's self to others. ANS:  B 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 2% B: 69% C: 28% D: 1% rpb = .36 144. LaTasha works for a multinational corporation. She must report to executives from a collectivist culture about the status of a project conducted by her group. To communicate in the most appropriate way to these executives, she should say: a. “The group is performing well together.” b. “I have done well in my management.” c. “I worked hard to maintain unity in the group.” d. All of the above ANS:  A 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 91% B: 0% C: 3% D: 6%r rpb = .25 145. A person from a collectivist culture just made a big play in a sporting event that allowed that person's team to win. What behavior will that person most likely perform after the win? a. Shouting “I'm number one!” b. Emphasizing the work of the whole team c. Celebrating victory alone d. Bragging to a reporter that she is the most valuable player ANS:  B 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 0% B: 99% C: 0% D: 0% rpb = .18 146. An advertising campaign aimed at getting consumers to buy a product because it will make them different from others would probably be most successful in __________ cultures. a. culturalist b. individualist c. collectivist d. communist ANS:  B 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 1% B: 95% C: 3% D: 1% rpb = .22 147. When Allison's father passed away, Allison decided that her mother should come to live with her. Jameson's father also passed away, but he decided that his mother should live in a nursing home. Based only on this information, Allison is probably from a(n) __________ culture and Jameson is probably from a(n) __________ culture. a. multicultural; individualist b. collectivist; multicultural c. collectivist; individualist d. individualist; collectivist ANS:  C 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 2% B: 0% C: 90% D: 7% rpb = .20 148. Elvira has to decide between two jobs, one in Alaska and one in Hawaii. The job in Alaska would require her to give up her own goal of living in a warmer climate, but it would honor her family's preference that she live near them. Elvira will be most likely to accept the job in Alaska if she identifies with the values of a(n) __________ culture. a. collectivist b. individualistic c. ethnocentric d. gynocentric ANS:  A 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 72% B: 2% C: 15% D: 11% rpb = .27 149. Rod believes that some college students are independent go-getters and that other college students are more dependent on family approval than on personal achievement. The former group seems to hold __________ values whereas the latter group holds __________ values. a. collectivist; individualist b. individualist; collectivist c. evolutionary; social d. social; evolutionary ANS:  B 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 0% B: 95% C: 5% D: 0% rpb = .21 150. Which of the following is not a sociocultural factor in human behavior? a. Smile recognition b. Gender c. Ethnicity d. Social class ANS:  A 1 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology 151. For which of the following research questions would it be least important to consider sociocultural variables? a. How do intimate relationships develop? b. What factors influence parenting style? c. Do people instinctually follow rules for social interaction? d. What factors influence the length of time allowed for grieving the death of a loved one? ANS:  C 1 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology 152. Ben believes very strongly in being competitive and doing what is necessary for his own goals. He sees himself as being an important business leader one day. Ben is most likely a(n) a. individualist. b. collectivist. c. separatist. d. pragmatist. ANS:  A 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology 153. Kari wants to win and gets upset when she loses in sports. She also tries not to wear the same types of clothes that other people wear. Despite her attempts to be unique, she often feels lonely. Kari is most likely from a(n) __________ culture. a. individualist b. collectivist c. multicultural d. subcultural ANS:  A 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 86% B: 12% C: 1% D: 2% rpb = .43 154. Jack believes that his success in math is based on hard work, but he believes his difficulties in history are based on an unfair professor. Jack is likely from a(n) __________ culture. a. collectivist b. altruistic c. competitive d. individualist ANS:  D 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 6% B: 11% C: 9% D: 74% rpb = .32 155. Randy is a great football player who would rather be named the most valuable player of the league than have his team win a particular football game. Randy is likely from a(n) __________ culture. a. collectivist b. altruistic c. competitive d. individualist ANS:  D 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 1% B: 1% C: 1% D: 97% rpb = .09 156. Although Kwan Li loves his family and friends, he believes that his own beliefs and dreams are the most important things determining his future. He is willing to compete with others to realize his potential. Kwan Li has most likely been socialized in a(n) __________ culture. a. individualist b. collectivist c. idiocentric d. allocentric ANS:  A 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 94% B: 2% C: 4% D: 0% rpb = .27 157. The old saying that “the nail that stands up gets pounded down” most likely developed in __________ cultures. a. democratic b. individualist c. collectivist d. traditional ANS:  C 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology 158. Which of the following would be spoken by a member of a collectivist culture? a. “I must win the game.” b. “I must rely on myself.” c. “I must make my family proud.” d. “I must score higher than my classmates on this test.” ANS:  C 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology 159. Your friend Isha never complains about being lonely but often expresses her worries about being rejected by the group of people she associates with. Her attitudes are typical of someone raised in a(n) __________ country. a. monocultural b. collectivist c. multicultural d. individualist ANS:  B 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology 160. The song lyric, “I am a rock; I am an island” is similar to the attitudes of people from a(n) __________ culture. a. individualist b. collectivist c. multiple d. diverse ANS:  A 2 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology Test Item Analysis:  A: 87% B: 13% C: 0% D: 0% rpb = .15 161. Italian Americans living in New York could be said to represent a __________ within the __________ United States. a. subculture; collectivist b. cross-culture; individualist c. subculture; multicultural d. individualist culture; collectivist ANS:  C 3 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology 162. At MacCutcheon University, Dr. West is studying how factors such as gender, ethnicity, and social class affect the attitudes of domestic students toward international students. This research is focusing on __________ variables. a. collectivist b. sociobiological c. sociocultural d. individualist ANS:  C 1 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology 163. For her dissertation, Anupama would like to study the effects of culture on driving behavior. She would like to conduct the study in the United States and in India. However, she is advised to be careful with her study because both countries are comprised of many different subcultures. In other words, both of these countries are a. multicultural. b. randomly sampled cultures. c. individualistic cultures. d. collectivistic cultures. ANS:  A 3 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology 164. Dr. Tingley is investigating the question of how negotiators from different countries react to threats during the negotiation process. Dr. Tingley is engaged in __________ research. a. cross-cultural b. monocultural c. subcultural d. sociological ANS:  A 3 REF: Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology/Human Diversity and Psychology ESSAY 1. Congratulations! You have been hired to teach psychology at the university. During the first week of classes, a student stops by your office and tells you, “I'm thinking of becoming a psychology major, but I don't think I want to be a therapist. What else can I do with a psychology degree?” Briefly summarize four of the many options available. ANS:   There are many options besides going into the clinical subfield and becoming a therapist. Those options include: Development psychologists examine the changes that occur as we age. As a developmental psychologist, you would study the entire lifespan, from infants to the elderly. Social psychologists research how people affect one another. A social psychologist may examine an advertising strategy, the development of prejudices, or the impact of peer pressure. Industrial and organizational psychologists can work as consultants, helping businesses understand the needs, motivations, and stressors affecting their employees. Productivity and worker satisfaction would be major areas of interest. Educational psychologists research effective teaching and student learning. An educational psychologist would study the impact of lectures versus discussions as well as effectiveness group activities versus individual projects. 2. Imagine you are watching the news with four psychologists, each of whom takes a different approach to psychology (biological, behavioral, psychodynamic, cognitive). After the lead story ends, you ask, “What would make someone do something horrible and violent like that?” How would each psychologist respond to your question? ANS:   The biological psychologist: “The violent behavior is most likely the result of a hormonal imbalance. It's also possible that the person inherited genes that may give the person violent tendencies.” The behavioral psychologist: “The person learned to be violent. The person most likely grew up in an environment where violence was common or an environment where violence typically resulted in people getting what they wanted.” The psychodynamic psychologist: “We all have violent urges buried deep in our minds. This individual's internal conflicts were so great that the urges could not be kept unconscious.” The cognitive psychologist: “The individual most likely perceived a threat, determined the cause of the threat, and then decided that the violent response was the appropriate solution to resolve the threatening situation.” 3. Pick two countries with different cultures, one an individualist and the other a collectivist. Compare and contrast these cultures on at least three variables. ANS: Variable Individualist Collectivist Personal identity Separate from others Connected to others Major goals Self-defined: be unique; realize your potential; compete with others Defined by others: belong; occupy your proper place; meet your obligations to others; be like others Criteria for self-esteem Ability to express unique aspects of the self; be self-assured Ability to restrain the self and be part of a social unit; be self-effacing Sources of success and failure Success comes from personal effort; failure from external factors Success due to help from others; failure due to personal faults Major frame of reference Personal attitudes, traits, and goals Family, work group

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