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LSAT Logical Reasoning Test 01.docx

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LSAT Logical Reasoning Test 01 TEST 1 SECTION I Time 35 minutes 25 Questions Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 1. Mr. West: Well, Ms. Smith, by how much do you plan to increase your donation to the cultural society this year? You know how many worthwhile projects we do. Ms. Smith: I’m not so sure of that. I was very upset about the statue you purchased last month. I think I’ll give no more money to your cause. Mr. West: That’s all right: we’ll just put you down for the same amount that you gave last year. Which one of the following words or phrases has been misinterpreted in the conversation? (A) “increase” (B) “you know” (C) “worthwhile” (D) “no more”?D? (E) “same amount” 2. Handwriting analysis—also known as graphology—is a poor way to predict personality types, even though it is used by 3,000 United States firms and by a majority of European companies. In a recent study, five graphologists scored no better than chance in predicting the occupations of forty professionals. Which one of the following is an assumption necessary to the argument? (A) People in the same occupation usually do not have the same personality type. (B) Graphology is an effective means of predicting personality types in non-business contexts. (C) There are more United States firms that do not use graphology than all the United States and European firms that do use it. (D) There are several other techniques for predicting personality types that are more accurate than graphology.?E? (E) There is a correspondence between type of personality and choice of occupation. Questions 3-4 The simple facts are these: the number of people killed each year by grizzly bears is about the same as the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses. And the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses each year is about the same as the number of people electrocuted by electric blenders. All the horrible myths and gruesome stories aside, therefore, a grizzly bear is in fact about as dangerous as an electric blender or a game of golf. 3. Which one of the following is an assumption that the author relies upon in the passage? (A) Most incidents involving grizzly bears are fatal. (B) Grizzly bears are no longer the danger they once were. (C) The number of fatalities per year is an adequate indication of something’s dangerousness. (D) A golf course is a particularly dangerous place to be in a thunderstorm.?C? (E) Something is dangerous only if it results in death in the majority of cases. 4. Which one of the following, if true, would most effectively undermine the author’s argument? (A) Although the number of people killed by lightning on golf courses each year is very small, the total number of lightning fatalities is many times greater. (B) Electric blenders are among the safest household appliances; were the author to compare fatalities from electrical appliances in general, she would get a much higher figure. (C) Most people would rather take their chances with blenders and golf games than with grizzly bears. (D) Bears in general—including black, brown, and cinnamon bears, as well as grizzly bears—kill many more people than do electric blenders.?E? (E) Statistics show that the number of times people use electric blenders each year exceeds the number of times people play golf each year, which in turn far exceeds the number of contacts people have with grizzly bears each year. 5. Emperor: The enemy empire across the sea has harassed us for centuries. I want to conquer it and stop it once and for all. What advice can you give me? Admiral: If you cross the sea, a mighty empire will fall. Emperor: In that case, prepare the troops. We set sail tonight. Of the following, the strongest criticism of the Emperor’s decision to invade would be that it (A) is certain to lead to the emperor’s defeat (B) is based on opinion rather than objective facts about troop strength (C) contradicts the Admiral’s statement (D) fails to consider fully the possible meanings of the Admiral’s advice?D? (E) is a futile strategy for solving the problem at hand 6. No senator spoke at the convention unless he or she was a Democrat. No Democrat both spoke at the convention and was a senator. Which one of the following conclusions can be correctly drawn from the statements above? (A) No one but senators spoke at the convention. (B) No Democrat spoke at the convention. (C) Only Democrats spoke at the convention. (D) No senator spoke at the convention.?D? (E) Some Democrat senators spoke at the convention. 7. If Sarah were a concert pianist for a major orchestra, she would be famous. She is not a concert pianist since she is not famous. The conclusion above is unsound because the author does not consider that (A) Sarah could be a famous actress. (B) Sarah could be a harpist for a major orchestra. (C) Sarah could be a pianist with a rock group. (D) Sarah could be a concert pianist with a minor orchestra.?D? (E) Sarah could be famous for another reason. 8. Neuroscientists are making progress in discovering more about the cause of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease patients suffer from dementia and sever memory loss. Autopsies performed on such patients have revealed the presence of brain lesions caused by abnormal protein deposits. Similar deposits are also found in the brains of elderly patients who do not suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. It follows that everyone who lives long enough will eventually develop Alzheimer’s disease. Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion that everyone who lives long enough will eventually develop Alzheimer’s disease? (A) The lesions found in the brains of non-Alzheimer’s disease patients are far less extensive than those found in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients. (B) The developing brain produces a greater number of cells than it will ever use. The extra cells are later destroyed by what biologists call “programmed cell death.” (C) The procedure that allows scientists to discover the presence of protein deposits during an autopsy is not yet refined enough to ensure detection of the lesions in all patients. (D) Autopsies have shown that some people lack the chemical necessary for protein deposits to cause brain lesions.?D? (E) Though most Alzheimer’s disease patients develop the disease when they are in their late fifties to early seventies, the frequency of patients who develop the disease in their forties is on the rise. 9. Free public education is the best form of education there is. Therefore, we must fight to ensure its continued existence; that is, we must be ready to defend the principle of equality of educational opportunity. Because this principle is we worth defending, it is clear that free public education is better than any other form of education. Which one of the following illustrates the same weak reasoning as found in the passage? (A) I love music, and that’s why I listen to it constantly. I have my stereo or radio on every waking minute. Since I play music all the time, I must really love it. (B) Books are my most valuable possessions. My books are like my friends—each pleases me in different ways. Just as I would give up everything to save my friends, so too with my books. (C) I would much rather be poor and respected than be rich and despised. To have the respect of others is far more valuable than to have millions of dollars. (D) I have never been betrayed by any of my friends. They have been true to me through good times and bad. Therefore I will never betray any of my friends.?A? (E) Because every plant I have ever seen has green leaves, I have concluded that all plants must have green leaves. This looks like a plant but it does not have green leaves, so it cannot be a plant. 10. Some people say that the scarcity of food is a function of the finite limits of the earth’s resources, coupled with a relentless rate of population growth. This analysis fails to recognize, however, that much of the world’s agricultural resources are used to feed livestock instead of people. In the United States, for example, almost one-half of the agricultural acreage is devoted to crops fed to livestock. A steer reduces twenty-one pounds of inexpensive grain to one pound of expensive meat. Thus, the scarcity of food is not merely a function of limited resources and population growth. Which one of the following is an assumption that would allow the conclusion in the argument to be properly drawn? (A) People prefer eating meat to eating grain. (B) Meat is twenty-one times more expensive than grain. (C) The limits of the earth’s agricultural resources are not finite. (D) More than one-half of the agricultural acreage in the United States is devoted to crops fed to humans.?E? (E) Growing crops for human consumption on the acreage currently devoted to crops for livestock will yield more food for more people. 11. Hanifah: A recent survey shows that there are fewer people who drive only on weekends than there are people who drive to work each weekday. As a result, weekend-only drives are involved in fewer accidents. Therefore, insurance rates should be adjusted so that rates would be significantly higher for the regular commuters. Katsu: I can’t agree with your conclusion. The same study also showed that, although weekend-only drives are involved in fewer accidents, when considered on the basis of accidents-per-mile-driven their records are worse than those of regular commuters. Therefore, insurance rates should be adjusted to increase the rates of weekend-only drivers over those of regular commuters. In the conversation above, Katsu does which one of the following? (A) Katsu disagrees with each of the premises of the argument that Hanifah offers. (B) Katsu cites additional evidence stating that weekend-only drivers are actually involved in a greater number of accidents than regular commuters. (C) Katsu accuses Hanifah of using inaccurate statistical information. (D) Katsu proves that Hanifah didn’t read the entire report that was cited.?E? (E) Katsu disagrees with Hanifah over how accident records are to be evaluated for insurance rates. 12. If Country X does not intervene militarily in Country Y, then the whole region will definitely fall under enemy influence. It most logically follows from the statement above that, if Country X does intervene militarily in Country Y, then the whole region (A) Will definitely fall under enemy influence (B) Will probably fall under enemy influence (C) Will probably not fall under enemy influence (D) Will definitely not fall under enemy influence?E? (E) May or may not fall under enemy influence 13. Top college graduates are having more difficulty demonstrating their superiority to prospective employers than did the top students of twenty years ago when an honors degree was distinction enough. Today’s employers are less impressed with the honors degree. Twenty years ago no more than 10 percent of a given class graduated with honors. Today, however, because of grade inflation, the honors degree goes to more than 50 percent of a graduating class. Therefore, to restore confidence in the degrees they award, colleges must take steps to control grade inflation. Which one of the following is an assumption that, if true, would support the conclusion in the passage? (A) Today’s students are not higher achievers than the students of twenty years ago. (B) Awarding too many honors degrees causes colleges to inflate grades. (C) Today’s employers rely on honors ranking in making their hiring decisions. (D) It is not easy for students with low grades to obtain jobs.?A? (E) Colleges must make employers aware of the criteria used to determine who receives an honors degree. 14. Either Perry’s faction or Tucker’s faction, but not both, will win control of the government. If Perry’s faction wins, the nation will suffer economically. If Tucker’s faction wins, the nation will suffer militarily. Given the statements in the passage, which one of the following statements must be true? (A) It is possible, but not certain, that the nation will neither suffer economically nor suffer militarily. (B) If the nation suffers economically, it is certain that Perry’s faction has won control of the government. (C) It is certain that the nation will suffer either economically or militarily, and also certain that it will not suffer both. (D) If the nation suffers militarily, it is possible, but not certain, that Tucker’s faction has won control of the government.?D? (E) If the nation suffers both economically and militarily, it is certain that neither Perry’s faction nor Tucker’s has won control of the government. 15. One of the more reliable methods of determining regional climatic conditions in prehistoric periods is to examine plant pollen trapped in glacial ice during ancient times. By comparing such pollen samples with spores taken from modern vegetation, scientists can figure out approximately what the weather was like at the time of pollen deposition. Furthermore, by submitting the prehistoric samples to radiocarbon dating techniques, we can also determine when certain climatic conditions were prevalent in that portion of the globe. Which one of the following may be inferred from the information in the passage? (A) The earth has undergone several glacial periods. (B) Radiocarbon dating can be corroborated by glacial evidence. (C) Similarities between prehistoric and contemporary climates do not exist. (D) Pollen deposition is a fairly continuous process.?E? (E) Certain flora are reliably associated with particular climatic conditions. 16. Investigators concluded that human failure was not responsible for the fatal airplane crash last August, and since that time new and more stringent rules for identifying and reporting mechanical problems have been in effect. That accounts for the fact that reports of airplane mechanical problems have increased in frequency by 50 percent since last August. Which one of the following is an assumption underlying the argument in the passage? (A) Airplane travel is still relatively safe, despite the increase in reported mechanical problems. (B) Mechanical problems in airplanes have increased dramatically since last August. (C) Mechanical problems in airplanes have not increased by 50 percent since last August. (D) Airlines are less reluctant to report mechanical problems than they previously were.?C? (E) Mechanical problems in airplanes have become easier to detect since last August. 17. The peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is that it robs the human race. It takes from posterity, as well as the existing generation, and from those who dissent from the opinion even more than from those who hold it. If the opinion is right, they are deprived of the opportunity of exchanging error for truth; if it is wrong, they lose what is almost as great a benefit: the clearer perception and livelier impression of truth, produced by its collision with error. Which one of the following best expresses the conclusion presented in the argument? (A) Silencing the expression of an opinion is robbing the human race. (B) Silencing the expression of an opinion harms those who dissent more than those who agree. (C) Anyone who agrees with an opinion would not want to silence its expression. (D) Gaining a clearer perception and livelier impression of truth is a great benefit.?A? (E) The greatest benefit is the opportunity of exchanging truth for error. 18. Brushing your teeth regularly, no matter which toothpaste you use, will reduce your chances of tooth decay. Scientists have concluded that, when you brush, you reduce tooth decay by removing the film of plaque that forms on teeth and gums. So, you can forget about fluorides: brush your teeth carefully and say goodbye to cavities. Which one of the following is a criticism of the reasoning in the argument? (A) Brushing with fluoride toothpaste has been shown to reduce tooth decay. (B) The fact that brushing will reduce tooth decay does not show that fluorides are of no value. (C) Few people adequately remove plaque by brushing. (D) People have plaque on their teeth most of the time.?B? (E) Scientists have been wrong about fluorides. 19. Some good cooks are gourmet cooks who pride themselves on always using extravagantly rich ingredients in elaborate recipes. Some good cooks can be characterized as fast-food cooks. They may use rich ingredients as long as the recipes are easy to follow and take little time. Other good cooks are health food enthusiasts, who are concerned primarily with the nutritional value of food. But even though not all good cooks are big eaters, they all enjoy preparing and serving food. If the information in the passage is true, which one of the following CANNOT be true? (A) Most good cooks do not use extravagantly rich ingredients. (B) Everyone who enjoys preparing and serving food is a good cook. (C) More good cooks who use extravagantly rich ingredients are big eaters than are good cooks who do not use such ingredients. (D) There are fewer good cooks who enjoy serving and preparing food than there are good cooks who are big eaters.?D? (E) Gourmet cooks, fast-food cooks, and cooks who are health food enthusiasts are all big eaters. 20. Most discussions of the factors contributing to improvements in public health greatly underestimate the influence of the values held by individuals. This influence is indicated by the fact that the astonishing decline in mortality from infectious disease during the past century was primarily due to an improvement in living conditions. To a substantial degree, these improvements depended on the emphasis by an increasing share of the population on cleanliness, prudence, and moderation. The main point of the passage is made primarily by (A) analyzing existing data on medical practices and health outcomes (B) presenting a set of related cause-and-effect assertions (C) applying several general principles to a specific case (D) presenting a general observation and supporting it with several specific examples?B? (E) refuting in detail a commonly accepted argument Questions 21-22 If the city council institutes new parking regulations, city revenues will surely increase, since studies have conclusively shown that, if such parking regulations are put into effect, there is an increase in parking violations, and an increase in parking violations will result in a greater number of parking fines collected. 21. Which one of the following is closest, in terms of its logical features, to the reasoning used in the argument above? (A) Last year’s increase in revenues can be easily explained. That was the year the city council instituted new parking regulations. No doubt the new law brought with it an increase in the number of parking violations. (B) If taxes were increased, this act would naturally result in increased revenues for the city, and increased revenues would make some desirable social programs possible. So, if taxes were increased, some desirable social programs would become possible. (C) Henry says that, if the city council goes into closed session, an important matter of personnel policy is being discussed. However, no personnel matters were discussed at the council meeting, so if Henry is right, the council did not go into closed session. (D) All cars parked on the north side of the street were ticketed last night, and the same cars were towed away this morning. So beware! A car ticketed in this city also gets towed away.?B? (E) Allen says that, if the city council institutes new parking regulations, it is unlikely that revenues for the city will increase. If Allen is right, then the parking regulation plan should not be instituted. 22. If the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true? (A) Unless there is an increase in the number of parking violations in the city, city revenues will not increase. (B) If the city council institutes new parking regulations, the council will fall from favor with the citizens. (C) The city council will institute new parking regulations only if an increase in city revenues can be expected to result. (D) If the city council’s new regulations cause more parking violators to be ticketed, the city revenues will increase.?D? (E) Unless the city institutes a complex system of parking regulations, the city cannot expect traffic violations to increase. 23. The function of government is to satisfy the genuine wants of the masses, and government cannot satisfy those wants unless it is informed about what those wants are. Freedom of speech ensures that such information will reach the ears of government officials. Therefore, freedom of speech is indispensable for a healthy state. Which one of the following, if true, would NOT undermine the conclusion of the argument? (A) People most often do not know what they genuinely want. (B) Freedom of speech tends ultimately to undermine social order, and social order is a prerequisite for satisfying the wants of the masses. (C) The proper function of government is not to satisfy wants, but to provide equality of opportunity. (D) Freedom of speech is not sufficient for satisfying the wants of the masses: social order is necessary as well.?D? (E) Rulers already know what the people want. 24. An unbiased observer of everyday encounters in Western societies would surely not find many instances of unkindness by people under 65 toward people over 65. There are undoubtedly incidents of unkindness based on age, and these warrant reproof. However, the very fact that such reproof occurs and is generally accepted implies that our Western societies basically respect the elderly. The same conclusion can be drawn from a recent survey finding: 71 percent of the under 65 population agreed with the statement that “people over 65 receive too little respect from society”, while only 44 percent of the over-65 population, the target of the alleged irreverence agreed with it. The author concludes that Western societies basically respect the elderly partly because (A) people under 65 are just as kind to people over 65 as they are to people of their own age group (B) survey data suggest that fewer people over 65 than under 65 get too little respect (C) disrespect for the elderly does not go so far as to result in actual harm (D) survey data suggest that people over 65 are more aware of incidents involving disrespect to the elderly than are people under 65?E? (E) incidents of unkindness to the elderly are neither common nor generally accepted in Western societies 25. These days, everyone talks about being too busy. But all this busyness does not seem to result in things getting done. Just as many tasks are still left uncompleted, phone calls unreturned, and appointments missed as there were in the days before this outbreak of busyness. Therefore, people must not be as busy as they claim. Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion in the passage? (A) These days, looking busy is a status symbol. (B) People have to do much more these days than before the so-called outbreak of busyness. (C) People waste so much time talking about being busy that they fail to get things done. (D) Just as many things are getting done now as before the so-called outbreak of busyness.?B? (E) People have more leisure time these days than before the so-called outbreak of busyness. TEST 1 SECTION I D E C E D D D D A E E E A D E C A B D B B D D E B SECTION IV Time 35 minutes 26 Questions Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages... 1. The government should enact a bill that would prohibit the sale and consumption of alcohol on commuter trains. Recently, the state, exercising its legitimate authority, passed a law to protect the health of commuters by prohibiting smoking on the commuter line. When intoxicated riders get off the train, get in their cars, and drive, the public is exposed to at least as much danger as are nonsmoking rail passengers who are forced to inhale cigarette smoke. In arguing that alcohol consumption on commuter trains should be banned, the author relies on (A) the fact that drinking alcohol is dangerous to one’s health (B) the principle that people need to be protected from their own actions (C) the use of emotionally charged descriptions of smoking and drinking alcohol (D) the reader’s sympathy for the problems of commuters?E? (E) a comparison between the effects of smoking and the effects of drinking alcohol 2. Creating false marble is an art at which only those with a light hand can excel. Picasso, however, was a great artist, so while he did not have a light hand he could have excelled at creating false marble. Which one of the following contains a logical error that most closely resembles the logical error contained in the passage? (A) The police have determined that the murderer left his fingerprints on the knife. Ira’s fingerprints do not match those on the knife, so we can eliminate him as a suspect. (B) It is true that it is necessary to work hard in order to succeed. However, smith was governor of the state, so it was possible for him to succeed without working hard. (C) Whenever I eat nuts of any kind I break out in hives. After eating the pie I did not break out, so I know it could not have been real pecan pie. (D) If the inventory can be sold within the next few months the business can be saved. However, since a sale cannot be concluded quickly, the business will go under.?B? (E) Only the brave deserve the spoils. Major Wilson has distinguished himself several times for bravery, so surely he deserves the spoils. 3. Cass: War and peace are mutually exclusive. Therefore, a nation cannot be preparing for both war and peace simultaneously. Stanislaus: But aren’t the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. doing precisely that? They are spending vast amounts of money on war research and armaments while at the same time they are negotiating trade agreements and nuclear arms treaties that are designed to secure peace. Although they are maintaining a shaky peaceful coexistence, they are preparing for both war and peace simultaneously. In order to refute Cass’s conclusion, Stanislaus (A) demonstrates that a nation can be at war and at peace at the same time (B) points out that there are several different meanings to the words “war” and “peace” (C) uses a different meaning for the term “simultaneously” than Cass does (D) shows that preparing for war and preparing for peace are not mutually exclusive?D? (E) changes an argument based on a definition into one based on an ethical consideration 4. According to advertisements, the higher a suntan lotion’s sun protection factor, or SPF, the more protection from sunburn. In order for a suntan lotion to work, however, one has to remember to put it on before going in the sun, put on an adequate amount to cover the skin, and reapply it as needed. Therefore, it really does not matter what SPF a suntan lotion has. Which one of the following best identifies the error in reasoning made in the passage? (A) It is unreasonable to assume that the only purpose of a suntan lotion is to provide protection from sunburn. (B) Because some people get sunburned more easily than others, the fact that there are different SPFs cannot be ignored. (C) It cannot be concluded that the SPF is not important just because there are requirements for the application of the suntan lotion. (D) It is unreasonable to assume that all suntan lotions require the same application.?C? (E) There is no reason to assume that manufacturers are unaware that people sometimes forget to apply suntan lotion before going in the sun. Questions 5-6 Patient: Doctor, I read an article that claimed that the first few hours after birth are very important to establishing a mother-infant bond, which is the first step in building a healthy relationship. Can you assure me that my relationship with my baby has not been permanently harmed by our separation for several days after his birth? Physician: Your relationship with your child has not been harmed by the separation. Mother-infant bonding is not like an “instant glue” that cements your relationship forever. Having your infant with you during the period immediately after birth does give your relationship a head start, but many factors are involved in building a strong and lasting relationship between a mother and her child. 5. If everything the doctor says is correct, which one of the following must be true? (A) The best relationships between mothers and their children are caused by immediate mother-infant bonding. (B) There is a high degree of correlation between the best relationships between mothers and their children and those that began with immediate mother-infant bonding. (C) A strong and lasting relationship is necessary for mother-infant bonding. (D) Where immediate mother-infant bonding takes place, a strong and lasting relationship between a mother and her child will be assured.?E? (E) Immediate mother-infant bonding is not necessary for a strong and lasting relationship between a mother and her child. 6. The doctor does which one of the following in her reply to her patient? (A) She rejects an analogy in an attempt to reduce the patient’s concern. (B) She cites evidence to show that the patient’s worry is unfounded. (C) She misinterprets the patient’s explanation of her concern. (D) She establishes that the article that the patient read was in error.?A? (E) She names other factors that are more important in creating a mother-infant bond. 7. A recent survey showed that many workers in a certain company are dissatisfied with their jobs. The survey also showed that most of the dissatisfied workers believe that they have little control over their job assignments. Therefore, to increase workers job satisfaction the company’s management need only concentrate on changing workers’ beliefs regarding the degree of control they have over their job assignments. Which one of the following, if also shown by the survey, would most seriously call into question the conclusion made by the author of the passage? (A) The dissatisfied workers feel that their wages are too low and working conditions are unsatisfactory. (B) The number of workers in the company who are satisfied with their jobs is greater than the number who are dissatisfied. (C) The workers in the company are more dissatisfied than workers in other companies. (D) Most people in company management believe that the workers already have too much control over their work.?A? (E) The workers in the company who are satisfied with their jobs believe that they have a lot of control over their job assignments. 8. Dr. Sheila Porter plans to run an experiment using nursing students. Each student will be shown either a pleasant nature film or a disturbing horror film. Each student will be observed by someone who—looking only at the student’s facial expressions—must ascertain which film is being shown. Students shown the horror movie are told to hide their feelings in order to convince the observer that they are watching a pleasant film. Dr. Porter hypothesizes that all the students in the experiment who are convincing will be among the best at working with patients. The hypothesis will be tested by comparing the convincing students and unconvincing students in terms of their performance with patents. Which one of the following incidents best illustrates Dr. Porter’s hypothesis? (A) Niles, the most convincing student in the experiment, later went on to become a physician. (B) After graduating, Yoshiro, a nursing student who was convincing in the experiment, helped care for Bram, a patient at a hospital. Bram recovered from his operation. (C) After graduating, Kim, a nursing student in the experiment who watched the nature film, was removed from the staff of a hospital for unacceptable performance in patient care. (D) Daria, a nursing student who was convincing in the experiment, later received “A’s” in those classes in which working with patients in a teaching hospital was the sole basis of her grades.?D? (E) Marite, a nursing student who was not convincing in the experiment, later quit nursing school. 9. Those who think with a hierarchical mentality strive for situations in which their side is dominant and the other side is submissive. In contrast, communal thinkers strive for parity among all sides. Therefore, achieving parity of nuclear weaponry between the East and the West is not enough for Western military generals. Which one of the following assumptions would provide the most support for the conclusion above? (A) Western military generals do not have the same mentality as do Eastern military generals. (B) Parity in nuclear weaponry requires that military generals from both the East and the West think in communal terms. (C) Western military generals want parity with respect to strength in nuclear weaponry between the East and the West. (D) Western military generals’ thinking about relative strength in nuclear weaponry is hierarchical.?D? (E) The thinking of military generals with respect to relative strength in nuclear weaponry is either hierarchical or communal. 10. It has always been difficult to understand the basis of politics in the People’s Republic of China. Because the system is effectively closed, it is impossible to know with any degree of confidence who is allied with whom and for what reasons. Yet Chinese politics does exhibit many of the external characteristics of factional political systems, as found in more open societies. It is legitimate to conclude, therefore, that China has a factional political system. Which one of the following, if true, would confirm the author’s conclusion that China has a factional political system? (A) All open political systems are factional political systems. (B) All factional political systems are closed political systems. (C) All closed political systems are factional political systems. (D) China’s political system is more open than many existing factional political systems.?C? (E) China’s political system is more closed than all existing factional political systems. 11. Since no one returns from death, we can never be certain about what passes through the mind of the dying person. For the unconscious, the confused, and the heavily sedated, these final moments are probably meaningless. However, for the mentally alert, it is quite possible that death presents itself as an unbelievably glorious experience, a flight into an entirely new universe of sensation. Why should we think so? Some people who have been reprieved from “certain” death at the last moment have experienced what goes through the consciousness of those who are not so fortunate. For example, parachutists who have survived falls report experiences that resemble psychedelic “trips.” The primary point of the argument in the passage is (A) no one returns from death (B) dying can be a glorious experience (C) we can never know what passes through the mind of a dying person (D) some people are reprieved from death at the last moment?B? (E) some people “die”, yet live to report their, experiences 12. Aristotle wrote that a tyrant would be well advised to put on the appearance of uncommon devotion to religion. Subjects are more tolerant of unjust treatment from a ruler whom they consider god-rearing and pious. Moreover as most subjects believe that even the gods are on the side of the ruler, the subjects are less apt to move against him. Which one of the following is an assumption on which Aristotle’s argument depends? (A) The subjects of tyrannical rulers typically believe that there is a power other than the mortal. (B) A tyrant cannot rule unless he has divine power on his side. (C) The subjects of tyrannical rulers can rarely be fooled by appearances. (D) Tyrants who are devoted to religion will not treat their subjects unjustly.?A? (E) For a tyrant, the appearance of uncommon devotion to religion is a more effective means of ruling than unjust treatment. 13. That gadget I bought for the kitchen last week has already broken. It’s just another example of the shoddy products that we are seeing more and more of these days. The thing was probably manufactured in East Golo. Which one of the following is the best expression of an unstated premise that underlies the author’s reasoning in the passage? (A) If a manufacturer uses shoddy materials to make a gadget, the gadget is likely to break quickly. (B) If a gadget breaks quickly, it was probably manufactured in East Golo. (C) If a kitchen gadget was manufactured in East Golo, it should not be sold in this country. (D) If everything that is manufactured in East Golo breaks quickly, then kitchen gadgets manufactured in East Golo are likely to break quickly.?B? (E) Nothing that is manufactured in East Golo can be expected to last more than a week. 14. All those who keep a journal will be heard by the next generation. Some of these journal writers are true artists, others humorous observers of the commonplace, and still others insufferable egotists who feel compelled to record their every thought. If the statements above are true, which one of the following must be true? (A) Not all of those who are humorous observers of the commonplace will be heard by the next generation. (B) Everyone who will be heard by the next generation keeps a journal. (C) The next generation will hear both insufferable egotists and true artists. (D) Some of those who keep journals are not true artists, humorous observers of the commonplace, or insufferable egotists.?C? (E) The next generation will bear some of those who are true artists but not all of them. 15. Sven: Trade unions are traditionally regarded by governments and economists as restraints of trade, working against the complete freedom of the economy, but I believe that unions are indispensable since they are often the worker’s only protection against exploitation. Ravi: I don’t agree. The exploitation of the workers and their work is a normal part of ordinary trade just like the exploitation of natural or other material resources. Sven and Ravi will not be able to resolve their disagreement logically unless they (A) define a key term (B) rely on the opinions of established authorities (C) question an unproved premise (D) present supporting data?A? (E) distinguish fact from opinion 16. History textbooks frequently need to be revised. The reasons for this are clear: new discoveries of documents and remains, the discovery of mistaken inferences in prior histories, the discovery of previously unnoticed relationships among data, and the application of hitherto undiscovered principles of natural science all may indicate inadequacies in current history texts. Any of these considerations may require that the past be reinterpreted in a manner that is new and more illuminating. Which one of the following can be inferred from the argument in the passage? (A) The interpretation of historical events is affected by natural science. (B) The past is constantly renewed because of illuminating reinterpretations. (C) History books are outdated as soon as they are written. (D) Natural scientists also function as historians.?A? (E) Historians’ mistaken inferences are caused by unnoticed relationships among data. Questions 17-18 If the artificial is not better than the natural, to what end are all the arts of life? To dig, to plow, to build, to wear clothes—all are direct violations of the injunction to follow nature. 17. Which one of the following is an assumption made by the author of the passage? (A) The arts of life have no useful end. (B) The artificial is not better than the natural. (C) Digging, plowing, building, and wearing clothes are better than nature. (D) The injunction to follow nature should not be violated.?C? (E) The arts of life are indirect means of following nature. 18. If the author’s argument were challenged on the grounds that the construction of buildings has adverse effects on the natural environment, which of the following replies might the author use to respond to the challenge logically? (A) There are human activities, such as making music, that are environmentally harmless. (B) Harming the environment is not an end, or purpose, of the arts of life. (C) The construction could involve the use of natural, not artificial, materials. (D) Constructing buildings is not an “art of life.”?E? (E) Even if the natural environment is disturbed by the construction of buildings, it is improved for human use. 19. There are at least three people in the room. At most two people in the room recognize each other. At least one person in the room recognizes everybody else in the room. Which one of the following is NOT consistent with the above? (A) Four people are in the room. (B) No two people in the room recognize each other. (C) At most one person in the room recognizes everybody else in the room. (D) Anyone in the room who recognizes any other person in the room is also recognized by that person.?D? (E) Two people in the room recognize every one else in the room. 20. Abolish taxes, and real taxpayers would find that their disposable incomes have increased. Abolish taxes, and public employees would find that their incomes have disappeared. Which one of the following is a logical conclusion that depends on information in both of the statements above? (A) Public offices should be abolished so that disposable incomes will rise. (B) The only real taxpayers are those who would have more to spend if they did not pay taxes. (C) Public employees are not real taxpayers. (D) Public employees’ incomes should not be taxed since they come from taxes.?C? (E) If there were no taxes, then public employees could not be paid. 21. A low-pressure weather system is approaching Plainville; rainfall results from about 70 percent of such systems in the Plainville area. Moreover, the current season, spring, is the time of year in which thundershowers, which sometimes result from low-pressure systems, are most likely to occur in Plainville. Knowing which one of the following, in addition to the information above, would be most useful for determining the probability that Plainville will have a thundershower soon? (A) the percentage of thundershowers in Plainville that occur in the spring (B) the percentage of spring rainfalls in Plainville that are thundershowers (C) the percentage of thundershowers in Plainville that result from low-pressure systems (D) whether low-pressure systems in other areas are associated with rainfall?B? (E) whether Plainville has more or fewer thundershowers each spring than do nearby towns 22. It is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause which is known only by one particular effect. This is incorrect because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause. Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage? (A) An anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to our historical society. I would guess that that individual also volunteers at the children’s hospital. (B) The radioactive material caused a genetic mutation, which, in turn, caused the birth defect. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect. (C) The tiny, unseen atom is the source of immense power. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power. (D) The city orchestra received more funds from the local government this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.?A? (E) If I heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. If I heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they evaporate. Therefore, if I heat any liquid like water, it will evaporate. Questions 23-24 Just as a bicycle chain may be too tight, so may one’s carefulness and conscientiousness be so tense as to hinder the running of one’s mind. 23. Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above? (A) Just as a clock may be wound too tightly, so may one’s time be spent fruitlessly in the pursuit of perfection. (B) Just as a carousel may spin too quickly, so may one’s rapid concentration on several problems prevent a resolution of difficulties. (C) Just as a machine may be oiled too much, so may one’s heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages lead to complete dissipation. (D) Just as a raging river may be frozen into stillness during the winter, so may one’s career falter at certain times of the year.?B? (E) Just as a boxer may become too tense before a big fight, so may one’s personal concerns stand in the way of professional success. 24. Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument? (A) Bicycle chains are used to turn wheels, but the human mind is used to “turn” ideas. (B) People and bicycles are similar only in that both may not function well under stress. (C) Bicycles help people with transportation, but careful, conscientious thought helps to solve many different problems. (D) Extreme tension helps a bicycle chain to function efficiently.?D? (E) People engage in poor reasoning whether they are careful and conscientious or not. 25. All of the best comedians have had unhappy childhoods. Yet, many people who have had happy childhoods are good comedians, and some good comedians who have had miserably unhappy childhoods are happy adults. If the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following CANNOT be true? (A) The proportion of good comedians who had unhappy childhoods is greater than the proportion of the best comedians who did. (B) Some good comedians have had unhappy childhoods and are unhappy adults. (C) Most of the best comedians are happy adults. (D) More good comedians have had unhappy childhoods than have had happy childhoods.?A? (E) The proportion of comedians who are happy adults is higher than the proportion who are unhappy adults. 26. The usefulness of lie detectors cannot be overestimated. Although there is no employee screening procedure that is 100 percent accurate, the lie detector is a valuable tool for employers and employees alike. The lie detector’s usefulness is amply demonstrated in a recent survey conducted by a prestigious university. In the survey, those employees of a large company who were applying for a newly created position within the company were asked if they had ever worked on Project X. More than one-third of the applicants studied lied and said they had worked on the project—a project that never existed. Which one of the following best identifies a flaw in the author’s argument about the usefulness of lie detectors? (A) The argument depends on the assumption that whatever is good for the employer is good for the employee. (B) Since lie detectors are known to be less than 100 percent accurate, the test will tend to help only those with something to hide. (C) By referring to a prestigious university, the author is appealing to authority rather than to evidence. (D) The study shows only that certain individual will lie, not that the lie detector can detect them.?D? (E) The author fails to address the issue that the use of lie detectors may fail to prevent embezzlement. SECTION IV E B D C E A A D D C B A B C A A C E D C B A B D A D

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