Japanese Lesson.docx

All About Japan Top 5 Reasons to Study Japanese Welcome to your very first All About Japanese lesson. This series is your go-to authority on everything Japanese. In these lessons, you'll learn about Japan's language and culture firsthand. From the people who brought you sushi, anime, and martial arts...a language like no other! Listen to The Top Five Reasons to Study Japanese and start learning Japanese today! In today's All About Japanese lesson, we'll share some background about Japan and its native language and boil it down to bring you the top five reasons to learn Japanese-not the least of which is the fact that Japan is the world's second largest economy! When you're done, visit us at GengoLanguages.com where you will find many more great Japanese lessons and learning materials. Leave us a message while you are there! Background of the Japanese Language 1. Japanese is thought to be an isolated language or an Altaic language. It ranks in the list of the top ten languages based on number of native speakers, with around 130 million people speaking Japanese as their native language. 2. The Japanese language is rich with regional dialects, with some being so radically different from hy?jun-go (???), the "standard dialect," that even some native speakers have trouble understanding them. The most well-known dialect is Kansai-ben (???) the "Kansai dialect," which is spoken throughout the Kansai region of Japan. The Kansai region refers to an area in western Japan that includes major cities Osaka and Kyoto. 3. The Japanese written language consists of three alphabets: hiragana, katakana, and kanji. Hiragana and katakana are phonetic alphabets, with the latter being used primarily for writing foreign words. Kanji is a system of characters of Chinese origin used to represent various ideas. 4. As mentioned above, the Japanese language's writing system has borrowed heavily from that of the Chinese language. Although the number of borrowed Chinese characters is in the thousands, many of them have fallen out of use. The Japanese Ministry of Education has created a list of 1,945 j?y? kanji (????) "common use kanji" made up of characters commonly used in everyday life. Japanese children will have studied all of these kanji by the time they graduate from junior high school. About Japan Japan is known as Nihon or Nippon (??) to the Japanese, with the two characters meaning "sun" and "origin." This is why Japan is sometimes known as the "Land of the Rising Sun." Where Japanese Is Spoken Japanese is mainly spoken on the island of Japan, but there are large communities of Japanese speakers all over the world, including China, Korea, Australia, the United States, Canada, and many other regions. Top Five Reasons to Learn Japanese So why should you learn Japanese? Here are some of the top reasons! #5. To communicate with Japanese people! Over 130 million people throughout the world speak Japanese, placing it in the top ten languages spoken in the world. Just imagine all of the conversations you could have! #4. Japanese pronunciation is easy! Japanese is pronounced just the way it looks, so you can start speaking it right away. #3. You will learn more than just a language. Learning Japanese will give you great insight into the world of Japanese culture you just can't get any other way. By learning how the language works, you'll learn more about how the culture works. #2. Japanese is fun! Japan has a lot to offer in the way of pop culture-fun and interesting movies, music, TV shows, comics, games-you name it! Learning Japanese will give you even greater access to the rich world of Japanese pop culture. #1. You can make money! Japan boasts the second largest economy in the world after the United States. Proficient speakers of Japanese can find jobs in various fields such as business, international relations, finance, electronics, information technology, tourism, translation, and much, much more. Learn the Japanese Writing System Picture this: while touring along the streets of Tokyo on your vacation, you and your friends are searching for a Japanese sushi restaurant. But you can't find one-all you see are signs with beautifully calligraphed letters surrounding you everywhere in Japan. Your stomach is growling, your friends are tired of walking, but the word "sushi" is nowhere to be seen. Before you dive into the Pacific to get some fresh fish, maybe it would be a good idea to brush up on your knowledge of the Japanese language. This Japanese All About lesson will teach you about the three types of artistic scripts that make up the written Japanese language, kanji, hiragana, and katakana, and the roles they play in putting together sentences. And if you don't have time to memorize the more than ten thousand characters that make up the Japanese language, or if you haven't taken art since elementary school, don't worry. We'll also discuss romaji, which you'll be relieved to hear is based on letters like those in western alphabets. When you're done, visit us at GengoLanguages.com where you will find many more great Japanese lessons and learning materials. Leave us a message while you are there! The Writing System The Japanese writing system uses two syllabic scripts, known separately as hiragana (????) and katakana (????) and collectively as kana (??), as well as thousands of Chinese characters known as kanji (??). Each script serves a different function. We use hiragana for grammatical elements and for words that do not use kanji (or for words where the author doesn't know the kanji). We most frequently use katakana to write borrowed words of foreign origin and onomatopoeic sound effects. Finally, we use kanji for words of both Japanese and Chinese origin as well as many Japanese names. The earliest written form of Japanese was based on kanji. In this system, known as man'y?gana, these kanji were used for their pronunciation rather than their meaning. Because this system was quite complicated, kana were invented as a way to simplify it. As a result, each hiragana and katakana character comes from a simplified version of a man'y?gana kanji. If you look at some of these man'y?gana kanji and their simplified kana equivalents side-by-side, it is easy to see how they came to be. There are forty-six characters in the hiragana and katakana scripts, for a total of ninety-two characters in all. These characters represent sounds, specifically syllables. A syllable is generally made up of a consonant plus a vowel, though some are only a vowel. In Japanese, there are five vowels (a, i, u, e, and o) and fourteen basic consonants (k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r, w, g, z, d, b, and p). We use the hiragana syllabary for two types of words that do not use kanji: okurigana (????), which are inflected verb and adjective endings; and for grammatical elements called "particles." Hiragana is also used to write furigana (????), small symbols placed above or to the side of a kanji character that indicate how it is read. While furigana is most frequently used to aid children and foreigners learning Japanese, it is also used when the reading for a kanji is particularly difficult or uncommon. Hiragana are characterized by their curvy, flowing lines. We use the katakana syllabary for gairaigo (???), words of foreign origin, onomatopoeic words that indicate sounds, scientific names, and also for emphasis, much like how italics are used in English. Katakana are characterized by their angular, boxy lines. Kanji are Chinese characters that have been adapted into Japanese over many years. The characters were originally pictographs of people, animals, and other objects. Kanji Reading "Meaning" ? kuchi "mouth" ? yama "mountain" As you can see in the table above, the character ?, pronounced kuchi, means "mouth" and is a box shape that resembles an open mouth. Another example is the character ?, pronounced yama, which means "mountain" and indeed looks like the skeleton of a mountain. However, over the centuries, kanji have become increasingly stylized and most no longer resemble the things they represent. Kanji are made up of smaller parts known as radicals. Many characters have been combined with others to create new ones. When written on the page, each character is given exactly the same amount of space, no matter how complex it is. In written Japanese, there are no spaces between characters. The number of kanji in existence number into the tens of thousands, but the good news is that a large number of these are rarely used variants, accumulated throughout history. The Japanese government has created a list of characters recommended for daily use known as j?y? kanji (????), which currently contains 1,945 characters (as of 2009). As this list occasionally undergoes revisions, this number may increase in the future. Studies have shown that full literacy in the Japanese language requires knowledge of around two thousand characters. Most kanji have at least two different kinds of readings: kun yomi (???), which is the Japanese reading, and on yomi (???), which is the original Chinese reading. To give an example, we can read the kanji ? ("water") as either mizu (kun yomi) or sui (on yomi). We usually use the kun yomi when the kanji stands alone and the on yomi when the kanji is part of a compound. However, there are exceptions to this rule you simply must remember. R?maji (????) is Japanese transliterated into the Roman alphabet. With r?maji, one can read Japanese without any prior knowledge of the Japanese writing system. There are several systems of r?maji, with the Hepburn system being the most widely used. Learn Japanese Grammar Think back to the first time you learned about an irregular verb in English class. Take a moment to reflect on the fun you had learning how to decline nouns and conjugate verb tenses when you studied romance languages. If those memories are less than pleasant for you to revisit, then Japanese is the perfect language for you to learn! With only two Japanese verb tenses and Japanese nouns that don't change depending on gender or number, you might actually-gasp-start to enjoy learning Japanese grammar! This Japanese All About lesson will help you navigate your way through Japanese grammar conventions. We will talk a little bit about how Japanese sentence order differs from that in English, how easy it is to form questions in Japanese, and all the other rules of English grammar you can throw out the window (at least while you're visiting the Land of the Rising Sun). Basic Japanese Grammar Welcome to our explanation of Basic Japanese Grammar! Now, we know the mere mention of grammar is enough to make your palms sweat and perhaps bring back some not-so-good memories of your old high school language classes. But don't worry - we're here to give you a basic overview of Japanese grammar using language that's easy to understand - no drawn-out, long-winded explanations here! Learn Japanese grammar quickly while having fun at the same time! Before we take a look at Japanese grammar, let's quickly review the basics of English grammar. By understanding more about how English grammar works, you'll be able to see how it differs from Japanese grammar. First, let's take a look at sentence order. English is what we call an SVO language, which means the sentences come in the order of subject-verb-object. Let's illustrate this with an example. English Sentence Order Subject Verb Object I eat fruit The subject, or the thing taking the action, is "I." The verb, or action, is "eat." The object, or the thing receiving the action, is "fruit." This is an example of a sentence in an SVO language. Japanese is a bit different from English in this respect. Japanese is what's called an SOV language. This means the subject comes first, followed by the object, and then the verb. Remember that: the verb comes last. So our previous example, "I eat fruit" in English, becomes "I fruit eat" when put in Japanese SOV order.   Japanese Sentence Order Subject Object Verb I fruit eat This is one of the biggest differences between English and Japanese grammar and one of the most important aspects to keep in mind! Characteristics of the Japanese Language Now let's compare some characteristics of the Japanese language with the English language. First, we'll talk about features that are much simpler than their English counterparts are. Tense Let's start with tense. Tense is a method we use in English to refer to time - past, present, and future. If you are a native English speaker, you might not even be aware of how many tenses there are in English. Let's think about the future tense for a moment. The present-tense sentence "I jog", when changed to the future tense, becomes "I will jog" or even "I'm going to jog". (And there's even a slight difference between them!) Japanese, on the other hand, only has two tenses: past and non-past. It's called non-past because Japanese uses the same tense for the present and future. How does this work? Let's take a look! Here's an example of our sentence in the present tense. (??????????) S?p? ni ikimasu. "I go to the supermarket." So how do we change this to the future tense? Simple! We just add a word that indicates the action will occur sometime in the future: (??/??) ?????????? Ashita/raish? S?p? ni ikimasu. "I will go to the supermarket tomorrow/next week." There you have it! By adding a word like "tomorrow" or "next week" that indicates some point in the future, we've turned our present tense into future tense without even changing the verb. Conjugation English is full of irregular verbs. In many cases, we can turn present tense verbs into past tense by adding the suffix -ed to the end, but think of how many exceptions there are to this rule: "fly" becomes "flew," "run" becomes "ran," "buy" becomes "bought"...the list goes on! If you've ever studied a Romance language, then you know how common exceptions are when it comes to conjugating verbs. In contrast, Japanese only has two - count them - two verbs that conjugate irregularly. The rest follow the same patterns, so they're easy to get the hang of! Japanese verbs are divided up into three different groups according to how they conjugate, which we will refer to as Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 later on. English and many other languages also conjugate verbs according to who's taking the action: for example, "I go" vs. "he goes." When you get into Romance languages, this system gets even more complex. However, in Japanese, it doesn't matter who is doing the action - the verb will not change! Let's look at a few examples so we can really appreciate this advantage of Japanese. First, note that the verb "to go" is ikimasu. The other words in red are "I", "him", and "you", respectively. ?????????? Watashi wa gakk? ni ikimasu. "I go to school." ?????????? Kare wa gakk? ni ikimasu. "He goes to school." ????????????? Anata-tachi wa gakk? ni ikimasu. "You (pl.) go to school." Take a look at ikimasu! It doesn't change! Who is doing the action has no effect on the following verb. Great, isn't it? Singulars and Plurals Remember learning all of the complicated rules for forming plurals in English when you were in grade school? We first learn that you add the suffix -s to a word to make it plural, but then came one exception after another, such as words like knives, candies, and mice. Well now, think about this: Japanese words almost never change to reflect plurals. Nezumi, the word for "mouse," could refer to one mouse or ten mice! What a big change from having two different words to differentiate between singular and plural. Forming Questions Think for a moment about how you form questions in English. You have to change the order of the sentence. Here's an example: "He is a student" becomes "Is he a student?" In Japanese, it's extremely easy to create questions. By simply putting ka at the end of a sentence, you can turn it into a question! Let's take a look at the Japanese equivalent of the sentence above: ???????              ?   ???????? (Kare wa gakusei desu.)   ?   (Kare wa gakusei desu ka?) "He is a student."            ?    "Is he a student?" Let's look at one more: ??????????????                    ?   ??????????????? (Anata wa T?ky? ni sunde imasu.)       ?   (Anata wa T?ky? ni sunde imasu ka?) "You live in Tokyo."                           ?   "Do you live in Tokyo?" Okay, now let's take a look at some characteristics unique to the Japanese language that may not have any equivalent in English. Formal and Informal Speech In English, we can use certain words and phrases to make our speech sound more polite to others. Japanese uses entirely different grammar structures when it comes to polite speech. There are three politeness levels in spoken Japanese: informal, formal, and honorific. Gender By gender, we do not mean feminine and masculine words that show up in many of the romance languages. By gender, we mean that female speakers will use different words and phrases than men, and that there are some exclusively masculine words. In Japanese, it is very possible to look at written dialogue and guess whether the speaker is male or female without any verbal cues. Counters Japanese has a long list of counters, or words that we use to count specific items. The corresponding counter depends on the appearance or makeup of the item. For example, there are different counters for sheets of paper and bottles because they differ in shape. While English does contain some counters (think "loaf of bread" or "bottle of wine"), the range of counters in Japanese is much more extensive. Omission In English, we almost always need to state the subject in our sentences: "Yesterday I went shopping at the mall, and then I went to Starbucks where I had a latte." Note that we need to state "I" for every action. In Japanese, the writer often omits the subject from the sentence when it's understood who is doing the action. In fact, stating the subject every time will actually make your Japanese sound unnatural. The key is to only state the subject when it's absolutely necessary. In this way, Japanese lets you get straight to the important part of your sentence! That wasn't so bad, was it? We hope this overview has given you a good idea of some of the most unique characteristics of Japanese. Keeping these in mind will give you an idea of what to look out for and will prepare you as you dive further into the world of Japanese grammar! Learn Japanese Pronunciation Remember the song you say po-TAY-to, I say po-TAH-to, you say to-MAY-to, I say to-MAH-to? Have you ever debated which way is the correct way to pronounce these words? Well, the Japanese would never need to have such a debate, because these issues don't exist in their language-in Japanese, each vowel has only one sound! The same is true of other words with the same spelling but different meanings depending on which syllable you stress. For example, take the word "present." If you stress the first syllable, it means "gift" or "existing," but if you stress the second, it means, "to offer." The same is true of words like "contract" and "object." The Japanese simplified our lives by eliminating the stressed syllables. All syllables are created equal and receive the same amount of stress-none! Talk about stress-free! This Japanese All About lesson will help you with your Japanese pronunciation skills. You'll learn about the fourteen Japanese consonants and five vowels you'll need to know and about how to handle words with multiple syllables-with no stress! Visit us at GengoLanguages.com where you will find many more fantastic Japanese lessons and learning resources! Leave us a message while you are there! Basic Japanese Pronunciation It's often said that Japanese pronunciation is one of the easiest aspects of the language. And guess what - it's true! But it still takes some practice, and we're here to help you with it. We'll introduce you to the ins and outs of Japanese pronunciation and show you how it differs from English pronunciation. Sounds and Syllables Let's first take a look at how Japanese sounds work. Compared with other languages, Japanese has a relatively small set of sounds, with only fourteen consonants (k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r, w, g, z, d, b, and p) and five vowels (a, e, i, o, and u). In Japanese, there are no such words as the English word "strength," which has clusters of three or more consonants. Japanese is made up of syllables, which are made up of a consonant and a vowel. The only exceptions are the vowels and the n sound, which stand alone. Stress Let's think about stress in English for a moment. Try saying the words "important" and "interesting" aloud. When you say these words aloud, you're putting emphasis, or stress, on a certain syllable. In "important," the stress is on the "port" syllable. In "interesting," the stress is on the "int" syllable. If you haven't studied phonetics before, it's probably something that just comes naturally that you've never noticed! Because correct English pronunciation emphasizes certain syllables, English is known as a stress language. Japanese, on the other hand, doesn't have stress! It's a stress-free language! (Until you start learning kanji, perhaps...) In Japanese, each syllable is held the same length of time and given equal stress. Stressing only certain syllables will sound unnatural, so keep this in mind when pronouncing Japanese. Let's take a look at a word in Japanese and compare how it is pronounced in both Japanese and English. Let's take the word teriyaki, the name of a cooking technique where meat is marinated. English pronunciation: [ ter-uh-YAH-kee ] Note how the third syllable is stressed. Japanese pronunciation: [teh-ree-yah-kee ] In Japanese, each syllable receives the same amount of stress. This might sound like a lot to consider, but remember that learning good pronunciation is one of the easier aspects of learning the Japanese language! Top 5 Must Know Japanese Phrases You've claimed your bags at the Japanese airport and you've climbed into a taxi on your way to your hotel in Tokyo. You might be able to point and use sign language to demonstrate where you want to go in Japan...and for some other minor things, but you won't get very far unless you know some basic Japanese words to help you along. Besides, if you keep up the game of Japanese charades for too long, someone might mistake you for a mime! This Japanese All About lesson will teach you five critical words and phrases you need to know to get around Japan unscathed-and without offending anyone who might be helpful to you. You'll learn how to say "please," "yes," and "thanks,"-and, just in case you do overstep your bounds, you'll also learn "I'm sorry" in Japanese. When you don't know the right Japanese words, you'll find that a little politeness will get you pretty far. Visit us at GengoLanguages.com where you will find many more fantastic Japanese lessons and learning resources! Leave us a message while you are there! Top Five Must-Know Japanese Phrases Here we'll introduce five phrases in Japanese that will take you a long way and help you out in a variety of situations! Sumimasen (?????) "Excuse me" / "I'm sorry" / "Thanks" Sumimasen is a versatile phrase with a few different meanings depending on the situation, the closest of which is "excuse me." Whether you are trying to get someone's attention to ask them a question, making your way through a crowded area, or apologizing for running into someone or stepping on their foot, sumimasen is the phrase you want to use. If someone gets something for you or kindly does something for you, you can use sumimasen to thank them as well as apologize for the trouble they have gone through to help you. The correct spelling and pronunciation of this phrase is sumimasen, but quite a few people pronounce it as suimasen, omitting the first "m" sound. D?mo (???) "Thanks" / "Hi" D?mo is a simple and easy way to say "thank you" as well as greet someone. This phrase is more casual than using kon'nichi wa ("hello") or arigat? ("thank you"), and you can use it when these two phrases might be a little too formal for what the situation calls for. Some people use this to thank shop clerks because they think that using the formal arigat? gozaimasu ("thank you very much") might be a little too polite and out of place. D?zo (???) "Please go ahead" / "Please" If you're offering something to someone or would like someone to go ahead of you or do something before you, d?zo is the phrase you are looking for. Offering your seat to someone on the train? D?zo. Holding the door for someone and would like them to go right ahead? D?zo. At a restaurant and someone else's food came before yours and you would like them to start eating? D?zo. Try your hand at making some delicious o-nigiri ("rice balls") and would like to offer them to someone? D?zo! O-negai shimasu (??????) "Please" You can use this handy phrase when you would like to ask for a favor or make a request of some kind. By using this phrase, you can show your appreciation in advance for the favor or request you have asked. In a business situation, it means something like "please take care of this for me." In addition to requests or favors, you can also use it to ask for tangible objects. ?? (hai) "Right" / "Yes" / "Here you go" And now for the most compact phrase of the top five: the phrase hai. The most common translation for this word is "yes" or "right," but depending on the situation, it can also mean "here you go" if someone says it as they hand something to you. Something important to note, though, is that Japanese people often use this phrase as they are listening to show they are following what the speaker is saying - it doesn't necessarily mean they agree with or are affirming anything the speaker is saying. Just something to keep in mind to hopefully avoid any confusion! You can also use this word when you aren't able to catch what someone is saying and you would like them to repeat what they have said. When said with rising intonation, like a question (hai?), it is the equivalent of saying, "Excuse me?" or "I'm sorry?" Think You Can Answer These 5 Questions about Japan? So, it's down to you and one other person in a marathon Trivial Pursuit duel. You land on the center spot and eagerly anticipate the question for the last piece of pie you need to win-and it's a question about pop culture. Pop culture happens to be your favorite topic so you're feeling pretty good. But when the question is read, you start to panic-it's a question about Japanese pop culture. If you guess wrong, you end up losing the game. Choose the correct Japanese pop-culture answer, and you take home the grand prize! If only you'd had a chance to listen to this Japanese lesson sooner, your competition would be eating your dust! This Japanese All About lesson will help you test your knowledge of the basics about Japan, including pop culture, geography, travel, tourism, and more! Afterward, you'll be ready to knock your friends' socks off with some impressive dinner conversation (and win your next Japanese trivia match)! Visit us at GengoLanguages.com where you will find many more fantastic Japanese lessons and learning resources! Leave us a message while you are there! How much do you really know about Japan? Test your knowledge of Japan with this fun quiz! This lesson will test your basic knowledge of Japan by quizzing you on five areas of knowledge: geography, pop culture, travel, economics, and myth-busting. Questions 1)  Geography Question: How many prefectures does Japan have? A)  50 B) 38 C) 47 2)  Pop Culture Question: Below are the names of three popular characters that originated in Japan. Can you put them in order of their creation, from oldest to newest? Godzilla Pikachu Hello Kitty 3)  Travel Question: The following are popular tourist sites in Japan. Which one is not located in Tokyo?    A)  Tsukiji fish market B)  Mt. Fuji C)  The Imperial Palace 4)  Economic Question: Where does Japan's economy fall in the ranking of world economies? 5)  Debunking a Myth About Japan Question: True/False: Japan's main staple diet is sushi.   Answers 1)  Geography Question: How many prefectures does Japan have? The answer is C) 47. Japan has forty-seven prefectures, the largest of which is the northernmost prefecture, Hokkaido, and the most populous of which is the country's capital, Tokyo. 2)  Pop Culture Question: Below are the names of three popular characters that originated in Japan. Can you put them in order of their creation, from oldest to newest? Answer: The correct order is Godzilla (1954), Hello Kitty (1974), and Pikachu (1995). All three characters have accumulated a large fan following not only in Japan but also around the world. 3)  Travel Question: The following are popular tourist sites in Japan. Which one is not located in Tokyo? The answer is B) Mt. Fuji. While Mt. Fuji is visible from Tokyo on a clear day, it is actually located 100 km/60 miles away, on the border of Shizuoka and Yamanashi prefectures. 4)  Economic Question: Where does Japan's economy fall in the rankings of world economies? The answer is #2. Japan's economy is the second largest in the world after that of the United States. 5)  Debunking a Myth About Japan Question: True/False: Japan's main staple diet is sushi. The answer is false! Many people think of sushi when they think of Japanese food, but the truth is that this food is more of a delicacy than anything else. You won't find many people who eat sushi every day or even on a regular basis. The main staple food in Japan is rice, which the Japanese eat with almost every meal. Top 5 Japanese Dishes You Have to Try and Top 5 Dishes for the Really Brave! You and your friends are visiting your first restaurant in Japan and you sit down with a menu. You scan the menu, but you're facing a host of Japanese dishes with names you've never seen before. You and your friends decide to play Fear Factor, ordering a host of Japanese foods to try. You're pretty sure you're not lucky enough to get something predictable and ordinary like Japanese ramen, sushi, or tofu. More likely, you think it might be fermented seafood, cow tongue, or raw horse. You're hoping not to get the short end of that stick! In this Japanese All About Lesson, learn about what foods you should try-and possibly what foods you shouldn't try-in a Japanese restaurant. We'll cover basic rules of Japanese etiquette, the top five dishes you simply must order, and we'll also recommend the top five foods the brave souls among you might want to brag about trying just once. Visit us at GengoLanguages.com where you will find many more fantastic Japanese lessons and learning resources! Leave us a message while you are there! All About Japanese Food What comes to your mind when you think of Japanese food? Sushi, perhaps? Rolls containing various kinds of seafood and vegetables stuffed inside? Well, while you might find lots of sushi and rolls in Japan, they are merely the tip of the iceberg when it comes to Japanese cuisine - there is a whole lot more for you to discover! Table Etiquette Before we go on to the food, let's first talk about Japanese table etiquette. Before eating, it is customary to say itadakimasu, which means, "I will humbly receive," as a way to show gratitude for the meal. When using chopsticks, it is important to remember a few things to avoid being rude. Don't stab your chopsticks into your rice and leave them there, and never pass food with your chopsticks directly to someone else's chopsticks, as both of these actions are related to funeral traditions. When eating and drinking in a big group, wait for others to pour your drink for you, and then return the favor when you see someone's glass getting low. In some Asian countries, such as Korea, it is unacceptable to pick up your rice bowl when eating, but in Japan, this is very common. Regional Dishes One of the most interesting aspects of Japanese cuisine is its vast array of regional delicacies. Each area of Japan boasts its own selection of specialty dishes that have become closely associated with that area. It is not uncommon for Japanese people from all over Japan to travel hundreds or even thousands of miles to try the different specialties in the place that they originally come from. One of the most famous examples of regional cuisine is okonomiyaki, which is a flat, pancake-shaped food. Cooked on a hot plate, okonomiyaki usually contains chopped cabbage, meat, and seafood. However, because the name contains the word okonomi, meaning "to one's liking," it is up to you to decide what goes into your okonomiyaki. Cheese, mochi, and even Korean kimchee ("pickled vegetables") are among some of the most popular additions to okonomiyaki. There are two regional variations of okonomiyaki: Osaka style and Hiroshima style. In Osaka style, which is considered the dominant style that you'll find all over Japan, the chef mixes all the ingredients together before transferring them to the hot plate. There, the chef cooks it and then tops it with dried seaweed, dried bonito, or fish flakes, and a thick okonomiyaki sauce. On the other hand, in Hiroshima style, the chef layers the ingredients one-by-one instead of mixing them together. It is very common to add noodles, and the amount of cabbage is anywhere from three to four times the amount usually used in Osaka-style okonomiyaki. Other popular regional dishes include g?ya chanpuru, a stir-fried dish containing g?ya, a very bitter gourd, from Okinawa; wanko soba, buckwheat noodles from Iwate served in bite-served portions that keep coming until you say stop; basashi, raw horse meat, from Kumamoto; gy?tan, cow tongue, from Miyagi, and much, much more. If you have a chance to visit Japan, definitely try some of the local specialties! Popular Dishes Some of the most popular dishes in Japan are usually quite different from what people might imagine. If you were to look at the average Japanese person's lunch, what would you find? The most common Japanese lunch is the bent?. Bent? refers to a meal served in a box that is either prepared at home or bought at restaurants and convenience stores. Anything goes when it comes to the contents of a bent?, although white rice, fish, and vegetables are common elements found in many bent?. Visually, bent? range from very simple to elaborately arranged. There is even a kind of bent? called kyaraben, short for character bent?, where the food is arranged and decorated to look like people, animals, popular characters, and so on. Other everyday Japanese foods include o-nigiri, rice balls wrapped in seaweed with various fillings; curry, usually containing potatoes, carrots, onions, and served together with white rice; karaage, Japanese-style fried meat, usually chicken; r?men, a Japanese noodle dish that originated in China; and more. Seasonal Dishes The Japanese really love their seasons, and they especially love eating the different dishes associated with each season. When the cold weather sets in in the winter, people line up to eat nabe and oden, which are both hot stew-like dishes. Nabe is a hot pot that consists of a stew with assorted meats and vegetables. The host usually places the pot in the center of the table so many people can share it. Oden, on the other hand, is an assortment of vegetables and meat stewed in a light, soy-flavored broth. Common ingredients found in oden are daikon radish, boiled eggs, meat skewers, and fish cakes. You can purchase even oden at convenience stores, where you can pick and choose what goes into your oden. In spring, along with the sakura ("cherry blossoms"), comes sakura no shiozuke ("salted cherry blossoms") and leaves that chefs use in various ways in Japanese cuisine, the most commonplace being sakura-mochi. Sakura-mochi is mochi, a sticky rice cake, wrapped in a salted sakura leaf and topped with a salted cherry blossom. The sweltering heat in the summer accounts for the popularity of cold dishes such as hiyashi s?men, ("chilled wheat noodles"), and kakig?ri, ("shaved ice"). In fall, kuri, known as chestnuts, come into season and chefs use them in many dishes, such as kuri go-han, which is cooked rice with sweet chestnuts. Top Five Foods to Try in Japan Sushi Sushi is probably the most famous Japanese food. Make your way to Tsukiji Fish Market, one of the largest fish markets in the world, for some of the freshest sushi around. For a unique sushi experience, try kaiten zushi, which also known as conveyor belt sushi. In kaiten zushi restaurants, the chefs place plates of sushi on a rotating conveyor belt that makes its way through the restaurant, moving past every table and seat. Customers are free to pick and choose the sushi they want off the conveyor belt, although they can also place special orders. Soba and udon Soba, buckwheat noodles, and udon, thick noodles made from wheat, are two of the most popular types of Japanese noodles. You can serve both hot or cold, and there are many different varieties in different regions of Japan. T?fu Let's face it; tofu doesn't have the best reputation in the West. Even if you aren't crazy about tofu or just can't shake its bland, flavorless image, you're sure to find a t?fu recipe that will make you reconsider this Japanese delicacy. In Japan, there are innumerable ways to prepare tofu that give it tons of flavor. Some of the most popular include agedashi-d?fu ("deep-fried tofu"), mab? d?fu ("spicy t?fu," originally from China), and the aforementioned g?ya champuru,  a dish from Okinawa made with g?ya and t?fu. Shabushabu Shabushabu is a dish that uses thin slices of meat dipped in boiling water or broth, which you then dip into a flavored sauce and eat. This dish is usually served with t?fu and vegetables. R?men R?men is a Japanese noodle dish that has its roots in China. It consists of a meaty broth, noodles, shredded meat, and vegetables. R?men shops are located all over Japan, with many regional variations available. Some of the most popular r?men flavors are miso (a paste made from fermented soybeans), sh?yu ("soy sauce"), shio ("salt"), and tonkotsu ("pork bone"). Top Five Foods for the Brave Natt? Natt? is a traditional food made from fermented soybeans, infamous for its bad smell and sticky consistency. So infamous, in fact, that one question Japanese people are sure to ask you is whether or not you have tried natt?. Natt? is usually eaten as a topping on rice. Nama tamago Nama tamago, or raw egg, shows up in a variety of Japanese dishes, including the popular favorites sukiyaki, where you dip meat into a bowl of raw egg before you eat it, and tamago kake go-han, cooked rice mixed with raw egg and a little bit of soy sauce. Shiokara Shiokara is Japanese fermented seafood that has a very strong flavor and is quite salty. It is definitely an acquired taste, even for many native Japanese people. Reba-sashi Reba-sashi is short for reb? sashimi, which is "raw liver." You can usually find this at yakiniku (Korean barbeque) restaurants in Japan. Kusaya Kusaya is a Japanese style salted-dried fish. The name comes from the word kusai, which literally means, "smells bad." You make kusaya by soaking fish into a "kusaya gravy" (that is used over and over again) and then leave it to dry in the sun. The smell of kusaya is very strong, but the taste is relatively mellow. While it is fairly well-known because of its bad smell, even among Japanese people, few have actually tried it. Top 5 Things You Need to Know About Japanese Society You wake up early to go to work on your first day at your new job in Osaka. When you arrive, you find that you're expected to work a ten-hour day, every day-with no overtime pay in sight! The one perk-everyone expects you to meet them at the local Japanese bar after your hard day's work to enjoy a little sake. You could get used to that! But wow, that might make waking up to go to work in Japan a little more difficult when the alarm clock goes off bright and early tomorrow morning . . . This Japanese All About lesson will teach you about the most important aspects of Japanese society, including things to see and do in Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka. It will also give you a glimpse into how the Japanese work and play. In short, you'll gain insight into some of the most important and fascinating political, economic, and social issues facing Japan today. Visit us at GengoLanguages.com where you will find many more fantastic Japanese lessons and learning resources! Leave us a message while you are there! All About Japanese Society Japanese society is a very broad topic and is hard to summarize in a single lesson. That's why we're narrowing it down to its top five most important aspects! Major Cities of Japan Tokyo is the capital of Japan and the largest city in the country. Tokyo is also one of Japan's forty-seven prefectures, but it is referred to as a to ("a metropolis") instead of a ken ("a prefecture"). The metropolis of Tokyo is made up of twenty-three ku ("city wards"), twenty-six cities, five towns, and eight villages, as well as numerous small Pacific islands. The name Tokyo means "the Eastern Capital," and it became the capital of Japan during the nineteenth century when its name changed from Edo to Tokyo. As of 2007, the population of the city of Tokyo is estimated to be about 12.8 million people. The Greater Tokyo area, which is made up of Tokyo and surrounding prefectures Chiba, Kanagawa, and Saitama, has an estimated population of 35.6 million people. Because of the large number of people living in Tokyo, downtown Tokyo is often very crowded and busy, especially in and around major commuting areas like train stations. Shinjuku, one of the twenty-three special wards of Tokyo, is a major commercial and administrative center, and most consider it the heart of downtown Tokyo. It is home to the busiest train station in the world, Shinjuku Station, and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, the administration center for the government of Tokyo. There is no shortage of things to do and see in Tokyo. From the numerous museums and famous zoo in Ueno to the fancy high-end stores and restaurants in Ginza to the throng of discount electronics stores in Akihabara, each neighborhood offers something different and unique. Whether you're visiting Tokyo as a tourist or making a life there, you're sure never to get bored. Kyoto, one of the oldest cities in Japan, was formerly the capital of Japan until 1868, when Tokyo became the capital. Now it is a major city in the Kansai area, known for its traditional atmosphere with its numerous temples and shrines. Thousands of tourists come from all over the world to visit these temples and shrines, especially in spring to see the cherry blossoms and in autumn to see the leaves change color. Osaka is a large city that is located in the Kansai area close to Kyoto. It is the capital of Osaka prefecture as well as the economic and cultural center of the Kansai region. People from Osaka are characterized as friendly with a good sense of humor. Many famous Japanese comedians hail from Osaka. Older women in Osaka especially are known for being bright and full of energy, as well as good at bargaining. Osaka also boasts regional specialties, among them okonomiyaki, a pancake-like dish containing a variety of ingredients cooked on a hot plate, and takoyaki, fried dumplings with small pieces of octopus inside. Family Life Families in Japan are generally traditional, and the family is a focal point of life. Immediate families are a bit smaller compared to those of other countries; it is not uncommon for Japanese parents to have only one or two children. It was very common for three generations (children, parents, and grandparents) to live together in the same household; however, lately you can see a trend toward nuclear families in larger cities. It is also very common for adult children to continue to live with their parents well into their twenties or thirties until they get married. Japanese gender roles are still quite traditional, with women expected to stay home and take care of their children and men expected to support the family financially. However, this is also slowly changing, with the number of working mothers and stay-at-home dads slowly increasing.  A few problems have recently plagued Japanese family life and society. One of them is the decreasing birthrate, which hit a record low in 2005 when the number of deaths outnumbered the number of births. If this trend continues, Japan's population will start shrinking. Many factors are contributing to this problem, with the delay in marriage being one of the major ones. More and more men and women are waiting until they are older to get married, with the number of single people in their thirties and forties increasing steadily every year. Another problem is the lack of support and benefits for parents with children, which makes the decision to have children an undesirable one in the eyes of young people. Work Culture and Economy Japan's economy is ranked second in the world after that of the United States, and some of its main industries include motor vehicles, electronics, industrial and transportation equipment, and chemicals. Some major, well-known Japanese companies include Sony, Mitsubishi, Toyota, and Honda. In Japan, the dominant work culture is quite rigid. Employees in their first years at a company often have to work long hours for little pay. Working overtime, which is often unpaid, is an everyday occurrence at Japanese companies. The hierarchy in Japanese companies is very strict as well, with relationships following a rigid system based on seniority. Companies require subordinates to address their superiors formally and treat them with respect. It is very common for employees to all go out drinking together after a long day at work; the Japanese see this as a way to strengthen relationships and build work camaraderie. There are some disadvantages to the seniority system, however. When managers promote employees, they focus more on age and the amount of the time the person has worked at the company rather than individual accomplishments and achievements. Another important part of the Japanese work economy is the custom of lifelong employment. This system, however, is becoming less common due to a decrease in the number of full-time employees and an increase in the number of part-time and contractual employees. There is even a term, freeter, the Japanese have coined to refer to young people who work one or more part-time jobs as an alternative to obtaining full-time employment. Freeters cite a flexible schedule and the ability to take more time off with relative ease as advantages to working part-time jobs. Politics Japan is a parliamentary monarchy governed by a Prime Minister and his cabinet. The bicameral parliament is called the Diet and is made up of the upper House of Councillors and the lower House of Representatives. The lower House holds most of the power. The Japanese people elect members of the Japanese Diet, who in turn elect the Prime Minister of Japan. Japan has a figurehead Emperor whose role is mostly symbolic and traditional; he possesses no political power. Unlike the United States or the United Kingdom, Japanese political parties tend to change constantly with one major exception-the Liberal Democratic Party, which has held power for more than fifty years-since the end of World War II. The second and third most popular parties at the moment are the K?meit?, the Clean Government Party (CGP), and the newly founded Minshut?, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ). Generational Trends Generally speaking, the older and younger generations tend to do things differently and hold different ideas about things. The older generation tends to have a strong sense of loyalty to their companies and place work high on their priority lists, even above family. The younger generation, however, is not averse to changing jobs if there is something they are dissatisfied with, and as mentioned before, many see no problem with not pursuing full-time employment. Members of the younger generation also seem to keep more of their own interests in mind as they wait longer and longer to get married and have children. Many members of the older generation view these trends of young people today as signs that they are selfish and fickle. As attitudes continue to change, it will be interesting to see in what ways Japanese culture and society change along with them. Top 5 Important Dates in Japan On New Year's Eve, you turn on the television in your Tokyo apartment, expecting to see the Japanese equivalent of Dick Clark. Instead, you get the Japanese version of American Idol-a three-hour version of women and men competing against each other in a singing competition. It's not quite the apple dropping, but it'll do. Just be careful not to have nightmares about bad Japanese karaoke afterwards-popular Japanese lore suggests your first dream of the New Year is a strong predictor of what will come throughout the year! Learning Japanese with GengoLanguages.com is the most fun and effective way to learn Japanese! This Japanese All About lesson will clue you in about Japan's five most important holidays. Interestingly enough, you'll learn that the Japanese have incorporated spring cleaning into one of their most important Japanese holidays-as well as traditions involving Japanese family and food. And you won't want to miss your three-day weekends, so put these dates on your Japanese calendar now. Visit us at GengoLanguages.com where you will find many more fantastic Japanese lessons and learning resources! Leave us a message while you are there!  The Five Most Important Holidays in Japan Japan has many different holidays that carry a lot of meaning and have years of tradition behind them. Here we'll introduce the top five most important holidays in Japan, going in reverse order starting with number five. The fifth most important holiday in Japan is Seijin no Hi, or "Coming-of-Age Day." On this day, people who turn twenty during the current school year, which runs between April until the following March, celebrate their coming of age. In Japan, when people turn twenty, society legally recognizes them as an adult, and they are able to drink alcohol and vote. The festival was created as a Japanese national holiday in 1947 when it was set to January 15th. However, this holiday was moved to the second Monday in January in 1999 as a result of the "Happy Monday System," the Japanese government's decision to move more holidays to Monday to create a three-day weekend for those who normally have a five-day workweek. On this day, local city halls and community centers hold small ceremonies in the morning. Government officials give speeches and hand out small gifts to the people in attendance who are turning twenty. It is customary for girls to wear furisode kimono, which are kimono that have sleeves much longer than those of regular kimono, and put their hair up in fancy hairstyles. Because the furisode kimono are very elaborate and hard to put on, many girls go to a beauty salon to get professional help with their kimono and hair. On this day, most men wear fancy suits, although you will sometimes see men wearing dark-colored kimono. Families with someone who is turning twenty will often cook and eat red bean rice, known as sekihan. The fourth most important holiday (or in this case, group of holidays) in Japan is Golden Week. Golden Week refers to the period in late April and early May that contains many Japanese national holidays grouped closely together. The first holiday of Golden Week falls on April 29th and is called Sh?wa no Hi (????) "Showa Day," which was the birthday of the former emperor Showa. The second holiday is Kenp? Kinenbi (?????), or "Constitution Memorial Day," which is held on May 3rd. The new Japanese constitution went into effect in 1947 on this day. Next comes Midori no Hi (?????), which is "Greenery Day" or "Nature Day" on May 4th, during which the Japanese celebrate nature. The last holiday during Golden Week is Kodomo no Hi (?????), or "Children's Day," which falls on May 5th. On this day, parents pray for a happy and healthy life for their children. Many Japanese people will take paid time off on the intervening workdays, but it is not uncommon for some companies to close down completely and give their employees the entire week (and sometimes more) off. During this time, many people take a vacation and travel around the country or go abroad. As a result, airports and train stations become very crowded, plane ticket fees increase dramatically, and accommodation reservations become very hard to get, even in advance.   The third most important holiday in Japan is O-bon. O-bon is a Buddhist event where people pray for the repose of their ancestors' souls and remember the deceased. If you are familiar with Mexico's Day of the Dead festival, O-bon is quite similar. O-bon takes place from the 13th to the 16th of August (celebrated from July 13-15 in some areas). During this time, Japanese people return to ancestral family places, and visit and clean their ancestors' graves. The Japanese believe that during this time, the ancestors' spirits return to this world to visit their relatives. Traditionally, the Japanese perform o-bon dances, known as bon odori, visit graves, and make food offerings at house altars and temples. Bon odori is the most common custom during O-bon. People wearing yukata (a light kimono worn in summer) go to the neighborhood bon odori and dance around a stage. When O-bon comes to an end, floating lanterns (known as t?r? nagashi) are put into rivers, lakes, and seas to guide the spirits back to their world. The exact customs of O-bon vary widely from region to region throughout Japan. One of the most famous O-bon traditions takes place in Kyoto and is known as Gozan no Okuribi or Daimonji no Okuribi. On the night of August 16th, at the end of the festival, fires are lit on the five mountains that surround Kyoto to send the visiting spirits back to the netherworld. The Japanese light Chinese characters and Buddhist-related markings etched into the side of the mountains on fire in this amazing display that marks the end of O-bon. The second most important holiday in Japan is ?misoka, which is New Year's Eve. This day is very symbolic in Japan as it is the last day of the year and the day before New Year's Day, the most important day of the year. ?misoka is usually accompanied by a big cleaning known as ?s?ji (???), which literally means "big cleaning," and is comparable to the concept of "spring cleaning." Many Japanese people use this opportunity to clear out clutter from the old year and tidy up their homes and offices for the start of the new year. For dinner on ?misoka, many people like to have a bowl of toshikoshi soba (New Year's Eve Soba, a type of Japanese noodle). This tradition comes from the association of the long noodles with the wish of "living a long, healthy life." Another popular event that takes place on ?misoka is the television show K?haku Uta Gassen, the "Red vs. White Singing Contest," which airs on public television station NHK and starts at 7:30 PM and goes until 11:45 PM. Popular singers and groups split into two teams, with women making up the red team and men making up the white team. A panel of judges casts votes to decide which team performed better, and the judges declare one side the winner at the end of the broadcast. The most important holiday in Japan is O-sh?gatsu (???) or Gantan (??), which is New Year's Day. Many people spend time with their families, and people who work or live far from their families often go back to their hometown for New Year's. The time around New Year's Day is a time for many "firsts." It's customary to visit a shrine or temple for hatsu-m?de, the first shrine/temple visit of the year, although many people go at some point during the first week of the new year instead of on New Year's Day. Some people even go up to the mountains or drive to the coast so they can see the first sunrise of the New Year, known as hatsu-hinode. The first dream you have once the New Year starts is referred to as hatsu-yume, whose contents are traditionally said to foretell the dreamer's luck in the ensuing year. Many different types of special foods are eaten on New Year's Day or on the surrounding days. The most famous is known as O-sechi, a variety of traditional Japanese New Year cuisine that has been around since the Heian Period (794-1185). Many families prepare their own o-sechi at home, but many families also buy pre-made o-sechi from a supermarket or a department store. Each dish in o-sechi has its own special meaning. Here are some examples: kinton (??), "sweet potato and chestnut," symbolizes wealth. kazunoko (???), "salted herring roe," symbolizes a wish to have more children in the New Year.  kazu (?) means "number" and ko (?) means "child." kuromame (??), "sweet black beans," symbolize a wish for health in the New Year. Mame, which means "bean," also has the meaning of "diligence" and "health." datemaki (???), "a sweet omelet mixed with fish paste or mashed shrimp," symbolizes a wish for many auspicious days. tai (?), "sea bream," symbolizes an auspicious event. kobumaki (????), "rolled kelp with fish," symbolizes joy. tazukuri (???), "small, dried sardines cooked in soy sauce," symbolize an abundant harvest. While not a part of o-sechi, the Japanese also eat o-z?ni (???), a soup containing mochi rice cakes, around New Year's. In the eastern part of Japan, the soup of o-z?ni is usually clear, and in the western part of Japan, miso soup is more common. On New Year's Day, there is a custom of parents and relatives giving money to their children. The money they give is known as o-toshidama, and in most cases, they place it in special little envelopes called o-toshidama bukuro. Another custom is the act of sending New Year's greeting postcards known as nengaj?. This tradition is similar to the act of giving Christmas cards in the West, although nengaj? have no religious significance. The Japanese often decorate nengaj? with the present year's Chinese zodiac sign. The Chinese zodiac has a cycle of twelve years, each of which is represented by an animal. The post office stocks all of the nengaj? mailed in late December and delivers them all at once on January 1st. Unlike Christmas cards, which can be mailed early, nengaj? shouldn't arrive before New Year's Day. Japanese Pronunciation In this lesson, we will introduce you to the vowels and some of the syllables that make up the Japanese language. Introduction Before we get into the pronunciation, let's first review how Japanese sounds work. Japanese has a relatively small set of sounds compared with other languages, with only fourteen consonants (k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r, w, g, z, d, b, and p) and 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, and u). In Japanese, there are no such words as the English word "strength," which has clusters of three or more consonants. Japanese is made up of syllables, which are made up of a consonant and a vowel. The only exceptions are the vowels and the "n" sound, which stands alone. Vowels First we will go over Japanese vowels, which is one of the easiest areas of pronunciation. English has the same five vowels as Japanese (a, e, i, o, and u), but if you consider all of the ways you can pronounce English vowels, you end up with twenty different sounds! In Japanese, the sounds that the vowels make do not change. They sound very similar to the vowels found in Spanish or Italian. Let's take a look at them: a - pronounced "ah," like the "a" in "father" e - pronounced "eh," like the "e" in "net" i  - pronounced "ee," like the "ee" in "meet"* o - pronounced "oh," like the first part of the "o" sound in "so" u - pronounced "oo," like the "oo" in "mood," but with the lips less rounded* *Devoicing There is one small exception for the pronunciations of "i" and "u" that we will call devoicing. That means that they become almost "whispered." This happens when these vowels come between two of the voiceless consonants: p, t, k, s, or h. For example, in words like shika ("deer") and hiku ("to pull"), the "i" sound is almost inaudible. This regularly occurs at the ends of the grammatical endings desu and masu as well, which are pronounced [dess] and [mahs], respectively. Consonants As we mentioned before, Japanese has the following set of fourteen consonants: k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r, w, g, z, d, b, and p. Each one is paired with a vowel to create a syllable. In this lesson, we will cover consonants "k" through "w." KA KI KU KE KO ? ? ? ? ? We pronounce the "k" syllables the same as in English. SA SHI SU SE SO ? ? ? ? ? Note how si becomes shi. We pronounce the "s" syllables the same as in English. TA CHI TSU TE TO ? ? ? ? ? Note how ti becomes chi and tu becomes tsu. We pronounce most "t" syllables the same as in English, with the exception of tsu. While this sound does exist in English, it never comes at the beginning of a word as it often does in Japanese. This sound is the same as the "ts" in the word "cats." Try saying "cats" without the "ca" to make this sound. NA NI NU NE NO ? ? ? ? ? We pronounce the "n" syllables the same as in English. HA HI FU HE HO ? ? ? ? ? Note how hu becomes fu. We pronounce most "h" syllables the same as in English, with the exception of fu. The "f" sound in Japanese is a lot lighter than in English. When making this sound, blow air between the lips, and not between the lips and teeth. Imagine this sound as being a combination of both "h" and "f." We pronounce the characters ? and ? as "wa" and "e" when used as particles. Refer to the paragraph below for more information.   MA MI MU ME MO ? ? ? ? ? We pronounce the "m" syllables the same as in English. YA YU YO ? ? ? We pronounce the "y" syllables the same as in English. Note that there are no "yi" and "ye" sounds in modern Japanese. RA RI RU RE RO ? ? ? ? ? When you make an "r" sound in English, you roll your tongue, but it doesn't touch the roof of your mouth. In Japanese, however, you lightly tap the roof of your mouth with your tongue to create an "r" sound. It is similar to a rolling "r," except that it is only done once. It might be easier to make this sound if you think of it like making a light "d" sound. For example, to correctly pronounce the Japanese name Eri, try saying the name "Eddy" quickly and you will get a sound that comes very close to the Japanese "r." WA WO ? ? We pronounce the "w" in wa the same as in English, but we pronounce wo simply as "o" in Japanese. N ? The pronunciation of the "n" changes slightly depending on what kind of sound comes after it. Before "b," "p," and "m," it sounds more like an "m," as in shimbun ("newspaper"). Before "k" or "g," it sounds like "ng," as in genki ("energetic"). However, these differences are so slight that most Japanese people aren't even aware of them, so do not worry too much about trying to remember these rules. These sound changes occur naturally as you pronounce these words, but if you pronounce them a bit differently, people will still understand you.   Pronunciation of Particles There are a few exceptions when it comes to pronunciation that are important to remember. The topic particle wa and direction particle e are written using characters that are different from their pronunciation. Particle Written as... Pronounced as... Topic Particle "wa" ? (literally, "ha") ? (wa) Direction Particle "e" ? (literally, "he") ? (e) - Where did you learn to speak Japanese like that?! ??????? Ima, yo-ji desu. "Right now, it's 4:00." In this lesson, you will: ?  Learn how to make simple [ A is B ] sentences ?  Learn how to make simple [ Is A B? ] questions ?  Learn how to respond to questions with "yes" and "no" ?  Learn how to correctly address people with name suffixes such as san (??) [ A is B ] - Affirmative sentences Simple [ A is B ] sentences follow the pattern of [ A wa B desu ]. Wa (?) is a particle that comes after the topic that the speaker is going to talk about, which is why wa (?) is often called the topic marking particle. The copula desu (??) roughly corresponds to the English verb "to be" and can mean "I am," "you are," "it is," and so on, depending on context.   Construction: [ A is B ] = [ A wa B desu ] Examples: Japanese Romaji "English" ??????????? Ken wa pairotto desu. "Ken is a pilot." ?????????? Ken wa dans? desu. "Ken is a dancer." ???????????? Shuppatsu wa ky? desu. "My departure is today." ("I leave today.") ???????????? Shuppatsu wa ashita desu. "My departure is tomorrow." ("I leave tomorrow.") ?  Note that when we already understand the topic from context, we can leave it out of the sentence completely. We saw this example in the dialog, where Ashley leaves the shuppatsu wa ("departure") part off of her answer because it's already understood: ????:????????? Honda Daisuke: Shuppatsu wa ashita desu ka? Daisuke Honda: "Is your departure tomorrow?" ?????:?????????  Ashur?: Iie. Ky? desu. Ashley: "No, it's today."      [ Is A B? ] - Yes/No Questions Adding ka (?) to the end of an affirmative sentence turns it into a question. The word order does not change as it does in English. Construction: [ Is  A  B? ] = [ A wa B desu ka? ] Examples: Japanese Romaji English ????????????? Shuppatsu wa ky? desu ka. "Is your departure today?" ("Are you leaving today?") ????????????? Shuppatsu wa ashita desu ka. "Is your departure tomorrow?" ("Are you leaving tomorrow?") Responding with "Yes" and "No" In the dialogue, we heard the words hai (??) for "yes" and iie (???) for "no." Japanese Romaji English ?? Hai "Yes" ??? Iie "No" Along with the meaning of "yes," hai (??) also has the meanings of "okay" and "right." We also use it to show that we are listening to or that we understand what someone is saying. It does not always mean that you are giving an affirmative answer. For more information on this, please see All About Japanese Lesson #5 (Top 5 Must Know Japanese Phrases).   Vocabulary Usage: Have a nice trip! and See you later! ? ????????[Ja, yoi tabi o.] "Have a nice trip!" Let's look at the components of this phrase. Ja (??) means "well then", yoi (??) means "good", and tabi (?) means "trip or travel". Yoi tabi o (????) is a set phrase that means "have a good trip", so Ja, yoi tabi o (???????) can be translated as "Well then... have a good trip!" ? ????????? [Ja, mata, ato de.] "Okay. Well, see you later!" Let's look at the components of this phrase. Mata (??) means "again", and ato de (??) means "later" . This phrase literally means "Well then...later again", with the "see you" part inferred. This phrase can also be shortened to Ja mata (????) or Ja ato de (?????), or even just Ja (??) by itself, which can mean "See ya" or "Bye".   In the Appendix In this lesson, we saw some numbers being used when Ashley and Daisuke talked about time. For more detailed information on numbers and how to tell time, please check the following Appendix lessons: Numbers (Appendix #1) and Times: Hours/Minutes (Appendix #2). Addressing People with Name Suffixes In the dialog, we heard two different name suffixes used when addressing people: -san and -kun. Let's take a look at these and other name suffixes used to address people in Japanese. We can use these suffixes after first names, last names, or full names. Suffix Romaji  Explanation Examples  -??  -san Similar to "Mr." or "Mrs." or "Ms." in English. (formal) "Ashley-san" "Peter-san"  -??  -kun Usually used after the names of boys or young men that the speaker is close with. Never used towards one's superiors. "Honda-kun"  -???  -chan Usually used after the names of girls and young children. (informal) "Ashley-chan"  -????  -sensei Used after the names of teachers, doctors, and other authority figures. Can also be used on its own. (formal) "Naomi-sensei"  -??  -sama Similar to san, but much more polite. Often used towards customers. (very formal) "Ashley-sama" (as a customer) Japanese Pronunciation Series In this lesson, we will introduce you to the vowels and some of the syllables that make up the Japanese language. Introduction Before we get into the pronunciation, let's first review how Japanese sounds work. Japanese has a relatively small set of sounds compared with other languages, with only fourteen consonants (k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r, w, g, z, d, b, and p) and 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, and u). In Japanese, there are no such words as the English word "strength," which has clusters of three or more consonants. Japanese is made up of syllables, which are made up of a consonant and a vowel. The only exceptions are the vowels and the "n" sound, which stands alone. Vowels First we will go over Japanese vowels, which is one of the easiest areas of pronunciation. English has the same five vowels as Japanese (a, e, i, o, and u), but if you consider all of the ways you can pronounce English vowels, you end up with twenty different sounds! In Japanese, the sounds that the vowels make do not change. They sound very similar to the vowels found in Spanish or Italian. Let's take a look at them: a - pronounced "ah," like the "a" in "father" e - pronounced "eh," like the "e" in "net" i  - pronounced "ee," like the "ee" in "meet"* o - pronounced "oh," like the first part of the "o" sound in "so" u - pronounced "oo," like the "oo" in "mood," but with the lips less rounded* *Devoicing There is one small exception for the pronunciations of "i" and "u" that we will call devoicing. That means that they become almost "whispered." This happens when these vowels come between two of the voiceless consonants: p, t, k, s, or h. For example, in words like shika ("deer") and hiku ("to pull"), the "i" sound is almost inaudible. This regularly occurs at the ends of the grammatical endings desu and masu as well, which are pronounced [dess] and [mahs], respectively. Consonants As we mentioned before, Japanese has the following set of fourteen consonants: k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r, w, g, z, d, b, and p. Each one is paired with a vowel to create a syllable. In this lesson, we will cover consonants "k" through "w." KA KI KU KE KO ? ? ? ? ? We pronounce the "k" syllables the same as in English. SA SHI SU SE SO ? ? ? ? ? Note how si becomes shi. We pronounce the "s" syllables the same as in English. TA CHI TSU TE TO ? ? ? ? ? Note how ti becomes chi and tu becomes tsu. We pronounce most "t" syllables the same as in English, with the exception of tsu. While this sound does exist in English, it never comes at the beginning of a word as it often does in Japanese. This sound is the same as the "ts" in the word "cats." Try saying "cats" without the "ca" to make this sound. NA NI NU NE NO ? ? ? ? ? We pronounce the "n" syllables the same as in English. HA HI FU HE HO ? ? ? ? ? Note how hu becomes fu. We pronounce most "h" syllables the same as in English, with the exception of fu. The "f" sound in Japanese is a lot lighter than in English. When making this sound, blow air between the lips, and not between the lips and teeth. Imagine this sound as being a combination of both "h" and "f." We pronounce the characters ? and ? as "wa" and "e" when used as particles. Refer to the paragraph below for more information.   MA MI MU ME MO ? ? ? ? ? We pronounce the "m" syllables the same as in English. YA YU YO ? ? ? We pronounce the "y" syllables the same as in English. Note that there are no "yi" and "ye" sounds in modern Japanese. RA RI RU RE RO ? ? ? ? ? When you make an "r" sound in English, you roll your tongue, but it doesn't touch the roof of your mouth. In Japanese, however, you lightly tap the roof of your mouth with your tongue to create an "r" sound. It is similar to a rolling "r," except that it is only done once. It might be easier to make this sound if you think of it like making a light "d" sound. For example, to correctly pronounce the Japanese name Eri, try saying the name "Eddy" quickly and you will get a sound that comes very close to the Japanese "r." WA WO ? ? We pronounce the "w" in wa the same as in English, but we pronounce wo simply as "o" in Japanese. N ? The pronunciation of the "n" changes slightly depending on what kind of sound comes after it. Before "b," "p," and "m," it sounds more like an "m," as in shimbun ("newspaper"). Before "k" or "g," it sounds like "ng," as in genki ("energetic"). However, these differences are so slight that most Japanese people aren't even aware of them, so do not worry too much about trying to remember these rules. These sound changes occur naturally as you pronounce these words, but if you pronounce them a bit differently, people will still understand you.   Pronunciation of Particles There are a few exceptions when it comes to pronunciation that are important to remember. The topic particle wa and direction particle e are written using characters that are different from their pronunciation. Particle Written as... Pronounced as... Topic Particle "wa" ? (literally, "ha") ? (wa) Direction Particle "e" ? (literally, "he") ? (e) Double consonants In this lesson, we will introduce you to double consonants and show how they differ from single consonants. Double Consonants An important concept in Japanese pronunciation is double consonants, which can show up in the middle of a word (but not in the beginning). These double consonant clusters (kk, ss, tt, cc, etc.) differ from single consonants (k, s, t, c, etc.) in that it takes twice the amount of time to produce them. Think about the word "bookkeeper" in English. We almost pause in the middle as we take extra time to pronounce the double consonant cluster "kk." This is also how it works in Japanese. Whether a consonant is double or not can change the meaning of the word, making double consonants an important concept to learn. Compare the following examples: Japanese Translation Japanese Translation ?? (kako) "past" ??? (kakko) "brackets" ?? (nishi) "west" ??? (nisshi) "daily report" ??? (supai) "spy" ???? (suppai) "sour" ?? (kata) "shoulder" ??? (katta) "won" ?? (kite) "come" ??? (kitte) "cut" ??? (asari) "clam" ???? (assari) "plain" ?? (ichi) "one" ??? (icchi) "accordance"             In some instances, the Japanese language uses a double "n." We hold this "n" sound for twice as long. Look at the following examples: ???(on'na) "woman", "women" ????(zan'nen) "regret", "unfortunate" In some cases, the word meaning changes (as in the examples above) depending on whether there is one "n" or two: ??? (konna) "this kind of" ?? (kona) "flour" ??? (honne) "true feelings" ?? (hone) "bone" Pronunciation of "n" (?) Let's take a look at the pronunciation of the stand-alone "n" syllable. The pronunciation of this "n" changes slightly depending on what kind of sound comes after it. Before "b", "p", and "m", it sounds more like an "m" as in shimbun ("newspaper"). Before "k" or "g", it sounds like "ng", as in genki ("energetic"). However, these differences are so slight that most Japanese people aren't even aware of them, so do not worry too much about trying to remember these rules. These sound changes occur naturally as you pronounce these words, but if you pronounce them a bit differently, people will still understand you. When "n" comes before... The "n" sound changes to... Example word Sounds like... b/p/m ? m ???? shinbun "newspaper" shimbun k/g ? ng ??? genki "energetic" gengki Conjugation : Intro to Verbs What is a verb? A verb is a word that describes some kind of action. Think of the words "talk," "run," and "sit" in English - these are all verbs. Verbs in Japanese are quite different from verbs in other languages. As mentioned in All About Japanese Lesson #3, verbs do not change according to the subject (who or what you are talking about or how many you are talking about). This means that you use the exact same form of the verb "talk" to say "I talk," "you talk," "he/she talks," and so on. There are also very few irregular Japanese verbs compared to the vast number found in Western languages. What are the dictionary and masu forms of a verb? In Japanese, every verb has a dictionary form and a masu form. Let's take a look at the differences between them. ? Dictionary Form: The dictionary form of a verb is called that because it is the form of the verb that shows up in the dictionary. It is also known as the present (non-past) informal form. By remembering verbs in this form, you can change them into whatever form is necessary. The dictionary form always ends in "u." ? Masu Form: The masu form always ends in masu, and it is the present (non-past) formal form of a verb. Verb Classes All classes sort into 3 classes. In this lesson, you'll learn how to tell the verb classes. How can you tell which class a verb belongs to? (From masu form)   ?  When masu is preceded by "i" ? Class 1 verb   ?  When masu is preceded by "e" or a one syllable sound ? Class 2 verb   ?  Kimasu ("to come"), shimasu ("to do")?? Class 3 verb (irregular verb) How can you tell which class a verb belongs to??From dictionary form)   ?  When the last three letters of the verb are -eru or -iru ? Class 2 verb   ?  All verbs that are an exception to the above rule ? Class 1 verb   ?  Kuru ("to come"), suru ("to do")?? Class 3 verb (irregular verb)   Basic verb list Dictionary Form Masu Form "English" Class ?? au ???? aimasu "to meet" Class 1 ?? aru ???? arimasu "to be, exist" (inanimate) Class 1 ?? asobu ???? asobimasu "to play" Class 1 ?? hanasu ???? hanashimasu "to speak" Class 1 ?? iku ???? ikimasu "to go" Class 1 ?? nomu ???? nomimasu "drink" Class 1 ?? iu ???? iimasu "to say" Class 1 ?? kau ???? kaimasu "to buy" Class 1 ?? kiku ???? kikimasu "to listen" Class 1 ??? magaru ????? magarimasu "to turn" Class 1 ?? tatsu ???? tachimasu "to stand" Class 1 ?? toru ???? torimasu "to take" Class 1 ?? miru ??? mimasu "to see" Class 2 ?? neru ??? nemasu "to sleep" Class 2 ?? iru ??? imasu "to exist, to be" (animate) Class 2 ??? okiru ???? okimasu "to wake up" Class 2 ??? taberu ???? tabemasu "to eat" Class 2 ?? kuru ??? kimasu "to come" Class 3 ?? suru ??? shimasu "to do" Class 3   Suru verbs In Japanese, we form many verbs by pairing a noun with the helping verb suru (??), meaning "to do." In these examples, the direct particle o (?) can come between the noun and the verb, but it is optional. Dictionary Form Romaji Masu Form Romaji "English" ??(?)?? benky? (o) suru ????? benky? (o) shimasu "to study" ??(?)?? denwa (o) suru ????? denwa (o) shimasu "to call" ?????(?)?? jogingu (o) suru ???????? jogingu (o) shimasu "to jog" ??(?)?? sanpo (o) suru ????? sanpo (o) shimasu "to go for a walk" ??(?)?? shigoto (o) suru ????? shigoto (o) shimasu "to work" Japanese Pronunciation - Long vowels The focus of this lesson is to introduce you to long vowels and explain how they differ from short vowels. Long Vowels vs. Short Vowels The concept of long and short vowel sounds is an important concept to understand when learning Japanese pronunciation. In Japanese, vowels can be lengthened, and there is a very distinct difference between long and short vowels. Note that in this lesson, a macron (small horizontal line over a vowel) denotes a long vowel that we hold for twice as long as a regular vowel. Double vowels and vowel pairs Sounds like...  ?? aa  ?? ahh  ?? ii  ?? ee  ?? uu  ??  ooh  ?? ee  ?? ei  ?? ehh  ?? oo  ?? ou  ?? ohh In many cases, whether the vowel is long or short will determine the meaning of the word. Let's illustrate this with some examples: ?? ??? kado k?do "corner" "card" In the case of k?do ("card"), we hold the "a" sound for approximately twice as long as the "a" sound in kado ("corner"). As you can see, the meaning is very different depending on whether the vowel is long or short! Let's look at a few more examples: ???? ????? o-ba-san o-b?-san "aunt" "grandmother" ???? ????? o-ji-san o-j?-san  "uncle" "grandfather"   ?? ??? kutsu kuts? "shoes" "pain"   ?? ??? ego eigo "ego" "English"   ?? ??? toru t?ru "to take" "to pass through" As you can see in the first chart above, the vowel combinations of "ei" and "ou" sound like "?" and "?," respectively. More examples: Japanese R?maji Translation Sounds like... ???? sensei "teacher" ????   sens? ??? doumo "Thanks." ??? d?mo In the first word sensei, the combination of "e" + "i" sounds just a long "e" vowel. In the second word m?, we have a combination of "o" + "u," but what we hear is only the "o" sound lengthened. We don't hear the "u" that comes at the end. - Welcome to Japan! Avoid Instant Immersion Shock with this Lesson ??????????????? Mina-sama, kich? no Hino de gozaimasu. "Hello everyone, this is your captain Hino speaking." In this lesson, you will: Learn how to use the copula and become familiar with its different forms Learn how to use the particle no (?) to talk about one's title or company they belong to Using the Copula In Japanese, we use the copula in two ways. The meaning we will focus on in this lesson is that of "is," as in "I am," "you are," "he/she/it is," and so on. In Japanese, there are three different politeness levels, which means there are three different variations of the copula: Politeness Level Romaji Japanese Informal da ? Formal desu ?? Extra formal de gozaimasu ?????? We use da (?) in informal situations, while we use desu (??) in formal situations. We reserve de gozaimasu (??????) for extra formal situations. In the dialogue, we heard the formal desu (??) and extra formal de gozaimasu (??????).  Toyota-san used desu when talking to Ashley and the pilot used de gozaimasu when making his announcement to the passengers. Examples from the Dialog Desu (??): ????: ??????????? Toyota Ichir?: Sesshi wa serushiasu desu. Ichiro Toyota: "'Sesshi' means Celsius." De gozaimasu (??????): ?????: ??????????????? Pairotto: Mina-sama, kich? no Hino de gozaimasu. Pilot: "Hello everyone, this is your captain Hino speaking." Using no (?) Before, we learned how to use no (?) to show possession. Now we will learn how to use it to indicate one's title or the company that they belong to. You can give your title or company name followed by no (?) and then your name. [ title/company ] no [ name ] In the example from the dialogue, the pilot introduced himself with his title, kich? (??), the particle no (?), and his name Hino (??). ???????????? Kich? no Hino de gozaimasu. "This is your captain Hino speaking" When Peter Galante of GengoLanguages introduces himself, he could say: (???GengoLanguages.com????????????? (Watashi wa) Japan?zu poddo ichi maru ichi dotto komu no P?t? Gyarante desu. "I'm Peter Galante of GengoLanguages.com." In the Appendix In this lesson, we saw some phrases that are related to dates and time, as well as a counter for temperature: ??????? - hachi-gatsu j?-roku-nichi - August 16th ????? - nichiy?bi - Sunday ???????? - gogo san-ji ju-ppun - 3:10 P.M. ??30? - sanj?-do - 30 degrees For more detailed information on these phrases, please check the following Appendix lessons: Time: Hours/Minutes (Appendix #2), Time: Months and Dates (Appendix #3), Days of the Week (Appendix #4), and Counters (Appendix #7). Measurements in Japan Japan adopted the metric system around the 1960s, which means that meters are used for measuring length, grams are used for measuring weight, liters are used for measuring volume, and so on. In the dialog, we saw that Japan uses the Celsius system of measuring temperature. If you are familiar with the Fahrenheit system, it might take a little while to get used to, but it's a good idea to learn the Celsius system if you want to be able to understand the weather forecast! Time Duration: Hours & Minutes In Appendix 2, we learned how to tell time in Japanese. In this Appendix, we will learn how to talk about time duration in Japanese. Time duration specifies how long something takes (length of time). To talk about duration, we put -kan (?) after the length of time. Minutes When talking about minutes, the -kan (?) is optional. ??(?) i-ppun(kan) one minute ??(?) ni-fun(kan) two minutes ??(?) san-pun(kan) three minutes ??(?) yon-fun(kan) four minutes ??(?) go-fun(kan) five minutes ??(?) ro-ppun(kan) six minutes ??(?) nana-fun(kan) seven minutes ??(?) ha-ppun(kan) hachi-fun(kan) eight minutes ??(?) ky?-fun(kan) nine minutes ??(?) ju-ppun(kan) ji-ppun(kan) ten minutes ???(?) j?yon-fun(kan) fourteen minutes ???(?) nij?yon-fun(kan) twenty minutes ????(?) nij?yon-fun(kan) twenty-four minutes ??(?) nan-pun(kan) nan-fun(kan) How many minutes...? Hours Although -kan (?) can be omitted when talking about minutes, it cannot be omitted for hours. ??? ichi-ji-kan one hour ??? ni-ji-kan two hours ??? san-ji-kan three hours ??? yo-ji-kan four hours ??? go-ji-kan five hours ??? roku-ji-kan six hours ??? nana-ji-kan seven hours ??? hachi-ji-kan eight hours ??? ku-ji-kan nine hours ??? j?-ji-kan ten hours ???? j?yo-ji-kan fourteen hours ???? nij?-ji-kan twenty hours ????? nij?yo-ji-kan twenty-four hours ??? nan-ji-kan How many hours...? Japanese Pronunciation Series - Japanese Pitch Accent What is Pitch Accent? Pitch accent refers to a characteristic of language where every syllable can be pronounced with a high or low pitch. Pitch accent is considered different from the concepts of stress and tone that appear in English and Chinese, respectively. English: Stress Chinese: Tones Japanese: Pitch Pitch in the Japanese Language Pitch accent varies widely from region to region in Japan. As Japan started to have contact with other countries in the Meiji period, they decided that a "standard language" needed to be established. The Japanese spoken in Tokyo is now known as "standard Japanese," or hy?jun-go (???) in Japanese. The examples of pitch accent provided below are based on "standard Japanese." About Pitch Accent Some assert that English has over 30,000 syllabic sounds. In contrast, Japanese has only 111 (112, according to some linguists). In other words, there are very few "sounds" in Japanese, and as a result, there are many homophones (i.e., words that are spelled the same but have different meanings). These homophones can be confusing. In written language, it is easy to tell the difference between homophones if kanji characters are used. In speech, we use pitch accent in order to differentiate between homophones to avoid misunderstandings.   Example: Romaji AKA Kanji ? ? Pronunciation [ a???ka ] [ a  ??ka ] Meaning "red" "filth" Characteristics of Japanese Pitch Accent ? There are only two levels of pitch - high and low. ? Pitch does not change in the middle of a syllable. In Chinese, there are tones that go from low to high or high to low in the middle of a syllable. This does not occur in Japanese. ? First and second syllables cannot be the same pitch. If the first syllable is high, then the second one must be low. If the first syllable is low, then the second one must be high. Example: Romaji AME Kanji ? ? Pronunciation [ a???me ] [ a  ??me ] Meaning "rain" "candy" In this example, the pitch changes from the first syllable to the second. These two syllables cannot be the same pitch. ? We cannot use high pitch more than once in the same word. In other words, once the pitch falls, it cannot go back up again. For Example: The pronunciation [ mi?tsu?bishi ]?cannot be?[ mi?tsu?bi?shi ], [ mi?tsu?bi?shi ], or [ mi?tsubi?shi ]. ? The pitch of a word can change depending on what comes after it. For Example: [ ka?nada ]     [ ka ? nadajin ]              (Canada)       (Canadian person) Why we should learn about Pitch Accent So why is it important to learn about pitch accent in Japanese? Here are a couple of important reasons. Reason #1: To be able to tell the difference between homophones For Example: Romaji HASHI Kanji ? ? Pronunciation [ ha???shi ] [ ha  ??shi ] Meaning "chopsticks" "bridge" Reason #2: To be able to tell where a word starts For Example: The word niwatori (????) could mean "chicken" or "two birds." [ ni? watori ] ? "chicken" [ ni? wa ] ? "two" (counter for birds) [ to? ri ] ? "bird" If it is pronounced as [ ni? wa to? ri] the listener knows that this is two words, since once the pitch falls it never goes up in the same word. On the other hand, the pronunciation [ ni? watori ] indicates that it is one word. If tori were a separate word, the pitch of to and ri would be different because first and second syllables cannot be the same pitch. Don't Miss Your Chance! How to Close the Deal in Japanese ?????????????? Toyota-san, meishi, arimasu ka. "Toyota-san, do you have a business card?" In this lesson, you will learn: ?  How to talk about the existence of inanimate objects with arimasu (????) ?  How to ask for something with kudasai (????) Talking About Existence with arimasu (????) Arimasu (????) is a verb that means "to be," "to exist," or "to have." It is important to note that this only applies to inanimate objects. For animate objects such as people or animals, we use the verb imasu (???). For more information on the differences and usage of these two words, see Lesson 17. Affirmative ???? arimasu ??(?)????? Meishi (ga) arimasu. "I have a business card." Negative ????? arimasen ??(?)?????? Meishi (ga) arimasen. "I don't have a business card." Yes/No Question ????? arimasu ka ??(?)?????? Meishi (ga) arimasu ka? "Do you have a business card?" Examples from the Dialogue ?????:?????????????? Ashur?: Toyota-san, meishi, arimasu ka. Ashley: "Toyota-san, do you have a business card?" ????:???????????????????????????? Toyota Ichir?: Hai, arimasu. Meishi... Meishi... are? Arimasen. Ichiro Toyota: "Yes, I do! Business card...business card...huh? Uh oh, I don't!" Construction "Excuse me." "Do you have ___?" ?????? [ Sumimasen. ] ????[ o-sat? ] "sugar" ?????? [ arimasu ka?] ?? [ jikan ] "time" ?? [ pen ] "pen" Asking for Something Using kudasai (??? ?) In the dialogue, Ichiro asked Ashley to contact him using the word kudasai (????): ????: ??????? Toyota Ichir?: Renraku kudasai. Ichiro Toyota: "Contact me sometime!" To ask for something, we can use: [ object ] (o) kudasai We put the object particle o (?) plus kudasai (????) after what we want, but keep in mind that we can omit o (?) particle. Object You Want ...(o) kudasai ?? [ k?cha ] "black tea" ???????? ?? [ denwa ] "call" ?? [ o-mizu ] "water" ???? [ meny? ] "menu" Business Card Etiquette Exchanging business cards is a very important practice in the Japanese business world. Unlike in Western countries where business cards might be exchanged at the ending of a meeting to share contact information, in Japan, exchanging business cards is an integral part of the introduction process. If you have your own business card, you should present it to the other person as you introduce yourself. When handing over your business card, it is important to use both hands and hold it so that the writing is readable to the other person. When receiving someone's business card, you should also use both hands to accept it, and whatever you do, don't put it in your pocket! It might be a good idea to follow the other person's lead and put his or her business card away at the same time he or she puts your business card away. Lesson #7 – Don't answer this question incorrectly! ?????????? Eigo de onegai shimasu. "Could you please use English?" In this lesson, you will: ?  Review the different usages of onegai shimasu (??????) ?  Learn the word hajimete (???) to talk about doing something for the first time ?  Learn how to use the particle de (?) to talk about the means used to do something Review of onegai shimasu ???????? We saw many uses of onegai shimasu (??????) in the dialogue of this lesson. We first reviewed this phrase in Basic Bootcamp Lesson 3. Let's review some of these expressions that use onegai shimasu (??????). Examples from the Dialogue ? When asking for something: ????????????? Pasup?to, onegai shimasu. "Passport, please." ? When asking for something to be repeated: ???????????? M? ichi-do, onegai shimasu. "Could you say that once more, please?" ? When asking someone to say something slower: ???????????? Yukkuri, onegai shimasu. "Could you say that a bit slower, please?" Talking About Firsts with hajimete (???) Hajimete (???) is an adverb that means, "first" or "first time." When combined with desu ka (???), it creates a question that means "Is it/this your first time?" We can put the topic followed by the particle wa (?) in the beginning of the sentence to clarify what is being asked about. Topic Topic Particle First Time Copula Question Particle [Something] wa ? hajimete ??? desu ?? ka ? In the dialogue, the clerk at the airport asks Ashley if it's her first time in Japan by using this phrase: ?????????? Nihon wa hajimete desu ka. "Is it your first time in Japan?" Other Examples: ?????????????? Ny? Y?ku wa hajimete desu ka. "Is it your first time in New York?" ??????????? Nihoncha wa hajimete desu ka. "Is it your first time drinking Japanese tea?" Particle de (?) We can use the particle de (?) with a noun to talk about means of transportation or tools used to do something. As we saw in the dialogue, this particle can be used with languages when talking about using them as a tool for communication: ?????????? Eigo de onegai shimasu. "Could you please use English?" (literally, "In English, please.") In this phrase, eigo de (???) means, "in English" or "using English." Another example: ??????????? Nihongo de onegai shimasu. "Could you please use Japanese?" (literally, "In Japanese, please.") Vocabulary Building: Phrases using taizai (??) In this dialogue, Ashley didn't understand the meaning of the word taizai kikan (????), which means "length of stay." Taizai (??) refers to one's stay and is an important word to remember if you plan on visiting Japan. Let's take a look at some common compound words that use taizai (??). Japanese English Meaning ???? taizai kikan length of stay ?? = kikan = "length of time" ???? taizai jikan length of stay ?? = jikan = "time" ???? taizai basho place where one is staying ?? = basho = "place" ??? taizai saki place where one is staying ? = saki = "destination" ???? taizai mokuteki purpose of one's visit ?? = mokuteki = "purpose"   In the Appendix In this lesson, we learned the words for English language (eigo, ??) and Japanese language (Nihon-go, ???). For more detailed information on language vocabulary, please check the following Appendix lesson: Country, Nationality, Language (Appendix #11). Immigration and Customs When you arrive at immigration in Japan, you will probably be asked a few questions about the purpose of your visit and so on. At the larger international airports in Japan, you'll find that a lot of the staff at immigration and customs speak English, and you may not even need to use Japanese. Since you are studying Japanese, though, you might want to try using Japanese. If you get stuck, you can do what Ashley did in the conversation and ask them to use English. Counters Counters are words that are paired with numbers and are used to count things and events. They are similar to English phrases such as “a piece of~”, “a slice of ~”, “a cup of ~”, and so on. Japanese is unique in that there are literally hundreds of different kinds of counters. What counter gets used is usually determined by the size and shape of the object being counted (when the item being counted is tangible). The pronunciation of many counters changes (according to Japanese pronunciation rules) when a number is prefixed to it. For example, hiki (?) the counter for small animals, becomes ippiki (??) for one animal, nihiki (??) for two animals, and sanbiki (??) for three animals. This kind of change of pronunciation often happens when the preceding numbers are 1, 3, 6 and 8. Here you'll find charts of the different counters that appeared in the lessons. Kanji Romaji Meaning Introduced in: ? do degree (temperature) # of times (occurance) Gengo #5 ? mai thin, flat items Gengo #8 ? mei people (polite) Gengo #8 ? tsu general objects Gengo #9 ? ko small, round objects Gengo #9 ? kai floors of a building Gengo #11 ? nin people Gengo #11 ? hon long, slender objects   ? hiki small animals   ? hai cupfuls   ? satsu books   ? or ? sai years of age   When a number is followed by a counter, many times there will be a change in the sound. There are several sound change patterns, and in this appendix we will introduce some of the typcial patterns. Pattern 1 :[number]?counter ??Do (?) is used to count degrees ??Mai (?) is used for flat, thin objects such as sheets of paper ??Mei (?) is  a polite counter used for people These three counters do not undergo any sound changes.   ???do? ???mai? ??(mei)   ?degree? flat object people 1 ?? ichi-do ?? ichi-mai ?? ichi-mei 2 ?? ni-do ?? ni-mai ?? ni-mei 3 ?? san-do ?? san-mai ?? san-mei 4 ?? yon-do ?? yon-mai ?? yon-mei 5 ?? go-do ?? go-mai ?? go-mei 6 ?? roku-do ?? roku-mai ?? roku-mei 7 ?? nana-do ?? nana-mai ?? nana-mei 8 ?? hachi-do ?? hachi-mai ?? hachi-mei 9 ?? ky?-do ku-do ?? ky?-mai ?? ky?-mei 10 ?? j?-do ?? j?-mai ?? j?-mei ? ?? nan-do ?? nan-mai ?? nan-mei   ??General Counter This set is used as general counters that can be used when there is no specific counter or you don't know the counter. Only up to 10. They do not follow any kind of pattern and must be memorized. ?? hitotsu one item ?? futatsu two items ?? mittsu three items ?? yottsu four items ?? itsutsu five items ?? muttsu six items ?? nanatsu seven items ?? yattsu eight items ?? kokonotsu nine items ? too ten items ??? ikutsu how many items...? Pattern 2: The following 3 counters follow this pattern ?    Ko (?) is used for small/round objects ?    Kai(?) is used for counting floors of buildings     ?? ko ?? kai   small object floors 1 ?? i-kko ?? i-kkai 2 ?? ni-ko ?? ni-kai 3 ?? san-ko ?? san-kai 4 ?? yon-ko ?? yon-kai 5 ?? go-ko ?? go-kai 6 ?? rokko ?? ro-kkai 7 ?? nana-ko ?? nana-kai 8 ?? ha-kko hachi-ko ?? ha-kkai hachi-kai 9 ?? ky?-ko ?? ky?-kai 10 ?? ju-kko ?? ju-kkai ? ?? nan-ko ?? nan-kai   Nin (?) is used to count people. They do not follow any kind of pattern and must be memorized. ?? hitori one person ?? futari two people ?? san-nin three people ?? yo-nin four people ?? go-nin five people ?? roku-nin six people ?? nana-nin shichi-nin seven people ?? hachi-nin eight people ?? ky?-nin ku-nin nine people ?? j?-nin ten people ?? nan-nin How many people...?   Other useful counters: ??Hon (?) is used to count long objects such as bottles, pencils, tubes, etc. ??Hiki (?) is used to count small animals ??Hai (?) is used to count cups or glasses Please note the sound changes that take place after certain numbers. These three counters have the same pattern.   ?? ?? ??   Long cylindrical objects Small animals Glassfuls, cupfuls 1 ?? i-ppon ?? i-ppiki ?? i-ppai 2 ?? ni-hon ?? ni-hiki ?? ni-hai 3 ?? san-bon ?? san-biki ?? san-bai 4 ?? yon-hon ?? yon-hiki ?? yon-hai 5 ?? go-hon ?? go-hiki ?? go-hai 6 ?? ro-ppon ?? ro-ppiki ?? ro-ppai 7 ?? nana-hon ?? nana-hiki ?? nana-hai 8 ?? ha-ppon ?? ha-ppiki ?? ha-ppai 9 ?? ky?-hon ?? ky?-hiki ?? ky?-hai 10 ?? ju-ppon ?? ju-ppiki ?? ju-ppai ? ?? nan-bon nan-hon ?? nan-biki nan-hiki ?? nan-bai nan-hai   Satsu (?) can be used to count bound objects such as books or magazines.  ??  i-ssatsu one (volume)  ??  ni-satsu two (volumes)  ??  san-satsu three (volumes)  ??  yon-satsu four (volumes)  ??  go-satsu five (volumes)  ??  roku-satsu six (volumes)  ??  nana-satsu seven (volumes)  ??  ha-ssatsu eight (volumes)  ??  ky?-satsu nine (volumes)  ??  ju-ssatsu ten (volumes)  ??  nan-satsu how many volumes...?   Sai (?) is used to count years of age. ?? i-ssai one year old ?? ni-sai two years old ?? san-sai three years old ?? yon-sai four years old ?? go-sai five years old ?? roku-sai six years old ?? nana-sai seven years old ?? ha-ssai eight years old ?? ky?-sai nine years old ?? j?-ssai ten years old ?? or ??? nan-sai or ikutsu How old...? #8 - Get What You Want Using Japanese! ?????????????????? Kono kurejitto k?do wa daij?bu desu ka. "Can I use this credit card?" In this lesson, you will: ?  Learn useful vocabulary for buying tickets ?  Learn how to use the word daij?bu (???) ?  Learn a series of important words known as ko-so-a-do words Buying Tickets In the dialogue, Ashley successfully bought tickets for the Limousine Bus from Narita Airport to Shinagawa Princess Hotel. Let's take a look at some vocabulary and phrases used when buying tickets. The first two vocabulary words are known as counters. Japanese has many counters, which are words that we use to count specific items. The corresponding counter depends on the appearance or make up of the item. For example, there are different counters for sheets of paper and bottles because they are different in shape. Counters always come after the number, which comes after the object being counted. Counters for Paper: Japanese Meaning ?? ?mai counter for sheets of paper (including tickets) Mai (?) is a counter that we use to count sheets of paper, which includes tickets. Japanese Romaji English ?? ichi-mai one sheet of paper ?? ni-mai two sheets of paper ?? san-mai three sheets of paper ?? yon-mai four sheets of paper Counters for People: Japanese Meaning ?? ?mei counter for people Mei (?) is a counter that we use to count people. We usually use this counter for people in polite situations. Japanese Romaji English ?? ichi-mei one person ?? ni-mei two people ?? san-mei three people ?? yon-mei four people Made ("for (place)") Japanese Meaning ??? ?made for (place)/ until Made (??) literally means "until," but in this case it is commonly translated as "for (place)." Examples: ?????? Narita k?k? made "for Narita Airport" ????? T?ky? eki made "for Tokyo Station" Japanese Meaning ?? otona adult ?? kodomo child Examples: ???? otona ichi-mai "one adult ticket" ???? kodomo ni-mai "two child tickets" Using Daij?bu (? ??) and Dame (??) Daij?bu and dame are two common and useful words that you will encounter a lot in Japanese. Daij?bu (???) means "okay" or "all right," while dame (??) has the opposite meaning and means "no good," "not okay," and "useless." These can refer to states ("I'm okay," "I'm not okay") or actions ("It's okay to ____," "It's not okay to ____."). To say that something is okay or not okay (depending on the context, this can mean a variety of things), we use: Topic Topic Particle "okay"? "not okay" Copula [ something ] ? wa ?????? daij?bu?dame ?? desu To ask whether something is okay or not, we simply add the question particle ka (?): Topic Topic Particle "okay"? "not okay" Copula Question Particle [ something ] ? wa ?????? daij?bu?dame ?? desu ? ka Let's look at this exchange from the dialogue: ?????:???????????????? Ashur?: Kono debitto k?do wa daij?bu desu ka? Ashley:"Can I use this debit card?" (literally, "Is this debit card okay?") ??:?????????????????? Kakariin: Sumimasen. Sono k?do wa, dame desu. Clerk:"I'm sorry; you can't use that credit card." (literally, "I'm sorry, that card is no good." Ko-so-a-do ?????? Words In Lesson #3, we touched briefly on Ko-so-a-do words, which are also known as demonstrative words. These are words that show what you are talking about. In Japanese, there are three main categories ("this," "that," and "that over there") and one category for questions. Let's review these categories and take a look at a new set of Ko-so-a-do words. The prefix tells us a location: Prefix Location ? ko here, near ? so there, not far off   ? a there, at a distance   ? do (not location but question marker) Examples: Japanese English ?? kore this ?? sore that ?? are that (over there) ?? dore which  Examples: ????????? Kore wa Nihoncha desu. "This is Japanese tea." ???????? Sore wa k?cha desu. "That's black tea." The following words also mean "this" and "that" but must be followed by a noun. Japanese English ?? (noun) kono (noun) this (noun) ?? (noun) sono (noun) that (noun) ?? (noun) ano (noun) that (noun) over there ?? (noun) dono (noun) which (noun) Examples: ???????????? Kono koh? wa atsui desu. "This coffee is hot." ??????????? Sono k?do wa dame desu. "You can't use that card." In the Appendix In this lesson, we introduced the counter words for flat objects (mai, ?), and people (mei, ?). For more detailed information on these and other counters, please check the following Appendix lesson: Counters (Appendix #7). Using Money in Japan The monetary unit for Japan is yen, known as en (?) in Japanese. Throughout Japan you will see both the international symbol for yen (?) as well as the kanji for en (?). Japanese coins come in denominations of 1 yen, 5 yen, 10 yen, 50 yen, 100 yen, and 500 yen. Paper bills come in denominations of 1,000 yen, 5,000 yen, and 10,000 yen (2,000 yen bills are rare but do exist). Japan is still very much a cash-based society, which means you will not be able to use your credit card everywhere, and there will be even fewer places that will take a debit card. In major stores you shouldn't have any problem using a credit card, but make sure that you always have cash on hand just in case. Don't hesitate to ask if you can use a credit or debit card using the phrases from this lesson! #9 - Your one stop shop for all your Japanese needs ????????????? Sumimasen. Ikura desu ka. "I'm sorry, how much is it?" In this lesson, you will: ?  Review some crucial questions words ("what" and "how much") ?  Learn some useful expressions for buying something Review of Question Words In the dialogue, we saw two vital question words: nan (?), meaning "what," and ikura (???), meaning "how much." ?????: ????????? Ashuri: Kore wa, nan desu ka? Ashley: "What is this?" ?????: ??????? Ashuri: Ikura desu ka. Ashley: "How much is it?" Asking What Something is: Item Being Asked About Topic Particle What Copula Question Particle Translation [ A ] ? wa ? nan ?? desu ? ka "What is [A]?" If the topic is already understood, we can shorten this question to: ????? (Nan desu ka?) Asking How Much Something Costs: Item Being Asked About Topic Particle How Much Copula Question Particle Translation [ A ] ? wa ??? ikura ?? desu ? ka "How much is [A]?" If the topic is already understood, we can shorten this question to: ???????(Ikura desu ka?) Useful Expressions for Buying Something In the dialogue, Ashley bought lunch at a kiosk, specifying how much of each item she wanted. We'll go over some important expressions used for buying something, such as counters to specify the number of items you want. Counters Japanese has many different kinds of counters, words that we use to count objects according to size and shape. Here we'll introduce you to two counters commonly encountered in Japanese. Counters for General Objects Japanese Romaji English ??  hitotsu "one (object)" ??  futatsu "two (objects)" ??  mittsu "three (objects)" ??  yottsu "four (objects)" ??  itsutsu "five (objects)" ??  muttsu "six (objects)" ??  nanatsu "seven (objects)" ??  yattsu "eight (objects)" ??  kokonotsu "nine (objects)" ?  t? "ten (objects)" ???  ikutsu "how many (objects)?"   Counter for Small Objects Japanese Romaji English ??  i-kko "one (small object)" ??  ni-ko "two (small objects)" ??  san-ko "three (small objects)" ??  yon-ko "four (small objects)" ??  go-ko "five (small objects)" ??  ro-kko "six (small objects)" ??  nana-ko "seven (small objects)" ??  hachi-ko "eight (small objects)" ??  ky?-ko "nine (small objects)" ??  j?-kko ten (small objects) ??  nan-ko "how many (small objects)?"   Asking for Something To ask for something, we put the object particle o (?) and the word for "please", kudasai (????), after the item. Item Wanted Object Particle "give me" / "please" Translation [ A ] ? o ???? kudasai "I'll take [ A ]" / "Please give me [ A ]" ???? o-musubi ???? kukk? ?? kore To specify an amount, we can put a counter word inbetween the particle o (?) and kudasai (????). Item Object Particle Amount "give me" / "please" Translation ???? o-musubi ? o ??? hitotsu ???? kudasai "I'll take [amount] [item]" / "Please give me [amount] [item]" ???? kukk? ??? futatsu ?? kore ??? mittsu Examples from the Dialogue ?????: ?????????????????????????? Ashur?: Kono sandoicchi hitotsu to, kono kukki o futatsu kudasai. Ashley: "I'd like one of these sandwiches and two cookies, please." ?????:?????????????? Ashur?: Ja, sore o ni-ko, kudasai. Ashley: "Okay, I'll take two of those." Vocabulary Usage: Welcome!/May I Help You? ?  ?????????[Irasshaimase.] "Welcome!/May I help you?" - This is an honorific phrase used by shop clerks and restaurant staff to greet customers. It usually simply means "welcome!", but when the clerk comes up to you to see how they can help you it is the equivalent of "(How) may I help you?" in English. Review of Question Words In this lesson, we introduced a couple of counter words used to count different items. For more detailed information on counters, please check the following Appendix lesson: Counter (Appendix #7). Regional Foods in Japan In the lesson, we introduced tenmusu as a regional food that originated from the Ch?ky? area (Nagoya and the surrounding areas). There are many varieties of famous regional foods throughout Japan. Okonomiyaki (a flat pancake with meat and vegetables inside) from Osaka and Hiroshima, unagi ("eel") from Hamamatsu, and gy?za ("dumplings") from Utsunomiya are just a few examples of regional cuisine. If you get the chance to travel throughout Japan, try some of the local cuisine that is famous in the area. If you are not sure about what some kind of food is, you can use the phrase that we saw in this lesson, Kore wa nan desu ka? ("What is this?")