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Chapter 1: Chemistry - Methods and Measurement
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Chapter 1 Chemistry - Methods and Measurement
Page 6
Page 1
Chapter 1: Chemistry - Methods and Measurement
1.
What is meant by the term “scientific law”?
Ans:
a summary of a large amount of scientific information
2.
What word means the application of scientific principles to meeting human needs?
Ans:
technology
3.
What is a hypothesis?
Ans:
an attempt to explain an observation in a common sense way
4.
When does a hypothesis attain the status of a theory?
Ans:
when sufficient experiments have been performed to confirm that the hypothesis is correct
5.
What kind of change does not alter the composition or identity of the substance undergoing the change?
Ans:
physical
6.
In one sentence, explain clearly what is meant by a “chemical change.”
Ans:
A chemical change results in different substance(s) from those initially present.
7.
What do we call the beginning and end materials in a chemical reaction?
Ans:
reactants and products
8.
What word is used to describe properties of a substance that depend on the quantity of substance? Give two examples of such properties.
Ans:
extensive; mass, volume, and others
9.
What is meant in chemistry by the term “pure substance”?
Ans:
The substance consists of only one component; it has a fixed composition throughout.
10.
In chemistry, explain what is meant by the word “compound.”
Ans:
a pure substance consisting of two or more elements chemically combined in a definite ratio
11.
What are the two classes of mixtures?
Ans:
homogeneous and heterogeneous
12.
Give an example of a heterogeneous mixture.
Ans:
concrete, salt and pepper, smoky air, and others
13.
What kind of mixture is a solution of alcohol and water?
Ans:
homogeneous
14.
Which of the following terms are appropriate in describing an apple?
pure substance; element; compound; mixture; homogeneous; heterogeneous
Ans:
mixture; heterogeneous
15.
1 milligram is equivalent to how many grams?
Ans:
1 ? 10-3 g
16.
A typical aspirin tablet contains 5.00 grains of pure aspirin analgesic compound. The rest of the tablet is starch. How many aspirin tablets can be made from 50.0 g of pure aspirin? [Use: 1.00 g = 15.4 grains]
Ans:
154 tablets
17.
A patient weighs 146 pounds and is to receive a drug at a dosage of 45.0 mg per kg of body weight. The drug is supplied as a solution that contains 25.0 mg of drug per mL of solution. How many mL of the drug should the patient receive? [Use: 1 pound = 454 g]
Ans:
119 mL
18.
If one atom of carbon-14 weighs 14.0 atomic mass units and one atomic mass unit is equal to 1.66 ? 10-24 grams, what is the mass of 25 atoms of carbon-14 in grams?
Ans:
5.81 ? 10-22 g
19.
A patient needs 0.300 g of a solid drug preparation per day. How many 10.0 mg tablets must be given to the patient per day?
Ans:
30.0 tablets
20.
When the value of an experimental quantity or measurement (e.g., the mass of a tablet) is reported, it should consist of two parts. What are they?
Ans:
number and units
21.
What is chemistry?
Ans:
the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
22.
Express the number 0.000327730 to three significant figures using scientific notation.
Ans:
3.28 ? 10-4
23.
Write the number 3,000 using scientific notation and the proper number of significant digits.
Ans:
3 ? 103
24.
Write the number 0.9050 using scientific notation and the proper number of significant digits.
Ans:
9.050 ? 10-1
25.
Provide the answer to the following problem using scientific notation and the proper number of significant digits: (4.3169 ? 104) ? (2.02 ? 103) = ?
Ans:
2.14 ? 101
26.
Define mass.
Ans:
the quantity of matter in a sample
27.
What instrument is used to measure the mass of an object?
Ans:
a balance
28.
What commonly used mass unit is approximately the same as the mass of one hydrogen atom?
Ans:
atomic mass unit
29.
Which physical property of an astronaut will change depending on whether he or she is on Earth or in orbit?
Ans:
weight
30.
What is the basic unit of volume in the metric system?
Ans:
liter
31.
List four different forms of energy, other than kinetic energy or potential energy.
Ans:
any four of heat, light, electrical, mechanical, chemical
32.
What Fahrenheit temperature corresponds to -168.7°C?
Ans:
-271.7°F
33.
What form of energy is usually absorbed or liberated during chemical reactions?
Ans:
heat
34.
A bolder at the top of a hill breaks free and rolls down the hill. This statement represents the conversion between what two forms of energy?
Ans:
potential energy and kinetic energy
35.
What kind of energy is stored as the result of position or composition?
Ans:
potential energy
36.
What do we call the experimental quantity, which gives the number of particles of a substance (or their mass) contained per unit volume?
Ans:
concentration
37.
The density of an object is the ratio of its _______ to its _______.
Ans:
mass; volume
38.
If we assume the density of blood is 1.060 g/mL, what is the mass of 6.56 pints of blood in grams?
[Use: 1 L = 2.113 pints]
Ans:
3.29 ? 103 g
39.
A solid that had a mass of 189.6 g was found to have the following measurements: length = 9.80 cm;
width = 46.6 mm; height = 0.111 m. What is its density in g/mL?
Ans:
0.374 g/mL
40.
When a large object fell into a “full” swimming pool, it displaced 32.0 gallons of water. The density of the object is 1.65 g/mL. What is the object's weight in pounds? Remember that any fully immersed object displaces its own volume. [Use: 454 g = 1 pound; 1 L = 1.06 quarts]
Ans:
439 pounds
41.
What is the branch of science that involves the study of matter and the changes it undergoes?
A)
biology
D)
chemistry
B)
technology
E)
All of the choices are correct.
C)
physics
Ans: D
42.
What do we call anything that has mass and occupies space?
A)
atoms
D)
compounds
B)
elements
E)
None of the choices are correct.
C)
matter
Ans: C
43.
In which state does matter have an indefinite shape and definite volume?
A)
solid
D)
All of the choices are correct.
B)
liquid
E)
None of the choices are correct.
C)
gas
Ans: B
44.
In which state of matter are forces between particles least dominant?
A)
solid
D)
All of the choices are correct.
B)
liquid
E)
None of the choices are correct.
C)
gas
Ans: C
45.
Conversion of ice to liquid water or liquid water to steam is an example of what kind of change?
A)
physical
D)
analytical
B)
chemical
E)
Both A and B are correct.
C)
molecular
Ans: A
46.
What type of change is represented by the decay of a fallen tree?
A)
physical
D)
analytical
B)
chemical
E)
All of the choices are correct.
C)
molecular
Ans: B
47.
The green color of the Statue of Liberty is due to a ______________ change to the copper metal.
A)
elemental
D)
chemical
B)
physical
E)
None of the choices are correct.
C)
state
Ans: D
48.
What type of property of matter is independent of the quantity of the substance?
A) chemical B) physical C) extensive D) intensive E) nuclear
Ans: D
49.
What are two kinds of a pure substance?
A)
elements and atoms
D)
chemical and physical
B)
compounds and molecules
E)
homogeneous and heterogeneous
C)
elements and compounds
Ans: C
50.
What does the prefix “centi-” mean?
A) 10–1 B) 10–2 C) 10–3 D) 102 E) 103
Ans: B
51.
How many centimeters correspond to 15.68 kilometers?
A)
1.568 ? 106 cm
D)
1568 cm
B)
1.568 ? 105 cm
E)
1.569 cm
C)
1.568 ? 10–4 cm
Ans: A
52.
How many pounds are represented by 764.6 mg? [Use: 1 pound = 454 g]
A)
347.1 lb
D)
1.684 lb
B)
3.471 ? 108 lb
E)
0.7646 lb
C)
1.684 ? 10–3 lb
Ans: C
53.
If a person smokes 10.0 packs of cigarettes a week and each cigarette contains 5.00 mg of tar, how many years will she have to smoke to inhale 0.250 pounds of tar? [Use: 20 cigarettes = 1 pack, 1 pound = 454 g and 1 year = 52 weeks]
A) 2.18 y B) 2.18 ? 10–2 y C) 1.06 y D) 28.6 y E) 0.556 y
Ans: A
54.
The cost of a drug is 125 francs per gram. What is the cost in dollars per ounce? [Use: $1 = 6.25 francs and 1 ounce = 28.4 g]
A) $0.70/oz B) $568/oz C) $27.5/oz D) $2.22 ? 104/oz E) $4.65/oz
Ans: B
55.
How many significant figures are in the number 5.06305 ? 104?
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 10 E) None of the choices are correct.
Ans: C
56.
Provide the answer to the following problem using scientific notation and the proper number of significant digits: (6.00 ? 10-2)(3.00 ? 10-4) = ?
A) 1.8 ? 10–5 B) 1.80 ? 10–5 C) 1.80 ? 10–4 D) 18.00 ? 10–4 E) 2 ? 10–5
Ans: B
57.
Provide the answer to the following problem using the proper number of significant digits:
0.004 + 26.59 + 3.2 = ?
A)
30 or 3 ? 101
D)
29.79
B)
29
E)
None of the choices are correct.
C)
29.8
Ans: C
58.
What is the branch of chemistry that is being applied in measuring the concentration of an air pollutant?
A)
analytical chemistry
D)
organic chemistry
B)
biochemistry
E)
physical chemistry
C)
inorganic chemistry
Ans: A
59.
What do we call a statement of observed behavior for which no exceptions have been found?
A) hypothesis B) theory C) law D) model E) result
Ans: C
60.
Which state of matter has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume?
A) liquid B) solid C) gas D) vapor E) Both C and D are correct.
Ans: E
61.
Which of the following is NOT a physical property of matter?
A) odor B) compressibility C) flash point D) melting point E) color
Ans: C
62.
What kind of change is accompanied by the release of heat?
A)
molecular
D)
all physical changes
B)
endothermic
E)
all chemical changes
C)
exothermic
Ans: C
63.
What kind of change always results in the formation of new materials?
A) molecular B) exothermic C) endothermic D) physical E) chemical
Ans: E
64.
Which of the following is a chemical property?
A) flammability B) color C) hardness D) temperature E) melting point
Ans: A
65.
Which one of the following is an example of an extensive property?
A) density B) specific gravity C) mass D) hardness E) boiling temperature
Ans: C
66.
Which one of the following is an example of a pure substance?
A) ethyl alcohol B) sugar water C) salt and pepper D) milk E) sand
Ans: A
67.
Air is a/an ___________.
A) element B) compound C) mixture D) molecule E) pure substance
Ans: C
68.
The speed of light is 186,000 miles per second. What is its speed in centimeters per second?
[Use: 5280 feet = 1 mile; 12 inches = 1 foot; 2.54 cm = 1 inch]
A)
3.01 ? 1011 cm/s
D)
3 ? 1011 cm/s
B)
3.15 ? 1010 cm/s
E)
2.99 ? 1010 cm/s
C)
6.06 ? 1012 cm/s
Ans: E
69.
1 centimeter equals how many millimeters?
A) 10-6 B) 10-3 C) 10 D) 104 E) 106
Ans: C
70.
Round 0.052018 to three significant figures.
A) 0.05 B) 0.052 C) 0.0520 D) 0.05201 E) 0.05202
Ans: C
71.
Select the answer that best expresses the result of the following calculation:
1.86 + 246.4 - 79.9208 = ?
A) 168 B) 168.3 C) 168.34 D) 168.339 E) 168.3392
Ans: B
72.
The appropriate number of significant figures to be used in expressing the result of 51.6 ? 3.1416 is
A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 4. E) 5.
Ans: C
73.
What Celsius temperature corresponds to -4.6°F?
A) -20°C B) -20.3°C C) -23.0°C D) -10.9°C E) -68.4°C
Ans: B
74.
What Fahrenheit temperature corresponds to -40.0°C?
A) -8°F B) 16.8°F C) -36.9°F D) -40.0°F E) -1.94°F
Ans: D
75.
What Kelvin temperature corresponds to 98.6°F?
A) 310 K B) 310.2 K C) 31.00 K D) 132.0 K E) 199 K
Ans: B
76.
Which temperature scale does not use a degree sign?
A) Celsius B) Kelvin C) Centigrade D) Fahrenheit E) Absolute zero
Ans: B
77.
If the density of carbon tetrachloride is 1.59 g/mL, what is the volume in L, of 4.21 kg of carbon tetrachloride?
A) 0.149 L B) 0.378 L C) 2.65 L D) 6.69 L E) 6690 L
Ans: C
78.
What is the specific gravity of an object that weighs 13.35 g and has a volume of 25.00 mL? The density of water under the same conditions is 0.980 g/mL.
A) 1.335 B) 0.545 g/mL C) 1.335 D) 0.545 E) 0.980
Ans: D
79.
Which of the following is false concerning the gas state?
A)
Gases have no definite shape.
B)
Gases have no definite volume.
C)
Particles are far apart from each other.
D)
Particles are usually in a regular or organized pattern.
E)
When gas molecules collide, they do not lose energy.
Ans: D
80.
Which of the following is an example of physical change?
A)
boiling water
B)
burning paper
C)
a metal losing electrons to become a cation
D)
cooking eggs
E)
lighting a match
Ans: A
81.
Which statement is false?
A)
Mass is an example of an extensive property.
B)
Volume is an example of an extensive property.
C)
Temperature is an example of an intensive property.
D)
An intensive property is one that does not depend upon the amount of the substance.
E)
An extensive property is synonymous with a physical property
Ans: E
82.
NaCl is best classified as a/an ___________.
A)
pure substance
D)
homogeneous mixture
B)
element
E)
Both A and C are correct.
C)
compound
Ans: E
83.
Which of the following numbers has only one significant figure?
A) 3.0 ? 101 B) 0.003 C) 3.00 D) 30.0 E) All of the choices are correct.
Ans: B
84.
Give the answer to the following calculation to the correct number of significant figures.
5.0 ? 10–4 – 6 ? 10–5
A) 4.4 ? 10-4 B) 4.4 ? 10–5 C) 4 ? 10–4 D) 4 ? 10–5 E) 4.40 ? 10–4
Ans: A
85.
The area of a rectangle is determined by the formula: area = length ? width. If a rectangle has a length of 32.6 cm and a width of 72.6 cm, what is the area of the rectangle to the correct number of significant figures?
A)
2,400 cm2
D)
2,366.8 cm2
B)
2,370 cm2
E)
2,366.76 cm2
C)
2,367 cm2
Ans: B
86.
Consider the following sets of numbers. If the true value is 12.6 cm2, which of the following best describes the set of numbers.
12.6 cm2, 12.5 cm2, 12.6 cm2
A)
Accurate but not precise.
B)
Not accurate but precise.
C)
Accurate and precise.
D)
Neither accurate nor precise.
E)
More information is needed to determine if the measurements are accurate.
Ans: C
87.
How many cm are in 3.5 ? 10–2 km?
A)
3.5 ? 10–1 cm
D)
3.5 ? 105 cm
B)
3.5 ? 10–7 cm
E)
3.5 ? 103 cm
C)
3.5 ? 102 cm
Ans: E
88.
Tire pressure in the U.S. is measured in lb/in2. Convert 25 lb/in2 to g/cm2.
454 g = 1 lb, 2.54 cm = 1 in
A)
0.39 g/cm2
D)
3.0 ? 104 g/cm2
B)
1.8 ? 103 g/cm2
E)
2.4 ? 102 g/cm2
C)
4.7 ? 103 g/cm2
Ans: B
89.
What volume, in milliliters, will 2.00 g of air occupy if the density is 1.29 g/L? Watch your units.
A)
2.72 ? 103 mL
D)
1.55 ? 103 mL
B)
2.20 mL
E)
4.59 ? 102 mL
C)
1.43 mL
Ans: A
90.
Organic chemistry is the study of those chemical processes that are found in living systems.
Ans: False
91.
Hypotheses are not acceptable in the scientific method.
Ans: False
92.
In the scientific method, a law carries more weight than a hypothesis.
Ans: True
93.
Each piece of data is the individual result of a single measurement.
Ans: True
94.
The presence of some error is a natural consequence of any measurement.
Ans: True
95.
The number 0.0680 has 3 significant figures.
Ans: True
96.
The terms mass and weight are identical.
Ans: False
97.
Mass is the force resulting from the pull of gravity upon an object.
Ans: False
98.
Equal masses of glass and steel at the same temperature will have different heat energies.
Ans: True
99.
Energy may be defined as the heat content of an object.
Ans: False
100.
One calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius.
Ans: True
101.
Density and specific gravity can be expressed in the same units.
Ans: False
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