Nervous and Endocrine System Review Questions

Bio 30 Nervous System and Homeostasis January Diploma Exam Questions January 1996 Which gland produces a hormone that directly increases blood supply to skeletal muscles and increases the rate of contraction of heart muscle? Pancreas Adrenal gland Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Which sequence illustrates a mechanism used by the body to control the blood glucose level? Blood glucose increases ® release of glucagon increases ® conversion of glycogen into glucose decreases ® blood glucose decreases Blood glucose decreases ® release of glucagon decreases ® conversion of glycogen into glucose decreases ® blood glucose increases Blood glucose increases ® release of insulin increases ® conversion of glucose into glycogen increases ® blood glucose decreases Blood glucose decreases ® release of insulin decreases ® conversion of glucose into glycogen increases ® blood glucose increases Use the following information to answer the next question. The inhaled spray would likely contain insulin glucagon aldosterone antidiuretic hormone 1 Use the following information to answer the next two questions. How would the ingestion of large doses of non-radioactive iodine reduce a person’s chances of getting a tumor in a particular gland? The pituitary would become saturated with non-radioactive iodine and this would limit the absorption of radioactive iodine. The thyroid would become saturated with non-radioactive iodine and this would limit the absorption of radioactive iodine. Increased levels of iodine would stimulate hormonal production by the pituitary and limit tumor formation. Increased levels of iodine would stimulate hormonal production by the thyroid and limit tumor formation. If a tumor caused increased secretion of thyroxine, which symptoms would likely be experienced by an affected person? Increased body temperature and increased metabolic rate Increased body temperature and decreased metabolic rate Decreased body temperature and increased metabolic rate Decreased body temperature and decreased metabolic rate The pituitary hormone ACTH regulates the production of aldosterone by the cortex of the adrenal glands. A severe drop in ACTH levels would likely result in decreased sodium ion retention and increased water loss because aldosterone levels would rise decreased sodium ion retention and increased water loss because aldosterone levels would drop increased sodium ion retention and increased water retention because aldosterone levels would rise increased sodium ion retention and increased water retention because aldosterone levels would drop Sensory and motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system transmit impulses between muscles and the parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system central nervous system endocrine system Which sequence correctly shows the path of sound transmission in the ear? Tympanic membrane ® eustachian tube ® semicircular canals ® cochlea Tympanic membrane ® semicircular canals ® eustachian tube ® cochlea Auditory canal ® ossicles ® tympanic membrane ® organ of Corti Auditory canal ® tympanic membrane ® ossicles ® organ of Corti A person with a vitamin A deficiency may have night blindness. The glare from the headlights of an approaching car will temporarily reduce that person’s visual capacity. The primary structures associated with this change are the cornea and lens retina and rod cells fovea and blind spot choroid and cone cells A person who occasionally experienced paralysis was examined and found to have very low levels of potassium in the blood and other tissues. The paralysis likely resulted because of the inability of capillaries to provide adequate blood flow axon terminals to break down acetylcholine neurons to repolarize during the refractory period neurons to remove acetylcholine from the synapse Use the following information to answer the next three questions. The role of cholinesterase in neural transmission is to increase the rate of nerve impulse transmission promote the breakdown of a neurotransmitter increase the sensitivity of neural membranes promote the synthesis of a neurotransmitter Considering that the symptoms of Gulf War Syndrome include attention and memory problems, it is likely that pyridostigmine bromide has an effect on the cerebrum cerebellum hypothalamus medulla oblongata In myasthenia gravis, a malfunction of neuromuscular synapses occurs. The information presented above indicates that the muscular weakness associated with this disorder occurs because axons secrete excess acetylcholine axons secrete insufficient acetylcholine of increased permeability of membranes to sodium ions of decreased permeability of membranes to potassium ions Use the following information to answer the next question. Before this research, the assumption that brain cells could not regenerate was based upon which characteristic of axons? Axons of the peripheral nervous system are surrounded by a neurilemma. Axons of the central nervous system are surrounded by a neurilemma. Axons of the peripheral nervous system lack a neurilemma. Axons of the central nervous system lack a neurilemma. Use the following information to answer the next question. Which is a likely reason why fetal brain tissue, rather than brain tissue from an adult donor, is used to treat Parkinson’s disease? Fetal neurons can undergo meiosis but adult neurons cannot. Fetal neurons can undergo mitosis but adult neurons cannot. Adult neurons are more complex than fetal neurons. Adult neurons are much larger than fetal neurons. January 1997 – Used this #6 in NS Exam! Use the following information to answer the next question. A likely explanation of how receptors in the human brain are stimulated by opiates is that opiates bind to neurotransmitters act in the same way as cholinesterase increase the strength of action potentials have molecular shapes similar to a neurotransmitter Use the following information to answer the next three questions. The neuron in an experiment was taken from a spinal cord. The propagation of an action potential in the neuron was slower than the 24 m/s that is typical with sensory neurons. Why? Myelination was absent in this spinal neuron. Axon length is much longer in sensory neurons. The Nodes of Ranvier were absent in sensory neurons. The neurotransmitters were blocked in this spinal neuron. The voltmeter showed a negative reading and the sodium ion concentration remained constant outside the axon. How could this be explained? The threshold for the neuron was not reached. The sodium pump had exhausted ATP reserves. The action potential was established and sustained. The dendrites were stimulated by the release of acetylcholine. In a resting neuron, the outside of the cell membrane is positive, and the sodium ion concentration is greater in the fluid outside the axon than in the cytoplasm negative, and the sodium ion concentration is greater in the fluid outside the axon than in the cytoplasm positive, and the sodium ion concentration is greater in the cytoplasm than in the fluid outside the axon negative, and the sodium ion concentration is greater in the cytoplasm than in the fluid outside the axon Use the following information to answer the next two questions. Which row correctly identifies the most likely location of lesions in each disease? Row Location of lesions in fatal familial insomnia Location of lesions in Creutzfeldt/Jakob disease A. cerebellum hypothalamus B. medulla oblongata hypothalamus C. cerebellum cerebrum D. medulla oblongata cerebrum The mutated DNA triplet 178 would be transcribed to the mRNA codon AAC TTG UUG GAC Use the following information to answer the next question. Numerical Response 1. Identify the main function of each hormone named below. ADH __________ (Record in column 1 on the answer sheet) Cortisol __________ (Record in column 2 on the answer sheet) HGH __________ (Record in column 3 on the answer sheet) Insulin __________ (Record in column 4 on the answer sheet) Jan 1998 Use the following information to answer the next two questions. Which of the following statements is true of the threshold potential? It is the same electrical potential for all neurons. It is the depolarization required to generate an action potential. It determines the time it takes for an action potential to be completed. It determines the time it takes for an impulse to travel along the axon. Relative to inside of a neuron, the extracellular fluid immediately outside a resting neuron’s cell membrane is positive and the sodium ion concentration is less negative and the sodium ion concentration is less positive and the sodium ion concentration is greater negative and the sodium ion concentration is greater Use the following information to answer the next two questions. Numerical Response 2. An impulse arrives at an axon terminal that synapses with a muscle cell. Record the processes in the order that they occur at the synapse. (Record your four-digit answer in the numerical-response section of the answer sheet.) Answer: __________ Certain chemicals inhibit cholinesterase at neuromuscular junctions. The resulting muscular spasms occur because of the depletion of cholinesterase in the presynaptic neuron depletion of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction accumulation of cholinesterase in the presynaptic neuron accumulation of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction Use the following information to answer the next question. The division of the nervous system that was damaged in these rats is the central nervous system somatic nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system Use the following information to answer the next three questions. Neurotransmitters are released from site X site Z sites X and Y sites X and Z If neurons I and II are interneurons, neuron III cannot be a parasympathetic neuron sympathetic neuron sensory neuron motor neuron In a typical reflex arc, neuron III would be part of the effector receptor motor pathway sensory pathway When adaptation of the eye occurs to view objects in a dark room, the pupil increases in size and the rods become active the pupil decreases in size and the rods become active the pupil increases in size and the cones become active the pupil decreases in size and the cones become active Use the following information to answer the next question. Which parts of the ear contain these sensory hair cells? Auditory nerve and cochlea Eardrum and auditory nerve Eustachian tube and eardrum Cochlea and semicircular canals __________________________ Use the following information to answer the next question. Normally, inhibition of the pituitary gland would occur if the secretion of hormone X increased, causing a decrease in the secretion of hormone Y decreased, causing a decrease in the secretion of hormone Y increased, causing an increase in the secretion of hormone Y decreased, causing an increase in the secretion of hormone Y Use the following information to answer the next two questions. Another stress hormone whose functions mimic those of the sympathetic nervous system is HCG insulin estrogen norepinephrine Use the following additional information to answer the next question. A logical interpretation of the graph is that the secretion of cortisol is inhibited by increased ACTH secretion of cortisol is doubled if the secretion of ACTH is doubled adrenal glands respond more quickly to small amounts of ACTH than to large amounts of ACTH adrenal glands respond to large amounts of ACTH by having a maximum cortisol secretion rate Use the following information to answer the next question. Hormone “X” was most likely ADH ACTH oxytocin aldosterone __________________________ The endocrine function of the pancreas was studied in Canada using dogs as experimental animals. The pancreatic cells with an endocrine function are islet cells blood cells Sertoli cells interstitial cells Use the following information to answer the next two questions. BST could probably be obtained naturally from which gland in a cow? Thyroid Adrenal Pituitary Pancreatic In a cow’s mammary gland, BST is most similar in its effect to estrogen oxytocin prolactin progesterone __________________________ In humans, when iodine levels are adequate, abnormally high TSH secretion would likely result in nervousness and weight gain nervousness and weight loss sleepiness and weight gain sleepiness and weight loss Use the following information to answer the next question. Males exposed to high levels of these estrogen-mimicking chemicals could experience development of breasts development of ovaries increased growth of muscles increased growth of facial hair Jan 1999 Use the following information to answer the next question. . Which of the following statements gives an accurate interpretation of the results of this experiment? Most stimuli produce a nerve impulse. A nerve impulse has a variety of strengths. A stimulus must reach a threshold level to initiate a nerve impulse. The greater the stimulus, the greater the strength of the nerve impulse produced. Use the following information to answer the next question. If the structures labeled Q were absent, what effect on neural transmission would be expected? The axon would not release acetylcholine. The axon would be not become depolarized. The speed of transmission would be reduced. Cholinesterase would not be secreted to deactivate acetylcholine. Use the following information to answer the next question. Neostigmine is effective in treating this disease because it binds with cholinesterase to form acetylcholine binds with cholinesterase to increase acetycholine production reduces the amount of active cholinesterase, thereby increasing the amount of acetylcholine available to stimulate muscle contraction increases the amount of active cholinesterase, thereby increasing the amount of acetylcholine available to stimulate muscle contraction Use the following information to answer the next question. The assumption that axon terminals contain a limited amount of neurotransmitter could account for observation 1 2 3 4 Use the following information to answer the next question. Structure 1 is an interneuron. Structures 2 and 3 are, respectively, a sensory neuron and a motor neuron motor neuron and a sensory neuron non-myelinated neuron and a myelinated neuron myelinated neuron and a non-myelinated neuron Use the following information to answer the next question. An area of the eye where sensory reception of light is most acute and an area where there is no such sensory reception are labeled, respectively, 1 and 2 2 and 3 3 and 4 4 and 1 Use the following information to answer the next question. Likely, this drug inhibits the transmission of information from the cochlea to the brain organ of Corti to the brain basilar membrane to the brain semicircular canals to the brain During an emergency situation, the adrenal gland is stimulated to release a hormone that directly causes an increase in insulin levels blood glucose levels parasympathetic stimulation conversion of glucose to glycogen Returning involuntary body functions to normal after a period of stress is the function of which division of the nervous system? Central Somatic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Use the following information to answer the next question. Possible symptoms of phenochromocytoma include increased heart rate, increased blood sugar, increased metabolic rate decreased heart rate, increased blood sugar, increased metabolic rate increased heart rate, decreased blood sugar, decreased metabolic rate decreased heart rate, decreased blood sugar, decreased metabolic rate A hormone that regulates glucose levels in the blood and a hormone that regulates Na+ in the blood and, indirectly, water reabsorption by the kidneys are, respectively, aldosterone and insulin glucagon and aldosterone epinephrine and glucagon insulin and antidiuretic hormone A condition that results in an enlargement of the thyroid gland may be caused by a diet deficient in iron iodine sodium potassium Use the following information to answer the next question. Based on these observations, the organ was an ovary the pancreas an adrenal gland the pituitary gland Jan 2000 Use the following information to answer the first two questions. The part of the brain that is directly responsible for the recall of previously learned words is the cerebrum cerebellum pituitary gland medulla oblongata The part of the brain that controls the unconscious rate of breathing is the cerebrum cerebellum pituitary gland medulla oblongata Use the following information to answer the next two questions. Nerve impulse transmission continues along the nerve cell membrane as a wave of depolarization a negative feedback loop a diffusing wave of summation the active transport of an electrical potential The part of the ear directly responsible for stimulating the nerve endings that transmit sound impulses from the ear to the brain is the cochlea eardrum Eustachian tube semicircular canal Use the following information to answer the next two questions. If an eagle’s brain were similar in structure to a human brain, impulses that begin in the retina of the eagle’s eye would travel first to the frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe Strong near and far accommodation in the eye require small blind spots a large number of rods a large number of cones highly developed ciliary muscles Use the following diagram to answer the next question. Numerical Response 3. Identify the structure, as numbered above, that performs each of the functions given below. Structure: __________ __________ __________ __________ Function: Transmits impulses Receives sensory Carries out Transmits impulses to the central stimulation instructions from from the central nervous system the central nervous nervous system to system; is a the effector muscle (Record your four-digit answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) Jogging will cause heart rate to change because of increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic impulses decreased sympathetic and increased parasympathetic impulses increased sympathetic and decreased central nervous system impulses decreased sympathetic and increased central nervous system impulses Damage to which of the following endocrine glands would most affect the reaction of the body to an emergency that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system? Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Anterior pituitary gland Posterior pituitary gland Use the following information to answer the next question. In a human female, where are the target cells for ADH and oxytocin? In the kidney tubules and ovaries In the Bowman’s capsule and the ovaries In the kidney tubules and uterine muscles In the Bowman’s capsule and the uterine muscles Use the following information to answer the next question. In humans, high levels of GnRF cause the pituitary to release LH and FSH LH and estrogen progesterone and FSH estrogen and progesterone Use the following information to answer the next question. Numerical Response 4. 2. Identify the response, as numbered above, that would be stimulated by each of the hormones given below. Response: __________ __________ __________ __________ Hormone: STH(HGH) LH TSH FSH (Record your four-digit answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) Jan 2001 Use the following information to answer the first question. This sequence of events may be explained by the fact that the threshold of the receptor has been so greatly exceeded that the neuron does not pass the message to the brain neural impulse is so large that the brain is unable to interpret the signal because it is beyond the range of tolerance neural processing occurred in the spinal cord first, which caused you to quickly remove your thumb from further damage sensory receptors in the thumb were damaged by the blow and are unable to initiate a stimulus to the sensory nerve Stimulation of an individual’s sympathetic nervous system in response to imminent danger leads to all of the following responses except dilation of the pupils of the eyes constriction of the bronchioles of the lungs constriction of the arterioles of the intestines dilation of the arterioles of the skeletal muscles Use the following information to answer the next question. The part of the motor neuron that may release acetylcholine is labelled 1 2 3 4 What would happen if acetylcholine was released at a synapse, but no cholinesterase was present? The acetylcholine would fail to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron. The acetylcholine would diffuse more rapidly across the synaptic cleft. A single nerve impulse would be generated in the postsynaptic neuron. The postsynaptic neuron would remain in a constant state of depolarization. Use the following information to answer the next question. Dopamine transmission is affected when dopamine transporters, which normally carry dopamine back to the cell that formed it, are occupied by cocaine. The effects of cocaine occur because dopamine is produced in increased concentration remains in the synapse in high concentration levels drop rapidly as the molecules react with cocaine is transported very effectively to the postsynaptic neuron Use the following information to answer the next question. What area of the brain is affected by high doses of morphine? Pituitary Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Use the following information to answer the next five questions. Use the following additional information to answer the next two questions. The structure that degenerates and causes blindness in collies is 1 2 3 4 January 2002 Use the following information to answer the first three questions. Low levels of calcium ions in the blood cause decreased secretion of PTH and increased deposition of calcium in the bones decreased secretion of calcitonin and increased deposition of calcium in the bones increased secretion of PTH and movement of calcium from the bones to the blood increased secretion of calcitonin and movement of calcium from the bones to the blood The release of thyroxine from the thyroid is directly regulated by TSH TRH iodine thyroxine A characteristic symptom of hyperthyroidism, a disorder of the thyroid gland, is lethargy weight loss intolerance to cold slowed mental processes Which of the following hormones plays a role in returning the salt concentration in the blood to homeostatic levels following heavy exercise? Cortisol Thyroxine Aldosterone Epinephrine Use the following information to answer the next question. Diuretic chemicals counteract the effect of the hormone ADH insulin cortisol prolactin _______________________________ Use the following information to answer the next five questions. Damage to the myelin sheath of an optic neuron affects the speed of neural transmission to the visual centre, which is found in which lobe of the cerebrum? Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Numerical Response 1. Another symptom of MS is an exaggerated pupillary light reflex. Some of the events that occur during this reflex are listed below. 1 Motor neuron depolarizes 2 Sensory neuron depolarizes 3 Interneuron depolarizes 4 Light receptors stimulated The order in which the events listed above occur during a pupillary light reflex is _____, _____, _____, and _____. (Record all four digits of your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) Use the following additional information to answer the next three questions. Numerical Response 2. What is the resting membrane potential for this neuron, expressed to two digits, and what is the maximum membrane potential during depolarization, expressed to two digits? (Record your answers as absolute values.) Answers: _____ _____ , _____ _____ Membrane Potential: Resting Maximum During Depolarization (Record all four digits of your answer in the numerical-response section on the answer sheet.) Which of the following types of ion movement across an axon membrane would cause the action potential to change during the interval from 0.2 ms to 0.4 ms? Sodium ions moving into the axon Sodium ions moving out of the axon Potassium ions moving into the axon Potassium ions moving out of the axon On the graph, the period from 0.5 ms to 1.0 ms represents the neuron’s refractory period, which is when repolarization occurs refractory period, which is when minimum depolarization occurs threshold period, which is when repolarization occurs threshold period, which is when minimum depolarization occurs Use the following information to answer the next four questions. The site in the neural pathway where MAO is active is the axon synaptic cleft cell body Schwann cell The area of the brain that normally initiates the fight-or-flight response is the pons cerebrum cerebellum hypothalamus Use the following additional information to answer the next two questions. The endorphin met-enkephalin is comprised of the amino acids methionine, phenylalanine, glycine, glycine, and tyrosine. Possible mRNA codons for the production of met-enkephalin are ATG TTT GGT GGT TAT ATG TTG GGC GGC TAT AUG UUC GGT GGT UAC AUG UUU GGC GGC UAC When individuals participate in extreme sports, their neurons release more dopamine, which results in a pleasurable sensation because less serotonin is released from neurons more dopamine receptors are produced the fight-or-flight response is inhibited a neuron containing dopamine receptors reaches threshold depolarization