geology test

How craters form—by erosion Table mounts Sea mounts can turn into volcanos later Know examples of each volcano Cinder Cone volcanoes—craters large and deep, symmetrical, basaltic composition, reddish-brown color, some lava flow Composite—stratovolcanoes, Ring of Fire, steep summit and gradually sloping flanks Shield volcanoes—domed structures built by accumulation of basaltic lava, begin as seamounts—Earth’s largest = Mauna Loa, low angle slopes Name sea mounts that turned into volcanos Hawaiin Islands, Canary Islands Strated—mount st. helenes Cinder cones are not name any – made of scoria, lava flows out of bottom, small Volcano hazards—mudslides, pyroclastic flows, ash Mount Vesuvius eruption happened – know What is a caldera (yellow stone) and how it is formed Volcano landforms—fissure eruptions, basalt plateaus, flood basalts Igneous intrusions Dikes – discordant—cut across bedding plane Sills- concordant Columnar jointing- happens from cooling of fine grained igneous rocks Partial melting Geothermal gradient – green area is solid mantel= geo thermal gradient lies within that Decompression melting—confining pressure is lessened when confining pressure decreases Know how you make magma Volcanic island change—how formed Know where volcanos are—what kind of plate boundaries PLATE TECTONICS AND VOLCANO CHART Weathering Mass wasting Erosion Different kinds of mass wasting Slide vs slump Land form evolution Landslides happen due to a trigger—saturation of water, people cutting at the bottom, vegetation moved, etc. gravity driven Angle of repose What people do—how we trigger landslides—deforestation or development of sidewalks or buildings Hydrologic cycle—where water goes and how Difference between evaporation and transpiration (water given off by plants) Infiltration Runoff DON’T WORRY ABOUT EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Cycle is balanced—equals evaporation Drainage basins Zones within a river system Laminar – slow moving flowing stream (go canoeing) Turbulent—white water (rafting) carries sediment, usually brown Things that go into flow velocity—steepness, what it’s carrying, how much water, etc Gradient Discharge 3 different kinds of streams Chart on changes from upstream to downstream right side How streams erode How they carry sediment Capacity And idk Sorting and how you get it by: gradual decrease and velocity) Alluvial channel (found at bottom during transport) Bedrock channel (head water during sediment production at top) Structures of a meandering river on alluvial channel slide Young valley vs old valley Base level—streams erode to base level (sea level) Can also have local base levels (lake, dam) Stream terraces Bars Deltas—mouth of a river where sediment is??? – grow outward Natural levees Risk of flood and flood control (dig channels and build dams and levees) Ground water—accessible fresh water Zone of saturation Water table reflects land surface Changes during seasons Porosity Permeability Aquitard—0 permeability—clay Aquifer—sandstone of sand—water travels through easily Water moves from gravity – above water table to below Discharged into streams because gravity pulls it down Wells Artesian water systems and how water tanks work Overuse of water supply or contaminate – what happens land will subside of go down Ground water contamination (depends on pipes or rocks water was it) What can groundwater do in limestone areas (caves) Glaciers Thick masses of ice formed over 100s, 1,000s of years Move because of gravity Move slow Glaciers—can carry any size of material any distance – doesn’t have to do with velocity—it is absence of ice Difference of glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, etc. Last glacial maximum (also when the great lakes were formed) 2 basic ways glaciers move classically within the ice Movement happens in middle—where velocity is fastest Slower on bottoms and sides due to drag Glaciers have noses in the fronts 2 main zones on a glacier No matter how much is being melted or adding, the glacier is always flowing. Lose noses in water due to calving, it creates icebergs Equilibrium line—snow line on a mountain Erode and transport a lot of rock 2 main ways glaciers move—plucking and abrasion Rate of erosion Glacial landforms—steep sided and really rocky Hanging valleys are Glacial drift and glacial till Know how to tell glacial till from a river conglomerate—river rocks are smooth and round glacier rocks are rigged and scratched Glacial erratic Moraines are and types ANMORAINE MOST ADVANCED Valley planes Outwash Kettles Drumlins Eskers Forced migration Proglacial lakes Glaciers can change sea level More glaciers= lower sea level Pluvial lakes – formed during cooler, wetter climates Dry climates Two desert belts Know one of the deserts in United states Steppe—transitional zone between deserts and forests Mountain range can call a range shadow Ephemeral streams—found in desert—only carry water during wet seasons Risk of flash floods Alluvial fans are Bajada Blowouts Saltation Deflation Desert pavement – occur if you blow sand away and leave heavy stuff or blow sand in it sinks below heavy stuff Wind deposits know both Loess Dunes Structure of dunes and how they migrate