Cultural Approach to Human Development Human Development Today and Its Origins

Cultural Approach to Human Development Human Development Today and Its Origins Multiple Choice Questions The way people grow and change across the lifespan is referred to as a development b evolution c change d growth Answer A MDL Parallel Question ID CE correct a b c d r What is the total pattern of a group s customs beliefs art and technology a clan b society Incorrect A society refers to a group of people c culture Correct A group s customs refers to culture d beliefs Answer C MDL Parallel Question ID Pre is the total pattern of a group s customs beliefs art and technology a Culture b Ethnicity c Race d Nationality Answer a Human beings everywhere have essentially the same biological constitution yet their paths through the life span are remarkably different depending on a their genetic lineage b their culture Correct Culture is the varying factor c the strength of their id d the expression of their phenotype Incorrect Phenotype is one s complete genetic makeup culture is a much stronger contributor to differences in individuals lives Answer B correct a b c d r Who did developmental researchers focus on studying because they assumed that the processes of development were universal a Mexicans b Europeans c Canadians d Americans Answer D MDL Parallel Question ID Post What did the text define as the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade travel migration and communication a globalization Correct The pace of globalization has accelerated over the past few decades b social networks Incorrect Social networks are a part of globalization c the Internet d small world syndrome Answer A Globalization is a the number of births per woman b the ways people grow and change across the life span c the total pattern of a group s customs beliefs art and technology d the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade travel migration and communication Answer d According to the text for most of history the total human population was under a million b million c million d billion Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID CE For most of human history how many children did women typically birth a to b to c to d to Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID Pre The human population began to increase noticeably around years ago What has been hypothesized as the reason for the population increase at that time a the discovery of medicine b the development of agriculture and domestication of animals Correct But after this increase in the population the growth rate was very slow for thousands of years c an increase in the size of women s pelvic openings that assisted in labor Incorrect Women s pelvic openings did not change during this time and have remained the same d construction techniques that allowed for stronger homes that were better heated Answer B correct a b c d r When did the human population reach million people a years ago b years ago c years ago d years ago Answer A How long did it take the human population to double from million to billion a years b years c years d years Answer A The human population doubled from to billion between and What led to this increase in population a government-controlled farming b globalization and shared resources Incorrect Globalization did not happen until much later even though there was some sharing of discoveries c medical advances that eliminated many diseases Correct The elimination or sharp reduction of diseases like smallpox typhus and cholera helped the population growth rate skyrocket d people had more children Answer C The total fertility rate TFR is defined as the number of a births per woman b conceptions per woman c fetuses that were spontaneously aborted d women on fertility drugs Answer A MDL Parallel Question ID Post What is the current total fertility rate TFR worldwide a b c d Answer B What total fertility rate TFR is referred to as replacement rate a b c d Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID Pre If current trends continue when will the worldwide total fertility rate TFR reach replacement rate a b c d Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID CE is the number of births per woman a Total fertility rate b Expressive births c Implicit calculation of replacement d The sum of replacement Answer a Nearly all of the population growth in the decades to come will take place in a developed countries b developing countries Correct In contrast the population growth rate in developed countries is expected to decline c emerging countries Incorrect The textbook does not refer to emerging countries rather developing countries d South American countries Answer B Page correct a b c d r What will happen to the populations of developed countries during the next few decades and beyond They will a increase more than developing countries Incorrect The population of developed countries will decline in population b remain stable in population c decrease Correct Population growth rates in developed countries have been declining and will continue to do so d increase slowly Answer C Page MDL Parallel Question ID QR What term is used in the text to refer to the most affluent countries in the world a affluent countries Incorrect Affluent countries are referred to as developed countries b developed countries Correct These include the United States Canada Japan South Korea nearly all of Europe Argentina Chile Australia New Zealand c developing countries d population-rich countries Answer B Page What term is used in the text to refer to countries which have less wealth but are experiencing rapid economic growth a impoverished countries Incorrect Countries that have less wealth but are experiencing rapid economic growth are referred to as developing countries b developed countries c developing countries Correct These are countries such as India and China that have less wealth but are experiencing rapid economic growth d population-rich countries Answer C Page What percent of the current world s population lives in the most affluent countries a b c d Answer A Page MDL Parallel Question ID Post refers to the most affluent countries in the world a Developed countries b Developing countries c Collective cultures d Individualistic cultures Answer a Page MDL Parallel Question ID Pre The United States Canada Japan South Korea Australia New Zealand and nearly all the countries of Europe are examples of a developed countries Correct As economic powerhouses these countries are considered developed b developing countries c collective cultures d individualistic cultures Incorrect Yes some are inividualistic cultures however Asian countries often have collective cultures Answer a Page Developed countries roughly make up of the world s population whereas developing countries make up a b c d Answer a Page Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID CE correct a b c d r Developed countries can be viewed as whereas developing countries can be seen as a wealthy populated Correct The majority of the world s wealth is located in developed nations percent of the world s population is located in developing nations b populated wealthy c collective individualistic d individualistic collective Incorrect It is a misconception that all developed nations are individualistic Answer a Page Difficulty What developed country will have the steepest decline in population between now and a the United States b Germany c Japan d Canada Answer C Page MDL Parallel Question ID QR Between now and what will the increase in population in the United States be nearly entirely due to a immigration Correct As with most developed nations the total female birthrate in the United States has been decreasing but people are emigrating to the United States in steady numbers b minority fertility c majority fertility d in-vitro fertilization Incorrect The population of the United States will increase by but this increase will be due to immigration Answer A Page MDL Parallel Question ID Pre What country allows for more legal immigrations than most other countries and has tens of millions of illegal immigrants as well a the United States Correct If trends continue the United States will have nearly million more immigrants by the year b Canada Incorrect The most immigration occurs in the United States c Germany d Japan Answer A Page What portion of the United States population will increase from to percent by a African American b Anglo American c Asian American d Latino American Answer D Page Jos was born in a country where his parents make less than a day and he is expected to attend grade-school but not college Jose was most likely born in a a developed country b developing country Correct Poverty and lack of education are issues in many developing countries c collective culture Incorrect Jos most likely lives in a developing country which should not be confused with a collective culture although many developing countries do share this trait d individualistic culture Answer b Page MDL Parallel Question ID Post correct a b c d r What percent of the world s population lives on a family income of less than per year a b c d Answer D Page Although economic growth has been strong for the past decade what region remains the poorest region in the world a Africa b South America c Southeast Asia d Western Australia Answer A Page MDL Parallel Question ID Post CE What percent of individuals in developed countries attend college or other post-secondary training a b c d Answer B Page What percent of children in developing countries complete primary schooling a b c d Answer D Page Statistically speaking a child born today will most likely be from a a developing country Correct percent of the world s population is located in developing countries b a developed country Incorrect Developed nations or economically wealthy countries make up percent of the world s population and are stable in population growth c an economically wealthy country d a high social economic status culture Answer a Page MDL Parallel Question ID Pre cultures emphasize independence and self-expression whereas cultures emphasize obedience and group harmony a Individualistic collective b Collective individualistic c Developed developing d Developing developed Answer a Page correct a b c d r What percent of children in developing countries are enrolled in secondary education a b c d Answer B Page Who attends colleges universities and other forms of post-secondary education in developing countries a the wealthy elite b most of the population c about half of the middle class d about one fourth of the middle class Answer A Page What term is used to refer to people in the rural areas of developing countries who tend to adhere more closely to the historical aspects of their culture than people in urban areas do a agrarian cultures b conventional cultures Incorrect The term is traditional cultures ones that adhere to the historical aspects of their culture These cultures closely resemble the culture of early humans through relatively modern times c traditional cultures Correct These cultures closely resemble the culture of early humans through relatively modern times d rural cultures Answer C Page MDL Parallel Question ID Pre What general values do developed countries tend to regard highly a collectivistic Incorrect Developed countries tend to highly regard individualistic values in contrast to developing countries that tend to emphasize collectivistic values b individualistic Correct Developed countries tend to highly regard individualistic values in contrast to developing countries that tend to emphasize collectivistic values c traditional d modern Answer B Page MDL Parallel Question ID CE What general values do developing countries tend to regard highly a collectivistic Correct Developing countries tend to highly regard collectivistic values in contrast to developed countries that tend to emphasize individualistic values b individualistic Incorrect Developing countries tend to highly regard collectivistic values in contrast to developed countries that tend to emphasize individualistic values c traditional d modern Answer A Page What percent of the world s population lives in the United States a b c d Answer A Page MDL Parallel Question ID QR Within any given country which of the following sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political economic intellectual and media power a majority culture b minority culture c ethnic populace d subcultural groups Answer A Page Who sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political economic intellectual and media power in most countries a power culture b controlling culture Incorrect The majority culture sets the norms and standards of a country c minority culture d majority culture Correct The majority culture is generally made of people with high socioeconomic status Answer D Page What term is often used to refer to a person s social class which includes educational level income level and occupational status a social class status b socioeconomic status c tax bracket status d education status Answer B Page The expectations that cultures have for males and females are different from the time they are born The degree of the difference depends on a culture b age c gender d socioeconomic status Answer A Page includes an individual's educational level income level and occupational status a Nationality b Ethnicity c Sociohistorical index d Socioeconomic status Answer d Page Also referred to as a person's social class his or her includes the level of education their income and occupational status a socioeconomic status b ethnicity c culture d sociohistorical index Answer a Page MDL Parallel Question ID CE correct a b c d r In American culture a physician spends years in college and training generally has a high income and possesses a strong occupational status In terms of socioeconomic status a physician would most likely be a low SES Incorrect A high socioeconomic status is related to education income and occupational status In the United States doctors generally have a high SES b middle SES c moderate SES d high SES Correct Having a higher level of education strong economic wealth and high occupational status a physician would be deemed high SES Answer d Page MDL Parallel Question ID Pre LaWanda has a high school diploma and is currently working as a waitress but is attending school in hopes of becoming a pediatrician Her current socioeconomic status is likely however when she becomes an established pediatrician her socioeconomic status will be a low high Correct Having a lower level of education a lower income and a low occupational status a waitress would be at a lower SES physicians have one of the highest levels of education a very high income and high occupational status therefore they qualify as higher SES b high moderate Incorrect A waitress with only a high school diploma has a lower level of education income and occupational status than a physician so LaWanda currently has a lower SES than she will when she becomes a pediatrician c high low d moderate low Answer a Page MDL Parallel Question ID Post United States infant mortality is higher among families than in families in part because a middle-SES low-SES middle-SES mothers are more likely to live in rural parts of the country b middle-SES high-SES middle-SES fathers are more likely to be absent from the family c high-SES low-SES high-SES mothers are not likely to consume fluoride in their drinking water d low-SES high-SES low-SES mothers are less likely to receive prenatal care Answer d Page Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID QR correct a b c d r The expectations cultures have for males and females are different from the time they However the degree of the differences a are conceived are minimal among cultures b are born varies greatly among cultures c reach puberty is consistent among cultures d reach adulthood are minimal among nations Answer b Page Difficulty What term describes a variety of aspects of different groups that include cultural origin cultural traditions race religion and language a gender b race Incorrect The correct term is ethnicity of which race is just one part c ethnicity Correct Ethnicity is a crucial part of human development d age Answer C Page MDL Parallel Question ID Post may include a variety of components such as cultural origin cultural traditions race religion and language a Ethnicity b Race c Socioeconomic status d Cultural independency Answer a Page Kalid is an African American who was born in New York but is currently living in Alabama When asked his political and religious beliefs he describes himself as more similar to those who are located in the northeastern states than those who are located in the southern part of the United States At times his friends amuse themselves at Kalid's expense by mocking his Brooklyn accent The above statements are describing Kalid's a nationality Incorrect If one were to solely focus on Kalid s citizenship nationality would be correct however ethnicity is the correct term because it includes components such as race cultural traditions and language b race c ethnicity Correct An individual's country of origin religion and language all contribute to his or her ethnicity d mainstream cultural group Answer c Page Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Pre In the young of any species are born with variations on a wide range of characteristics Among the young those who will be until they can reproduce will be the ones whose variations are best adapted to their environment a Social Darwinism able to gain financial resources b the Theory of Psychoanalysis controlled by their unconscious c natural selection most likely to survive d Humanistic Psychology congruent between their different selves Answer c Page MDL Parallel Question ID CE What term is used to describe the development of the individual a ontogenetic development Correct Phylogenetic development refers to development of the human species ontogenetic development refers to the development of the individual b phylogenetic development Incorrect Phylogenetic development refers to development of the human species ontogenetic development refers to the development of the individual c polygenetic development d autogenetic development Answer A Page What term is used to describe the development of the human species a ontogenetic development Incorrect Ontogenetic development refers to the development of the individual and phylogenetic development refers to development of the human species b phylogenetic development Correct Ontogenetic development refers to the development of the individual and phylogenetic development refers to development of the human species c polygenetic development d autogenetic development Answer B Page Who first wrote about the principles of evolution in his book The Origin of Species a Alfred Binet b Francis Galton c Charles Darwin d Robert Hook Answer C Page Charles Darwin in his book The Origin of Species first proposes the theory of a natural selection b social Darwinism c psychosocial reproduction d the unconscious id Answer a Page In the book Charles Darwin proposes the theory of natural selection a The Origin of Species b Principles of Psychology c On Becoming a Person d Walden Two Answer a Page What term describes the process in which the young of any species that is born with variations on a wide range of characteristics the young who will be most likely to survive until they can reproduce will be those whose variations are best adapted to their environment a evolution Incorrect The correct term natural selection describes the adaptability of organisms which is a tenet within the general framework of evolution b adaptive centrism c mutational change d natural selection Correct Natural selection describes the adaptability of organisms which is a tenet within the general framework of evolution Answer D Page MDL Parallel Question ID Post In a town in England the wings of a local butterfly species had a black and white pattern Over the years as air pollution worsened in the town a coat of black soot often covered everything From an evolutionary perspective which of the following is a logical sequencing a Butterflies became blacker because the ones with relatively more black on their wings were most likely to blend in with the sooty background Correct Butterflies that were slightly darker were less likely to be spotted by predators and more likely to survive and reproduce over consecutive generations the larger group of butterflies became darker b Butterflies became lighter because the ones with relatively more white on their wings were least likely to blend in with the sooty background Incorrect The butterflies became lighter only after the amount of pollution was decreased and soot no longer darkened everything in the environment leaving the lighter butterflies now less vulnerable to predators c Butterflies became more aggressive because their behaviors were altered by the toxins that were in the black soot d Butterflies morphed into moths because environmental conditions triggered an unfolding of a hidden gene Answer a Page Which of the following best describes natural selection a Individuals are striving to find consistency between their ideal self their real self and their fear self b Humans are born as blank slates and they are conditioned unknowingly and without free will by their environment c Humans are in a constant struggle to control their unconscious urges for physical gratification and aggressive impulses d Species change little by little with each generation and over a long period of time they can develop into new species Answer d Page Which of the following best describes how the scientific community views Darwin's proposal of evolution a Most researchers have discounted the theory of evolution for it lacks empirical and scientific support b Darwin s theory of evolution received a high degree of support at its initial proposal however in recent times it has lost the backing of the scientific community c There is an enormous amount of evidence that has accumulated to verify the theory and support the principle of natural selection as the main mechanism of evolutionary change d Darwin's theory of evolution has been abandoned for the more comprehensive and scientifically supported theory of Intelligent Design Answer c Page MDL Parallel Question ID QR The evolutionary line that eventually led to humans is known as the a hominid line b Neolithic line c Upper Paleolithic line d amphibious line Answer a Page MDL Parallel Question ID CE What term refers to walking on two legs a bi-leg erectus b plantar balance c calcaneus stability d bipedal locomotion Answer D Page Why was walking on two legs a useful adaptation a It made running possible Incorrect Running was possible already The adaptation allowed for the use of the hands for things other than standing walking or running b It freed the hands to do other things e g use a tool carry food etc Correct This was a precursor to other changes such as the development of agriculture c It allowed for reaching things at a greater distance d It made hominids taller and more frightening to animals Answer B Page MDL Parallel Question ID Post correct a b c d r By years ago the early hominid species had evolved into our species a Homo sapiens b Hydro sapiens c Poly sapiens d Hetero sapiens Answer a Page It is believed that Homo sapiens survived and evolved in comparison to other species from the Homo family because a their brains were percent larger b they were better at climbing trees c they were nocturnal d their bones were thicker and heavier Answer a Page Difficulty How much larger was the size of early Homo s brain compared to the brains of earlier hominids a b c d Answer B Page Evolutionary biologists believe that the larger brains of early Homo babies meant that babies were born less mature than they were for earlier hominids resulting in a a greater likelihood of death at birth Incorrect The larger more immature brains resulted in a longer time period of infant dependency on their parents b a longer time before the rest of the body could support the head in infancy c a longer period of dependency of infants on their parents Correct This is a trait that modern humans share with their early Homo ancestors d a great likelihood that its head would get stuck in the pelvis opening Answer C Difficulty Page MDL Parallel Question ID QR When did the early hominid species evolve into Homo sapiens a years ago b years ago c years ago d years ago Answer B Page MDL Parallel Question ID CE Human art first appeared during the a Upper Paleolithic period b Lower Mesozoic period c Middle Cenozoic period d Lower Jurassic period Answer a Page MDL Parallel Question ID QR The Upper Paleothic period was from a to about years ago b to about years ago c to about years ago d to about years ago Answer a Page Difficulty It is clear that during the human began to use boats and trade with others a Upper Paleolithic period b Lower Mesozoic period c Middle Cenozoic period d Lower Jurassic period Answer a Which of the following tools were developed by human beings during the Upper Paleolithic period a the bow and arrow and the spear thrower b the gun and canon c the folding-blade knife and shovel d the harpoon and shotgun Answer a How much larger are the brains of Homo sapiens than the brains of the Homo species that immediately preceded us a b c d Answer B Difficulty Page MDL Parallel Question ID QR Physically how much have Homo sapiens changed from the time they evolved from the preceding Homo species through the present a very little b moderately c quite a lot d significantly there is hardly any resemblance Answer A Difficulty Page MDL Parallel Question ID CE Which of the following experienced global temperatures that resemble the temperatures of today a Neolithic period b Upper Paleolithic period c Early Civilization period d Monolithic period Answer a Difficulty Which of the following is an indicator of the Upper Paleolithic period in human evolutionary history a Humans began to bury their dead b Humans began to walk c Humans began to read d Humans began hunting animals Answer a Difficulty The cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals occurred during the period of evolutionary history a Neolithic b Jurassic c Paleolithic d Monolithic Answer a Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID CE The Upper Paleolithic was the time of the last a Ice Age b period of global warming c devastating tsunami d eruption of a Super Volcano Answer a Page Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID CE When was the Neolithic Period a to years ago b to years ago c to years ago d to years ago Answer D Difficulty Page The final major historical change that provided the basis for how we live today began around years ago with the development of a agriculture and animal husbandry b roadways c family units d civilization Answer D Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Pre is characterized by cities written language specialization of work and differences among people with wealth and status a A civilization b The ethnicity of a group c Nationality d A race of people Answer a MDL Parallel Question ID CE Which of the following is a characteristic of human evolutionary history and a similarity that we have with our ancestral relatives hominid a Humans have especially long arms to allow them to move in trees b Humans have small skulls to make the birthing process easier c Humans have a relatively short time span during which they depend upon adults d Humans have a relatively long period of childhood dependence on adults before reaching maturity Answer d Page claims that many traits and characteristics in human development are influenced by our evolutionary history a Evolutionary psychology b Social Darwinism c Cultural anthropology d Natural psychology Answer a Page Over the last years Homo sapiens have biologically and have socially a changed very little changed very dramatically b changed very dramatically changed very little c not changed at all remained constant d evolved to become shorter regressed to an earlier time period Answer a Page Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Post correct a b c d r Although women are capable of giving birth to at least eight children in the course of their reproductive lives how many children do most women have today a to b c d or more Answer A Page From an evolutionary perspective it is believed that the human species originated in a the forests and plateaus of South America b the plains and lowlands of North America c the grasslands and forests of Africa d the tundra and deciduous forests of the Arctic Answer c Page MDL Parallel Question ID QR Short Answer Questions What are the components of SES Answer education level income and occupational status Page Why was bipedal locomotion considered a useful adaptation Answer It may have freed up the hands to do things such as carry things or hold a weapon These abilities may have helped to ensure survival Page Describe two ways that Homo Sapiens was different from earlier Homo species Answer Homo Sapiens have smaller and lighter bones smaller jaws and teeth and a much bigger brain Page What are two characteristics that mark civilization the final historical change that began around years ago Answer - cities -writing -specialized kinds of work -differences in wealth status -a centralized political system Describe a research question an evolutionary psychologist might investigate Answer the evolutionary basis of why men rate attractiveness as more important in mate selection and women rate earning potential higher Page Essay Questions India is the second most populous country and is projected to have more people than in any other country by Describe three aspects of Indian people and or culture Answer Most have arranged marriages and the bride moves in with the groom and his family They have a caste system in which people are born into a certain social class It is a developing country that is quickly becoming a leader in the global economy Page Give an example of a collectivist culture and a tradition or behavior that illustrates their collectivist beliefs Answer Japan would be considered a collectivist culture In that culture it would be considered the disgraceful to put one s elderly parents in an institution Because older people are revered and because the allegiance to the family is strong the elderly almost always live in multi-generational families under one roof Page MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test Pre What are a group s customs beliefs art and technology known as a culture b society c mores d kinship Answer A Pre Throughout history what was the average number of children women typically gave birth to a to b to c to d to Answer B Pre What number represents replacement rate in terms of fertility a b c d Answer B Pre The most affluent countries in the world are known as what type of countries a developing b developed c sustained d emerging Answer B Page Pre Between now and the increase in the population of the United States will be nearly entirely due to what a minority fertility b majority fertility c immigration d surrogate motherhood Answer C Page Pre According to the population statistics a child born today is most likely going to be a citizen of what type of country a European b Middle Eastern c developing d developed Answer C Page Pre What type of culture refers to people who live in rural areas of developing countries who tend to live according to the historical elements of their culture a conservative b archaic c traditional d conventional Answer C Page Pre A professor spends nearly a decade in school has a high income and has a strong occupational status What would this person s socioeconomic status SES likely be a low SES b middle SES c moderate SES d high SES Answer D Page Pre Greg views himself as Asian-American He was born in the United States but incorporates many aspects of Asian culture into his everyday life What is he defining himself in terms of a traditional culture b nationality c race d ethnicity Answer D Page Pre Major changes in the way that humans lived occurred around years ago What was the major factor that influenced this change in the way humans lived a advances in medicine b belief in God and the development of religion c the increase in the human lifespan d the development of civilization Answer D Post-Test Post Researchers initially believed that development was universal Who did they study when they believed this to be true a Americans b Europeans c Africans d South Americans Answer A Post What is the Total Fertility Rate The number of a pregnancies per woman b births per woman c conceptions per woman d miscarriages per woman Answer B Post What percent of the current world s population does not live in the most affluent countries a b c d Answer A Page Post What is the poorest region of the world a South America b Northern Europe c Africa d Southeast Asia Answer C Page Post What is the term that refers to characteristics of different groups that include cultural origin traditions race religion and language a race b community c ethnicity d age Answer C Page Post What term is used to describe the concept that the offspring most likely to survive until they can reproduce will be the ones whose variations are best adapted to their environment a biological selection b adaptive selection c natural selection d genetic selection Answer C Page Post In what way did the adaptation of walking on two legs help hominids a It made hominids faster since they could now run b They could now reach objects that they could not before c It freed the hands to do other things d It made hominids taller Answer C Page Post Your cousin has a high school diploma and is currently working in a fast-food business She hopes of becoming a lawyer If she is successful what socioeconomic status will she likely have a low b moderate c middle d high Answer D Page Post Juan lives in a country in which his parents make less than a day His parents want him to get an education but have no plans for him to go to college Juan was born in a a collective culture b individualistic culture c developed country d developing country Answer D Page Post For the past years Homo sapiens have changed very little biologically speaking What accounts for the major differences that can be seen in other aspects of human life a The only real difference concerns technology b the advancement of the scientific method c the major change in life expectancy d different cultures Answer D Page Chapter Exam CE Growth and change across the lifespan is known as a evolution b development c change d growth Answer B CE For most of human history what was the total population a approximately million b under million c under million d approximately million Answer C CE According to the text if current trends continue when will the worldwide Total Fertility Rate reach the replacement rate a b c d Answer B CE What percent of the world s population is comprised of developed countries a less than b more than c d Answer A Page CE What is the poorest region of the world a Africa b South America c Western Europe d Australia Answer A Page CE What values do developing countries regard as most important a collectivistic b traditionalistic c individualistic d paternalistic Answer A Page CE What is another name for the cultural group that sets most norms and standards in a country a majority culture b minority culture c collectivist culture d individualistic culture Answer A Page CE What concept suggests that the young of any species are born with variations on a wide range of characteristics and those who survive are the ones best adapted to the environment a natural selection b psychoanalysis c humanism d behaviorism Answer A Page CE What evolutionary line led to humans a hominid b Neolithic c mammal d sapiens Answer A Page CE When did hominids evolve into Homo sapiens a years ago b years ago c years ago d years ago Answer C Page CE How much have Homo sapiens changed from the time they evolved into Homo sapiens until now a very little b some c quite a bit d considerably Answer A Page CE During what period did the cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals occur a Monolithic b Paleolithic c Neolithic d Jurassic Answer C CE During what period was the last Ice Age a Upper Paleolithic b Neolithic c Jurassic d Cenozoic Answer A Page CE What is characterized by cities written language and specialization of work a socialization b nationality c civilization d ethnicity Answer C CE How many children do most women today have a to b c d or more Answer A Page Quick Review QR Around years ago the human population began to increase considerably Why a the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals b medical advances c civilization d better ventilation of dwellings Answer A QR What is expected to occur to developed countries in the near future and to continue for decades a a continuous increase b a continuous decrease c a slight increase followed by a drastic decline d a slight decrease followed by a drastic increase Answer B Page QR By the year what country will have the steepest decline in population a Japan b United States c Mexico d Uganda Answer A Page QR The population of the United States represents what percent of the world s population a b c d Answer A Page QR In the United States why is infant mortality so high in low SES families a Mothers cannot afford nutritious foods b Families are more likely to be absent c There is a lack of prenatal care d They do not take prenatal vitamins Answer C Page QR How does the scientific community view Darwin s theory of evolution a Darwin's theory of evolution received a high degree of support at its initial proposal however in recent times it has lost the backing of the scientific community b Most researchers have discounted the theory of evolution because it lacks empirical and scientific support c Darwin s theory of evolution has been abandoned for the more comprehensive and scientifically supported theory of Intelligent Design d There is an enormous amount of evidence that has accumulated to verify the theory and support the principle of natural selection as the main mechanism of evolutionary change Answer D Page QR Homo babies were born with larger brains and were less mature than earlier hominids This resulted in a a higher probability of death in infancy b very slow development c a higher probability of vertebra breaking in the cervical region in infancy d a longer period of dependency on parents Answer D Page QR During what period did human art first appear a Lower Jurassic b Middle Cenozoic c Lower Mesozoic d Upper Paleolithic Answer D Page QR The brains of Homo sapiens were how much larger than the brains of the Homo species that just preceded Homo sapiens a b c d Answer D Page QR Evolutionarily speaking where did the human species originate a South America b North America c Africa d Australia Answer C Page Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions Describe an example of a chance event that could impact either the Green or Brown Beetle population Answer Answers will vary Sample answers A flood could occur which would kill off all of the brown beetles or a new animal may be released onto the island which only prefers to eat the green beetles therefore the green beetle population would dwindle Define gene flow and list an example of it either using the beetle population from the video or another type of insect or animal Answer Gene flow deals with moving into and out of a population Examples will vary The example in video is the driftwood carrying in the brown and green beetles into the green beetle population If a drought was causing the Brown Beetle population to grow due to natural selection what should then occur if the weather balanced out again causing a more lush and less dry environment Describe your answer in detail Answer If the environmental conditions flourished again it would lead us to believe that the green beetle population would begin to grow again due to the fact that they would find natural hiding places in the green lush surfaces and be able to better hide themselves from predators Multiple Choice Questions The term for a population evolving due to a chance event is a gene flow b genetic drift c natural selection d allele frequency Answer B When individuals with inherited traits better suited to their environment survive and produce more offspring than other individuals we call this process a natural selection b chance event c genetic drift d gene flow Answer A Which of the following is an example of Natural Selection a A branch of driftwood carries brown beetles to an island of green beetles b A branch of driftwood carries green beetles to an island of green beetles c A drought causes the landscape to become brown and therefore better camouflages Brown beetles protecting them from being eaten by birds More brown beetles are left among the green and brown beetle population and therefore are able to reproduce more d A storm occurs which causes a tree to be struck by lightning The tree catches fire and most of the beetle population is killed A few beetles are able to survive by floating out to another island on a piece of driftwood Answer C - Multiple Choice Questions What is probably the oldest known conception of the life course written about years ago a the Dharmashastras b the Bible c the Koran d the Talmud Answer A Page Learning Objective According to the sacred law books of the Hindu religion how long does each stage of a man s life last a years b years c years d years Answer C Page Learning Objective MDL Parallel Question ID Pre The Dharmashastras the sacred law books of the Hindu religion divides lifespan into a two stages each of which lasts years b three stages each of which lasts years c four stages each of which lasts years d six stages each of which lasts years Answer c Page Learning Objective MDL Parallel Question ID CE Which of the following is a correct order for man s life stages as described by the Dharmashastras a forest dweller apprentice householder and renunciant b householder apprentice renunciant and forest dweller c renunciant forest dweller householder and apprentice d apprentice householder forest dweller and renunciant Answer d Page Learning Objective Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Post Aadit is in his early teens and is dependent on his parents As he grows up and learns the skills necessary for adult life he will move forward and become independent According to the Dharmashastras the sacred law books of the Hindu religion Aaddit is in the stage a apprentice Correct The apprentice stage is between the ages of and He is dependent upon his parents and in the process of learning new skills b householder Incorrect At this stage closer to age one has become independent c forest dweller d renunciant Answer a Page Learning Objective From the Dharmashastras at which of the following stages are people supposed to begin to withdraw from worldly attachments This means an end to sexual life a decline in work responsibilities and the beginning of a transfer of household responsibilities to the sons of the family a apprentice stage b householder stage c forest dweller stage Correct In this stage from age to individuals are to pass worldly possessions and social responsibilities to their sons d renunciant stage Incorrect Individuals at this go even further to reject worldly attachments and prepare for the end of this life and entrance into the next Answer c Page Learning Objective Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Pre Yuthika is years old married and the father of three children He is considered head of the household and has many responsibilities Beyond taking care of his own children he is also responsible for taking care of his elderly parents According to Dharmashastras the sacred law books of the Hindu religion Yuthika is in the stage a apprentice Incorrect The apprentice is to years of age when a boy is still dependent on his parents b householder Correct The householder stage is from the ages of to and major characteristics are family and work responsibilities and becoming the head of a household c forest dweller d renunciant Answer b Page Learning Objective According to Dharmashastras the sacred law books of the Hindu religion an individual who is years old is in the stage a apprentice b householder c forest dweller d renunciant Answer C Page Learning Objective According to Dharmashastras the sacred law books of the Hindu religion an individual who is years old is in the stage a apprentice b householder c forest dweller d renunciant Answer B Page Learning Objective Difficulty The Dharmashastras the sacred law books of the Hindu religion say that life has stages a b c d Answer c Page Learning Objective According to the sacred law books of the Hindu religion what is the purpose of life during the final stage renunciant a to withdraw from the world b to prepare for the end of life and to entry into the next c to embrace the world and gain material possessions to pass to the next generation d to reach the highest level of spirituality Answer b Page Learning Objective MDL Parallel Question ID CE According to Solon a Greek philosopher who lived years ago how many segments are there in a lifespan a b c d Answer B Page Learning Objective According to Solon a Greek philosopher who lived years ago how long did each segment of the lifespan last a years b years c years d years Answer B Page Learning Objective MDL Parallel Question ID QR Ancient philosopher Solon divided lifespan into a two -year segments b five year segments c ten -year segments d fifteen -year segments Answer c Page Learning Objective MDL Parallel Question ID Post Which of the following best describes a life stage as proposed by the ancient Greek philosopher Solon a Ages The ages of marriage and parenthood when a man bethinks him that this is the season for courting b Age The age of moral responsibility when a boy has his Bar Mitzvah signifying that he is responsible for keeping the religious commandments rather than his parents being responsible for him c Age The religious ideal in this stage is for a man to withdraw from the world and literally live in the forest devoting himself to prayer and religious study living only on alms and cultivating patience and compassion d Age The renunciant goes even farther in rejecting worldly attachments The purpose of life in this stage is simply to prepare for the end of this life and entry into the next Answer a Page Learning Objective Difficulty The Jewish holy book the Talmud describes the lifespan as consisting of segments a b c d Answer b Page Learning Objective MDL Parallel Question ID CE Like the Hindu Dharmashastras the life course described in the Talmud goes up to age a b c d Answer d Page Learning Objective Which of the following best describes a life stage from the Jewish holy book the Talmud a Ages - A stage of maturity of mind and morals when his mind ever open to virtue broadens and never inspires him to profitless deeds b Age The age of moral responsibility when a boy has his Bar Mitzvah signifying that he is responsible for keeping the religious commandments rather than his parents being responsible for him c Age The religious ideal in this stage is for a man to withdraw from the world and literally live in the forest devoting himself to prayer and religious study living only on alms and cultivating patience and compassion d Age The renunciant goes even farther than the forest dweller in rejecting worldly attachments The purpose of life in this stage is simply to prepare for the end of this life and entry into the next Answer b Page Learning Objective Difficulty When comparing three ancient conceptions of life the Dharmashastras the Talmud and the philosopher Solon a common theme is that a preparation for life is made in youth skills and expertise are gained in adulthood and wisdom and peace are the fruits of old age Correct All three perspectives provide distinct stages in which individuals grow and mature with time b the lifespan has a maximum of years and those years can be divided into six substages Incorrect The Dharmashastras end at age the Talmud ends at and Solon ends life s stages at years c youth is a time for maturity adulthood is a time of social responsibility and the final stage is a time for psychological regression and self-absorption d all of these perspectives assume that individuals will have a short lifespan and not make it to the final stages of the life cycle Answer a Page Learning Objective When comparing three ancient conceptions of life the Dharmashastras the Talmud and the philosopher Solon a major difference is a they are all based upon biological and genetic evidence b they all come from a Western historical point of view c they all end at years of life Incorrect Solon s stages end at age the Dharmashastras at the Talmud stages go to years d they each have very different ways of dividing up the lifespan Correct The Dharmashastras has four stages the Talud has and Solon has stages Answer d Page Learning Objective Based upon an understanding of three ancient conceptions of life the Dharmashastras the Talmud and the philosopher Solon it is clear that a lifespan is not really divided into clear and definite biologically based stages but is partly socially driven Correct Dissimilar to insects life stages of larva juvenile and adult the human lifespan is also culturally and socially driven b stages of the lifespan are consistent across cultures and therefore must be genetically based c lifespan is determined by one s genetic inheritance and social factors do not play a role in longevity d lifespan is divided into clear and definite biologically based stages and is not influenced by social factors Incorrect From a superficial understanding one might assume that the lifespan is broken into clear and distinct stages however when one compares the stages of three different perspectives it is clear that social forces play a role Answer a Page Learning Objective Difficulty correct a b c d r One important difference among the three ancient conceptions of human development is that they have very different ways of a dividing the lifespan into segments or stages b defining the afterlife c developing a sense of the lifespan based on their religious thoughts d expressing their theories regarding development Answer A Page Learning Objective It is important to recognize that theories regarding development are not just biologically based but also involve a physiological changes b behavior and learning attributes c social and cultural aspects Correct While adolescents everywhere will experience puberty for example culture will have a large effect on how they experience it d hormone changes Incorrect There are differences across the lifespan in terms of hormones but views regarding development will be based on social and cultural conventions as well Answer C Page Learning Objective MDL Parallel Question ID Pre Post CE According to the text how long has the scientific study of human development existed a years b years c years Correct The scientific study of human development is a relatively young field d years Incorrect The scientific study of human development has existed for years Answer C Page Learning Objective Working with persons suffering from various mental health problems Freud concluded that a consistent theme across patients was that they seemed to have experienced some kind of a incongruent self-concept that is interfering with daily functioning Incorrect Incongruent self-concept is consistent with Rogerian perspective b momentous event that classically conditioned a fear within them c traumatic event in childhood now buried in their unconscious Correct The essence of Freudian psychotherapy is unlocking traumatic events from one s childhood that are buried in the unconscious d biological unfolding of the genetic code that is interfering with daily life Answer c Page correct a b c d r According to Freud traumatic events during childhood that are buried in the unconscious mind are also known as memories a repressed b expressed c conscious d conditioned Answer a Page Freud developed the first method of psychotherapy which he called a psychoanalysis b psychosocial moratorium c behavioral therapy d humanistic psychology Answer a Page Sigmund Freud divided human development into stages a psychosexual b psychosocial c psychobiological d psychocognitive Answer a MDL Parallel Question ID CE QR Which of the following comprise Freud s theory of personality a id ego superego b conscious collective unconscious subcortical unconscious c the self the shadow the anima d real self fear self future self Answer a According to Freud when a traumatic event is buried it is a sublimated b repressed Correct Freud believed that repressed traumatic memories affect a person s development even if he or she cannot recall them c cathartic Incorrect Cathartic is a term that refers to the notion that certain experiences can release repressed anxieties d forgotten Answer B Freud developed the first method of psychotherapy which he called a psychosexual therapy b psychodynamic theory c dream analysis Incorrect Dream analysis is one aspect of psychoanalysis but is not the method of psychotherapy d psychoanalysis Correct A major component of psychoanalysis was unearthing repressed memories through discussion of dreams and childhood experiences Answer D MDL Parallel Question ID Pre What was the goal of Freud s psychotherapeutic approach a to make repressed memories conscious Correct Freud believed that simply uncovering repressed memories could be enough to heal a patient b to keep repressed memories permanently repressed Incorrect The goal of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed memories into the client s awareness to be assessed and analyzed c to have the client express his or her sexuality without reprimands or judgment d to reestablish child parental relationships Answer A According to Freud what is enough to heal the patient a to make repressed memories conscious Correct Freud had patients talk about their dreams and childhood memories in an effort to uncover repressed memories of trauma b to keep repressed memories permanently repressed Incorrect The goal of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed memories into the client s awareness to be assessed and analyzed c to have the client express his or her sexuality without reprimands or judgment d to reestablish child parental relationships Answer A What did Freud believe was the force that drove human development a biology b culture Incorrect Freud believed the driving force is sexuality c sexuality Correct Later theories of development recognize that sexuality is only one of many driving forces d family life Answer C MDL Parallel Question ID CE What is Freud s theory of human development a bio-sexual theory b psychosexual theory c sexual stage theory d libido-drive theory Answer B Which of the following is a correct order of Freud s first three psychosexual stages a oral stage anal stage and phallic stage b phallic stage oral stage and anal stage c anal stage phallic stage and oral stage d oral stage phallic stage and anal stage Answer a Daquon who is years old at times notices that his penis becomes erect and is fascinated by this strange phenomenon According to Freud Daquon is in the stage of psychosexual development a oral b anal Incorrect The anal stage happens closer to age at this time infants are potty training and may become fascinated by feces c phallic Correct At age he notices his genitalia and is fascinated according to Freud this is a classic signifier of the phallic stage d fixation Answer C Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Pre Freud proposed that all children experience a n in which they desire to displace their parent and enjoy sexual access to the parent a Thanatos drive other-sex same-sex b Oedipus complex same-sex other-sex c Catharsis same-sex other-sex d Freudian slip other-sex same-sex Answer b Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Post correct a b c d r What operates on the pleasure principle and constantly seeks immediate and unrestrained satisfaction a id Correct The id functions in opposition to the superego which acts as one s conscience b ego Incorrect According to Freud the ego balances the demands of the id and the superego c superego d libido Answer A MDL Parallel Question ID CE QR Adults in the environment teach the child to develop a conscience that restricts the satisfaction of desires and makes the child feel guilty for disobeying What did Freud call this aspect of his theory a id b ego Incorrect According to Freud the ego balances the demands of the id and the superego c superego Correct Freud believed that the superego functioned in opposition to the id which constantly seeks immediate satisfaction d libido Answer C correct a b c d r According to Freud what balances the demands of the id and the superego a id b ego Correct The ego operates on the reality principle which balances the id s desire for pleasure with the constraints of the superego c superego Incorrect According to Freud the superego refers to the individual s conscience d libido Answer B What principle describes an individual s ability to seek satisfaction within the constraints imposed by the superego a pleasure principle Incorrect According to Freud the pleasure principle refers to the individual s desire to seek satisfaction of biological drives b reality principle Correct Freud believed that the reality principle is what drives the ego as opposed to the pleasure principle that drives the id c balancing principle d libido principle Answer B According to Freud what stage of development are infants in when sexual sensations are concentrated in the mouth a oral b anal c phallic d latency Answer A According to Freud what stage of development are infants in when sexual sensations are concentrated in the anus a oral b anal c phallic d latency Answer B According to Freud what is the most important stage in his theory a anal b phallic c latency d genital Answer B Freud proposed that all children desired to replace their same-sex parent and enjoy sexual access to the other-sex parent What was Freud s term for this concept a genital complex b incest complex c parental complex Incorrect Although the concept involved parents the term Freud used is the Oedipus complex d Oedipus complex Correct The Oedipus complex is named for the Greek myth in which Oedipus unwittingly fulfilled a prophecy that said he would kill his father and marry his mother Answer D During what stage did Freud believe the child represses sexual desires and focuses his or her energy on learning social and intellectual skills a anal b phallic c latency Correct Freud believed that this stage occurred in middle childhood after the phallic phase d genital Incorrect According to Freud it is during the latency stage that children focus on social and intellectual skills Answer C MDL Parallel Question ID Pre A child who had been overly frustrated in the oral stage such as being weaned too early would develop an adult personality that might include smoking cigarettes nibbling fingernails and a tendency to make biting remarks According to Freud this individual has developed a n a fixation Correct By receiving gratification through the oral orifice Freud would suggest that this individual is fixated which derives from negative experiences while in the oral stage of development during infancy b Oedipal complex Incorrect The Oedipal complex is a period of fixation on the other-sex parent that Freud theorized occurs during the phallic stage c crisis d reality principle Answer a - During which stage did Freud believe that the individual s sexual drive reemerges but this time in a way approved by the superego and directed toward persons outside the family a anal b phallic Incorrect According to Freud it was during the genital stage that individuals focused their reemerging sexuality on members outside the family c latency d genital Correct Freud believed that this stage occurs during adolescence after the period of latency Answer D MDL Parallel Question ID CE According to Freud when did everything important to development occur a during the oral and anal stages b before the latency stage c before adulthood Correct His five stages of psychosexual development end with adolescence and the genital stage d during adulthood Incorrect According to Freud one s personality was set long before adulthood Answer C MDL Parallel Question ID Post According to Freud someone who was frustrated during the oral stage would be likely to smoke or bite his or her fingernails Freud would say that the individual was a neurotic Incorrect According to Freud when someone is frustrated at a particular stage he or she is fixated at that stage b fixated Correct According to Freud the only way to remove these fixations was through psychoanalysis c completely normal d psychotic Answer B Which of the following is a major criticism of Sigmund Freud s psychosexual theory of human development a He overly focused on sexuality and it is hard to reduce human development to a single motive b He overly studied children and spent too much time on experimental methods c He underemphasizes the significance of childhood and overemphasizes later time periods d He spent too much time studying a diversity of subjects and people from varying ages Answer a Difficulty Your roommate is a smoker He really would like to quit and has been reading about Freudian theory He thinks that he is fixated at the oral stage and that he should make an appointment with a clinician who specializes in psychosexual therapy What would you tell him a Few professionals adhere to Freud s theory even psychoanalysts so he should try something else Correct Most people who study human development today agree that human behavior is governed by more complex motivations than just sexuality b He should probably try it Freud would say that he was orally fixated Incorrect Although Freud would argue that your roommate was orally fixated few professionals adhere to his theory c It sounds to you like he is actually anally fixated d It will take time but psychoanalysis should probably work for him Answer A Which of the following theorists proposes that human development is broken into psychosocial stages a Erik Erikson b Sigmund Freud c B F Skinner d Carl Rogers Answer a Learning Objective MDL Parallel Question ID CE QR Unlike Freud Erikson proposed that human development continues and is not solely determined by the years of childhood a throughout the lifespan Correct Erikson s psychosocial stages are each significant in their own right and continue until late adulthood b into the teenage years c until the mid- s d until a midlife crisis Incorrect Many are familiar with Erikson s concept of midlife crisis however this is only one stage called ego generativity versus stagnation Answer a Learning Objective Difficulty correct a b c d r Erik Erikson s psychosocial theory comprises stages a four cognitive b five psychosexual c eight psychosocial d three moral Answer c Learning Objective Which of the following is a correct order of Erik Erikson s third fourth and fifth stages of psychosocial development a initiative vs guilt identity vs identity confusion generativity vs stagnation b ego integrity vs despair intimacy vs isolation identity vs identity confusion c trust vs mistrust industry vs inferiority autonomy vs shame and doubt d initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs identity confusion Answer d Learning Objective Difficulty Grant is in the rd grade and is enthusiastic about learning in school Beyond recess he enjoys reading books doing his math homework and learning new spelling words He is also confident in his ability to accomplish goals that he has set for himself Which of Erikson psychosocial stages is Grant in a trust vs mistrust b autonomy vs shame and doubt c initiative vs guilt Incorrect Initiative vs guilt is a stage prior to elementary school closer to age and preschool d industry vs inferiority Correct During the grade school years the child is in Erikson s industry vs inferiority stage Answer d Learning Objective Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Post Erikson s eighth and final stage of psychosocial development is a trust vs mistrust b generativity vs stagnation c ego integrity vs despair d industry vs inferiority Answer c Learning Objective MDL Parallel Question ID Pre Today what is the status of Freud s stages of psychosexual stages in explaining human development a Few people who study human development adhere to the theory Correct Most people who study human development today agree that human behavior is governed by more complex motivations than just sexuality b It is the accepted theory of how people s personalities develop c There are some arguments regarding the theory but overall it has met the test of time Incorrect Most professionals who study human development do not adhere to the theory as a way to explain human development d The first three stages have been very explanatory but the two last are not Answer A MDL Parallel Question ID QR Who developed a psychosocial theory in which the driving force behind development is not sexuality but the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment a Freud Incorrect Freud believed the driving force is sexuality b Erikson Correct Although Erikson was part of Freud s circle in Vienna he doubted the validity of Freud s theories c Bronfenbrenner d Piaget Answer B Learning Objective What was one of the ways that Erikson s theory differed from Freud s theory Erikson believed that a sexuality was even more important than Freud did Incorrect Freud believed the driving force is sexuality Erikson did not b personality was set at birth while Freud thought that it was completed by age c development continued throughout the lifespan and Freud believed that only the early years were important Correct Erikson s theory of human development continues through late adulthood d biological factors were more important in terms of development and Freud believed that culture was more important Answer C Learning Objective correct a b c d r Erikson believed that each stage had a distinctive developmental challenge which he referred to as a a fixation Incorrect Freud discussed fixations The developmental challenge for Erikson was the crisis b sensitivity c critical period d crisis Correct Erikson believed that a successful resolution of the crisis prepares the person well for the next stage of development Answer D Learning Objective What happens when a person who had difficulty with the developmental challenge in one stage enters the next stage He or she is a equally likely to do well with the new stage as someone who achieved the developmental challenge at the earlier stage Incorrect Erikson believed that failure to complete the crisis in one stage increased the likelihood of failure at the next stage b at high risk for being unsuccessful at the next stage as well Correct c advised to regress to the earlier stage and successfully complete the developmental challenge before moving on d more likely to do well since he or she experienced the difficulty in the previous stage Answer B Learning Objective correct a b c d r According to Erikson what is the developmental challenge during infancy a trust vs mistrust Correct At this stage a child establishes a bond with his or her caregivers b autonomy vs shame and doubt Incorrect The developmental challenge in infancy is trust versus mistrust c initiative vs guilt d industry vs inferiority Answer A Learning Objective correct a b c d r According to Erikson what is the developmental challenge during toddlerhood a trust vs mistrust Incorrect The developmental challenge in toddlerhood is autonomy versus shame and doubt b autonomy vs shame and doubt Correct In this stage a toddler starts to develop a healthy sense of self as distinct from others c initiative vs guilt d industry vs inferiority Answer B Learning Objective MDL Parallel Question ID QR According to Erikson what is the developmental challenge during early childhood a trust vs mistrust b autonomy vs shame and doubt Incorrect The developmental challenge in early childhood is initiative versus guilt c initiative vs guilt Correct During this stage in early childhood a person learns to initiate activities in a purposeful way d industry vs inferiority Answer C According to Erik Erikson a toddler who is years old and develops a sense of self distinct from others is in which of the following psychosocial stages a trust vs mistrust Incorrect Trust versus mistrust is Erikson s first stage of life encountered during infancy b autonomy vs shame and doubt Correct From age to toddlers are in Erikson s autonomy versus shame and doubt stage the child attempts to be autonomous based upon his or her sense of self c initiative vs guilt d industry vs inferiority Answer b Learning Objective Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Pre Post According to Erikson what is the developmental challenge during late childhood a trust vs mistrust b autonomy vs shame and doubt c initiative vs guilt Incorrect The developmental challenge in late childhood is industry versus inferiority d industry vs inferiority Correct During this stage one begins to learn the skills and knowledge of his or her culture Answer D According to Erikson what is the developmental challenge during adolescence a identity vs identity confusion Correct During this stage one develops a secure and coherent identity b intimacy vs isolation Incorrect The developmental challenge in adolescence is identity versus identity confusion c generativity vs stagnation d ego integrity vs despair Answer A According to Erikson what is the developmental challenge during early adulthood a identity vs identity confusion Incorrect The developmental challenge in early adulthood is intimacy versus isolation b intimacy vs isolation Correct During this stage one establishes a long-term committed love relationship c generativity vs stagnation d ego integrity vs despair Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID Post According to Erikson what is the developmental challenge during middle adulthood a identity vs identity confusion b intimacy vs isolation Incorrect The developmental challenge in middle adulthood is generativity versus stagnation c generativity vs stagnation Correct During this stage one is focused on caring for others and contributing to the well-being of the young d ego integrity vs despair Answer C According to Erikson what is the developmental challenge during late adulthood a identity vs identity confusion b intimacy vs isolation c generativity vs stagnation Incorrect The developmental challenge in late adulthood is integrity versus despair d ego integrity vs despair Correct During this stage one evaluates his or her lifetime and accepts life as it is Answer D Which theory of human development has endured better a Freud s psychosexual theory Incorrect Erikson s psychosocial theory has endured better Nearly all researchers who study human development would argue that development is a lifelong process with important changes occurring at each period b Erikson s psychosocial theory Correct There is near-consensus among researchers who study human development that development is a lifelong process with important changes occurring at each period whereas Freud believed that all development occurred before adulthood c Gilbert s biosocial theory d Hall s bio-behavioral theory Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID CE Urie Bronfenbrenner s ecological theory focuses on that shape human development in the social environment a biological factors b genetic inputs c instinctive drive d multiple influences Answer d Difficulty correct a b c d r Whose theory is not a stage theory of human development but rather a theory that focuses on the multiple influences that shape human development in the social environment a Freud b Erikson Incorrect Although Erikson was very interested in the social aspects of development his theory was a stage theory Bronfenbrenner s theory was not c Bronfenbrenner Correct Bronfenbrenner presented his theory as a reaction to what he viewed as an overemphasis in developmental psychology on the immediate environment d Piaget Answer C Bronfenbrenner s ecological theory has key levels or systems that play a part in human development a b c d Answer c MDL Parallel Question ID Pre What is Bronfenbrenner s term for the immediate environment the settings where people experience their daily lives a microsystem Correct In most cultures the microsystem includes relationships with parents siblings peers teachers coaches etc b mesosystem Incorrect Bronfenbrenner referred to the person s immediate environment as the microsystem c exosystem d macrosystem Answer A What is Bronfenbrenner s term for the network of interconnections between the various immediate environments that the individual experiences a microsystem b mesosystem Correct The mesosystem helps explain why a parent s abusive behavior may result in a child having difficulty with teachers c exosystem Incorrect Bronfenbrenner referred to the network of interconnections between the microsystems as the mesosystem d macrosystem Answer B Which of the following are components of the microsystem from Bronfenbrenner s ecological theory a parents siblings peers and friends and teachers Correct The microsystem is made up of elements that affect the child directly and are based upon daily immediate contact b schools religious institutions and the media Incorrect Larger social institutions such as schools and religion are components of the exosystem they are influential however they have a more indirect effect than the microsystem c cultural beliefs and values and economic and governmental systems d time and historical change Answer a MDL Parallel Question ID CE QR In Asian countries such as South Korea competition to get into college is intense and depends chiefly on adolescents performance on a national exam at the end of high school consequently the high school years are a period of extreme academic stress Fierce competition to get into college is an example of which of the following of Bronfenbrenner s systems a microsystem Incorrect The microsystem is comprised of one s immediate environment including parents teachers and friends b exosystem Correct The exosystem is comprised of social institutions and may have an indirect effect on development as compared to the microsystem having a direct effect c macrosystem d mesosystem Answer b Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Post What is Bronfenbrenner s term for the societal institutions that have indirect but potentially important influences on development e g schools religious institutions media a microsystem b mesosystem Incorrect Bronfenbrenner referred to the exosystem as the societal institutions that have indirect effects on development c exosystem Correct The exosystem is comprised of social institutions and may have an indirect effect on development as compared to the microsystem having a direct effect d macrosystem Answer C What is Bronfenbrenner s term for the broad system of cultural beliefs and values and the economic and governmental systems that are built on those beliefs and values a mesosystem b exosystem Incorrect The exosystem is comprised of social institutions and may have an indirect effect on development c macrosystem Correct For example the macrosystem in countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia is built on the beliefs and values of Islam d chronosystem Answer C What is Bronfenbrenner s term for the changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time both with respect to individual development and to historical changes a mesosystem b exosystem c macrosystem d chronosystem Answer D MDL Parallel Question ID CE Many theories of development do not address culture Why does Bronfenbrenner s theory think that culture is so important He recognizes that a cultural beliefs are the basis for many other conditions of children s development Correct Bronfenbrenner believed that other developmental psychologists over-emphasized the immediate enviroment b nearly everyone lives in a very similar culture c culture should be factored out to determine what really influences development Incorrect Bronfenbrenner believed that culture was a very important aspect of development and influenced other aspects of development Culture heavily influences the way that people develop d culture is damaging and can be devastating to a young child s development Answer A The textbook that you are using A Cultural Approach to Human Development divides development into a major theories b major stages c psychological paradigms d psychoanalytic phases Answer b In the textbook A Cultural Approach to Human Development after the stage of adolescence there are stages of adulthood a b c d Answer c Difficulty is a life stage in which most people are not as dependent on their parents as they were in childhood and adolescence but have not yet made commitments to the stable roles in love and work that structure adult life for most people a Emerging adulthood b Young adulthood c Middle adulthood d Late adulthood Answer a Difficulty Within the textbook the stage of early childhood is from a birth to months b to months c to years d to years Answer c Difficulty Scholars of human development generally regard development as a discontinuous b continuous c stage-like d abrupt Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID CE Which of the following signifies the onset of adolescence a puberty b a deepening voice c widening of the hips d hormonal fluctuations Answer a Human development can be viewed from a stage perspective or as a gradual process a continuous Correct There are two major paradigms that developmentalists may hold stage and or continuous models b disjointed c sloping d inverted Incorrect Inverted developmental patterns are not discussed in this chapter Answer a Difficulty Emerging adulthood exists in some cultures and not others and consequently young adult responsibilities such as marriage and stable work may be taken on as early as or as late as a or or b or or c or or d or or Answer a Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Pre Post Short Answer Questions Describe one way that Erikson s theory was different from Freud s Answer Erikson placed more emphasis on the social and cultural basis of development and did not believe that events and influences of early childhood were primary determinants of later development He believed that development happened throughout the lifespan - Learning Objective Give an example of a country with a macrosystem that is different from the one where you grew up Explain how that difference would likely impact your development Answers will vary Example- Afghanistan has macrosystem beliefs that women are inferior to men and therefore should not be educated As a female opportunities would be far fewer there than they are in the U S Define two of the systems in Bronfenbrenner s theory and give a concrete example of each Answer microsystem- the immediate setting A child s home is an example - mesosystem- the connections between microsystems An example would be a parent going to a school conference Why is emerging adulthood considered to be a phenomenon of developed countries rather than developing countries Answer Emerging adulthood is the stage between adolescence and young adulthood Usually the person is still dependent on their parents financially because they are pursuing an education but they are less dependent than they were earlier in the sense that they make more independent decisions They have not yet taken on many of the roles of adulthood such as starting a career getting married or having a child because all of these milestones happen later today than they did in previous generations In developing countries emerging adulthood is less likely to exist because education usually ends by adolescence and marriage and childbearing happens in the late teens or early twenties Why would you expect the textbook author Arnett to use Bronfenbrenner s model as a frame for his book more than Freud s theory Answer Bronfenbrenner s ecological theory emphasizes the need to look at how various aspects of the environment shape human development Unlike Freud he highlights the importance of culture as well as emphasizing that children actively shape their environments Page - - Essay Questions In what religion are there sacred law books called the Dharmashastras Briefly describe the following four stages described in these books and put them in the correct order Forest dweller Apprentice Householder and Renunciant Answer These law books are part of the Hindu religion Apprentice- learning skills Householder- man marries and is in charge of the household Forest dweller- person begins to withdraw from a world of worldly possessions and devote themselves to prayer Renunciant- a time to prepare for death Page - Learning Objective Describe one similarity and one difference in the way that the conception of the life course is outlined in the Dharmashastras the view of the ancient Greek philosopher Solon and the Talmud Answer They are similar in that all have a time of learning early in life and a time of responsibility in mid-life followed by a time of preparation for death at the end of life They all exclude women in their stages -One difference is that the number of stages differs Page - Learning Objective MyDevelopmentLab Question Bank Pre-Test Pre According to the Dharmashastras how long does each stage of a man's life last a About years b years c years d About years Answer d Page Pre According to the Dharmashastras at what stage are people supposed to begin to withdraw from worldly attachments a Apprentice stage b Forest dweller stage c Householder stage d Renunciant state Answer b Page Pre Developmental theories should not just be biologically based but also a physiologically based b socially and culturally based c behaviorally based d hormonally based Answer b Page Pre The first form of psychotherapy developed by Freud is known as what a Psychodynamic theory b Psychoanalysis c Psychosexual therapy d Dream analysis Answer b Pre Your son noticed his penis because it sometimes becomes erect and he seems to be fascinated by this phenomenon According to Freud in what stage is your son a Oral b Anal c Phallic d Fixation Answer c Pre During what stage did Freud believe the individual represses sexual desires and focuses on learning social and intellectual skills a Oral b Anal c Latency d Genital Answer c Pre What conflict does Erikson believe occurs during his last stage a Industry vs inferiority b Generativity vs stagnation c Trust vs mistrust d Ego integrity vs despair Answer d Pre What stage would Erikson say a three-year-old who develops a sense of self would be in a Industry vs inferiority b Autonomy vs shame and doubt c Ego integrity vs despair d Trust vs mistrust Answer b Pre How many systems are involved in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory a b c d Answer d Pre Adolescence in many developed countries has been extended considerably Adulthood has been delayed as well What term would be an appropriate term to use to describe this situation a Extended adulthood b Late childhood c Delayed adulthood d Emerging adulthood Answer d Post Test Post What is the correct order for a man's life stages according to the Dharmashastras a apprentice householder forest dweller and renunciant b forest dweller apprentice householder and renunciant c householder apprentice renunciant and forest dweller d renunciant forest dweller householder and apprentice Answer a Page Post Solon divided the lifespan into a -year segments b -year segments c -year segments d -year segments Answer b Page Post Theories regarding development should not just include biology but also a Physiological aspects b social and cultural aspects c behavior aspects d hormonal aspects Answer b Page Post What is the concept that Freud believed describes the desire of the son or daughter to enjoy sexual access to the opposite-sex parent a Thanatos drive b Oedipus complex c Catharsis d Freudian slip Answer b Post Freud believed that everything important to development occurred a during adolescence b during infancy c before adulthood d during adulthood Answer c Post Your daughter likes to read and is doing well in math and spelling She is confident in her abilities to accomplish her goals What Eriksonian stage is your daughter in a Industry vs inferiority b Initiative vs guilt c Autonomy vs shame and doubt d Trust vs mistrust Answer c Post What challenge does Erikson believe characterizes early adulthood a Industry vs inferiority b Generativity vs stagnation c Intimacy vs isolation d Trust vs mistrust Answer c Post In Asian countries competition to get into college can be intense Fierce competition to get into college is an example of which Bronfenbrenner system a Microsystem b Macrosystem c Mesosystem d Exosystem Answer d Post Emerging adulthood exists in some cultures and not others Young adulthood may occur in some cultures as early as or or as late as a or b or c or d or Answer a Post If a three-year old toddler has a sense of self distinct from others what psychosocial stage would Erikson believe that the toddler is in a Initiative vs guilt b Trust vs mistrust c Industry vs inferiority d Autonomy vs shame and doubt Answer d Chapter Exam CE The sacred law books of the Hindu religion the Dharmashastras divide the life span into how many stages a b c d Answer b Page CE According to the Dharmashastras what is the purpose of life during the final stage a To embrace the world b To prepare for the end of this life c To withdraw from the world d To reach the highest level of spirituality Answer b Page CE The Talmud the Jewish Holy Book describes the lifespan as consisting of how many segments a b c d Answer b Page CE Theories of development include not only a biological component but a a cultural component b physiological changes c a behavioral component d hormonal changes Answer a Page CE Freud divided development into what type of stages a Psychosocial b Psychobiological c Psychosexual d Psychocognitive Answer c CE What force did Freud believe drove human development a Biology b Culture c Parental influence d Sexual desire Answer d Page CE According to Freud what part of the mind operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification a Libido b Superego c Ego d Id Answer d CE According to Freud at what stage does the individual's sexual drive reemerge but in a way approved by the superego a Anal b Phallic c Latency d Genital Answer d CE Which developmental theorist believed that human development was comprised of psychosocial stages a Freud b Skinner c Rogers d Erikson Answer d CE According to Erikson what is the challenge for the developing individual during infancy a Learning about culture b Developing a healthy sense of self c Initiating activities in a purposeful way d Establishing a bond with a trusted caregiver Answer d CE According to Erikson what stage are developing individuals in during middle adulthood a Industry vs inferiority b Autonomy vs shame and doubt c Initiative vs guilt d Generativity vs stagnation Answer d CE Which human development theory has endured the best a Freud's b Gilbert's c Hall's d Erikson's Answer d CE According to Bronfenbrenner what comprises the microsystem a cultural beliefs and values and economic and governmental systems b time and historical change c schools religious institutions and the media d relationships with parents siblings peers and friends and teachers Answer d CE According to Bronfenbrenner what is the term that is used to describe the changes in development over time with respect to individual and historical changes a Chronosystem b Exosystem c Mesosystem d Macrosystem Answer a CE Human development theorists regard development as a continuous b discontinuous c stagnant d abrupt Answer d Quick Review QR What was probably the oldest known written description of the life course written years ago a The Dharmashastras b The Bible c The Koran d The Talmud Answer a Page QR Solon divided the lifespan into several segments each lasting how many years a b c d Answer b Page QR Freud segmented human development into what types of stages a Psychosocial b Psychosexual c Psychobiological d Psychocognitive Answer b QR What aspect of Freud's theory involves the pleasure principle and constantly seeking immediate and unrestrained satisfaction a Ego b Id c Superego d Libido Answer b QR What theorist proposed that human development was segmented into psychosocial stages a Darwin b Rogers c Erikson d Freud Answer c QR How do contemporary developmental psychologists view Freud's theory a The last theory has been substantiated but not the others b Some adhere to the theory c Few adhere to the theory d It is accepted as how people develop Answer c QR What challenge does Erikson believe occurs during toddlerhood a Industry vs inferiority b Generativity vs stagnation c Autonomy vs shame and doubt d Trust vs mistrust Answer c QR According to Erikson what challenge faces individuals in late adulthood a Generativity vs stagnation b Intimacy vs isolation c Identity vs identity confusion d Ego integrity vs despair Answer d QR What Bronfenbrenner system involves parents siblings peers and friends and teachers a Microsystem b Exosystem c Macrosystem d Chronosystem Answer a QR According to the textbook what ages comprise early childhood a Birth to months b to months c to years d to years Answer c Video Guide Questions Short Answer Questions Describe the types of relationships that Erikson connects to the stage of intimacy vs isolation Answer The types of relationships include friendship love sexual intimacy and marriage Learning Objective Discuss Erikson s views on how the stage of intimacy vs isolation relates to marriage Answer Erikson states that marriage will not work if the individuals are not ready to fuse their own personalities with another individual without the fear of losing themselves Intimacy is achieved once the individuals have resolved this issue according to Erikson Learning Objective Erikson discusses his thoughts on why some marriages among younger or less mature individuals might not be successful Do you agree or disagree with these thoughts Why Answer Answers will vary Learning Objective Multiple Choice Questions In this video Erikson discusses which of the following stages a integrity vs despair b intimacy vs isolation c initiative vs guilt d identity vs role confusion Answer B Learning Objective In this video Erikson discusses his views on intimacy He states that he considers it to include which of the following a friendship b identity c education d hatred Answer A Learning Objective Erikson states that what will not work if a person is not ready emotionally a career b finances c marriage d pregnancy Answer C Learning Objective - How We Study Human Development Multiple Choice Questions In its classic form the scientific method has how many steps a b c d Answer C MDL Parallel Question ID CE What is the first step of the scientific method a Identify a question of scientific interest b Form a hypothesis c Choose a research method and a research design d Collect data Answer A MDL Parallel Question ID Pre According to the text what is a researcher s idea about one possible answer to the question of interest a a scientific idea b a hypothesis c a proof d a law Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID Post A researcher is interested in examining how well children who are good at delaying gratification do academically The researcher would state children who can delay gratification get better grades in school than children who cannot delay gratification What step of the scientific method was just accomplished a identifying a question of scientific interest Incorrect The researcher just generated a hypothesis to examine scientifically b forming a hypothesis Correct A hypothesis is one possible answer to the question of interest c selecting a research method and a research design d collecting data Answer B correct a b c d r The scientific method involves five basic steps a observe the environment generate a theory of the phenomenon to be studied generate possible hypotheses systematically vary variables and conduct an experiment b collect data to test a theory manipulate variables within a laboratory setting conduct a statistical analysis of the data synthesize the results and publish the findings c identify a question to be investigated form a hypothesis choose a research method and a research design collect data to test the hypothesis and draw conclusions that lead to new questions and hypotheses d generate a conclusion isolate variables determine how variables are related to the conclusion conduct the research study and published the findings Answer c MDL Parallel Question ID QR The first step in the scientific method is to a collect data to test the hypothesis b identify a question of scientific interest c form a hypothesis d choose a research method and a research design Answer b MDL Parallel Question ID CE Cameron is a graduate student who is working on her doctorial thesis and is in the process of conducting a research study on how learning phonics contributes to reading skills in st graders Based upon the scientific method after collecting data to test her hypothesis Cameron s next task is to a draw conclusions and form new questions and hypotheses Correct Collecting data is the fourth step and drawing conclusions in formulating new questions and hypotheses is the fifth and last step of the scientific method b identify a question of scientific interest Incorrect This is the first step c form a hypothesis d choose a research method and a research design Answer a The second step in the scientific method is to a collect data to test the hypothesis b identify a question of scientific interest c form a hypothesis d choose a research method and a research design Answer c A is the researcher s idea about one possible answer to the question of interest a paradigm b theory c hypothesis d world view Answer c Which of the following is an example of a scientific hypothesis a Space exploration benefits our world and the United States needs to increase funding for NASA Incorrect This is an opinion it is not testable based on scientific research b Marital satisfaction tends to improve when the youngest child is grown and leaves the home because parents now have more time and energy for the marital relationship Correct This is a testable statement based upon a question of marital satisfaction and child rearing c HIV causes AIDS and AIDS is a disease and will never be cured d If a tree falls in the forest and no one is there to hear it does it make a sound Answer b MDL Parallel Question ID Post Questionnaires and interviews are examples of a ways to generate hypotheses Incorrect Questionnaires and interviews are two commonly used examples of the research method b faulty research designs c statistical procedures used to analyze data d the research method Correct Questionnaires and interviews are two commonly used examples of the research method Answer D MDL Parallel Question ID Pre The plan for when and how to collect the data for a study is the a data collection schedule b research design Correct The research design is the plan for when and how to collect the data while the research method is the global approach to research c scientific plan d research method Incorrect The research design is the plan for when and how to collect the data while the research method is the global approach to research Answer B A researcher is interested in whether toddlers who are taught to solve a puzzle can remember the strategy two weeks later What would be the population of interest a all toddlers Correct Studies are designed to answer questions regarding populations not just answer questions regarding those who are in the study b the toddlers in the study Incorrect The population of interest would be all toddlers Studies are designed to answer questions regarding populations not just answer questions regarding those who are in the study c all children d only toddlers who are in preschool Answer A How does the text define the term population a only those individuals who are in the research study Incorrect The population is defined as the entire category of people The sample should be representative of the population so that the results can be generalized back to the population b the entire category of people Correct The sample should be representative of the population so that the results can be generalized back to the population c a smaller subset of an entire category of people d those individuals in the research pool Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID CE How does the text define the term sample a only those individuals who are in the research study Correct The sample is defined as the group of people who participate in a research study The population is the entire category of people b the entire category of people Incorrect The sample is defined as the group of people who participate in a research study The population is the entire category of people c a smaller subset of an entire category of people d those individuals in the research pool Answer A MDL Parallel Question ID QR What is the goal when developing a sample for a research study To generate a sample that will be a easy to find b an answer to the scientific question Incorrect The sample should represent the population of interest so that the results can be generalized from the sample to the population c representative of the population Correct The sample should represent the population of interest so that the results can be generalized from the sample to the population d as large as possible Answer C MDL Parallel Question ID Pre What principle defines the concept when findings from a sample can be used to draw appropriate conclusions regarding the population a generalization Correct If the sample represents the population then the results from it can be generalized b representation Incorrect Generalization refers to when the findings from the sample can be used to understand the population If the sample represents the population then the results from it can be generalized c theory formation d sample characterization Answer A Difficulty What aspect of a study outlines the way the study was conducted and how the data were collected a procedure Correct The procedure is determined by the research design b method Incorrect The procedure outlines the way the study was conducted c statistical analysis d generating conclusions Answer A The last step of the scientific method is to a form a hypothesis b choose a research method and a research design c collect data d draw conclusions Answer D The third step in the scientific method is to a collect data to test the hypothesis b identify a question of scientific interest c form a hypothesis d choose a research method and a research design Answer d The first step in the scientific method is the third step is to a identifying a question of scientific interest choose a research method and a research design b forming a hypothesis choose a research method and a research design c identifying a question of scientific interest collect data to test the hypothesis d collecting data to test the hypothesis choose a research method and a research design Answer a Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Post A sample is a a framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research b a group of people who participate in a research study c a statement indicating that participation in the study is voluntary and that persons may withdraw from participation in the study at any time d the way the study is conducted and the data are collected Answer b The sample should represent the which is the entire category of people the sample represents a theory b population c variable d hypothesis Answer b MDL Parallel Question ID QR correct a b c d r To study adolescents attitudes toward contraceptive use a researcher recruits subjects from a waiting room of a community clinic that offers free contraceptive services to all This researcher has a sample that is a not representative of all adolescents Correct Recruiting at a community clinic limits one s subject pool and is biased b similar to the general population of adolescents Incorrect The sample is only representative of individuals who use the services of the community clinic and not all adolescents in general c representative of adolescents in America but not other developed nations d representative of female adolescents and not males Answer a Which of the following best describes when findings from the sample make it possible to draw conclusions about the larger population that the sample is intended to represent a generalizability b validity c reliability d standardization Answer a MDL Parallel Question ID CE The of the study is the way the study is conducted and the data are collected a validity b procedure c reliability d sample Answer b Which of the following best describes a theory a a framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research b the way the study is conducted and the data are collected c a group of people who participate in a research study d the researcher s idea about one possible answer to the question of interest Answer a correct a b c d r Once a researcher writes a manuscript describing the methods used the results of the statistical analyses and the interpretation of the results the researcher typically a submits the manuscript for publication in a scientific journal b posts the manuscript on his or her website c sends the manuscript to other researchers d files the manuscript away so that no one else can duplicate the study Answer A Difficulty Which of the following best describes an Institutional Review Board IRB a Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are what participation in the study involves what risks if any are involved in participating and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation b Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for the deception c Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name d They are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines Answer d What is the process by which an editor of a journal sends a manuscript to other researchers to evaluate for potential publication in a journal a editorial evaluation b editor s choice c publication priority d peer review Answer D Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID Post According to the text a framework that represents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research is the definition of a a research study b hypothesis Incorrect A hypothesis is one aspect of a theory The text defines theory as the set of interconnected ideas c theory Correct A theory generates hypotheses that can be tested in research and research leads to modifications of a theory which generates more hypotheses and research d scientific method Answer C MDL Parallel Question ID Pre To prevent ethical violations most institutions that sponsor research such as universities and research institutes require a proposal for research to be approved by a n a Ethical Standard Board b Institutional Review Board c Department of Research d University Research Sponsorship Department Answer B The purpose of an Institutional Review Board is a to prevent ethical violations and judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines b to design research studies test hypothesizes and secure funding c to generate theories measure variables and publish findings in peer-review journals d supervise and monitor research that is being conducted and to support the mission of the university Answer a Frank is a researcher at a large university and is nervous about an important meeting with a group who will scrutinize his research proposal while judging whether or not it follows reasonable ethical guidelines Frank is meeting with a an institutional review board Correct The phrase while judging whether or not it follows reasonable ethical guidelines is the signifier of an IRB b a rank and tenure committee c a president s board committee d a funding and endowment board Incorrect An endowment board determines the financial appropriateness of a proposal Its role is not discussed in the text Answer a occurs at the beginning of the research study whereas the occurs at the end a Reliability confidentiality b Confidentiality reliability c Informed consent debriefing d Debriefing informed consent Answer c Participants want to feel sure that their responses will be a graded fairly b recorded accurately c confidential d not judged Answer C MDL Parallel Question ID QR What are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines a Department of Research b Ethical Standard Board c Institutional Review Board d University Research Sponsorship Department Answer C What is the most important consideration in human development research in terms of ethical standards That the participants will a gain knowledge about themselves b have fun participating c not be harmed d learn something from the study Answer C correct a b c d r What typically includes information about who is conducting the study what the purposes of the study are what participation in the study involves what risks if any are involved in participating and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation a IRB proposal b an informed consent form c research participation advertisement d study proposal Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID CE Once the study has been carried out and the data collected the participants must be a debriefed b paid c allowed to leave d evaluated for psychological damage Answer A Professor Smith is conducting a research study on discrimination however he is afraid that if he tells subjects the true nature of his research they might provide a socially desirable response and skew his results To minimize socially desired responses and skewed results Professor Smith may use a deception Correct Withholding the true intent of the research study from subjects would minimize socially desirable responses b informed consent Incorrect Informed consent is a standard ethical requirement of human development research regardless of the research method c an intuitional review board d a debriefing Answer a MDL Parallel Question ID Pre Informed consent is for of the research study whereas a debriefing is for a the beginning the end of a study Correct Informed consent is provided to subjects at the beginning of a study to provide them with enough information to decide whether or not to participate the debriefing is provided at the end of a study sharing results and findings b the end the beginning of a study Incorrect This is the reverse of the correct answer c animal subjects human subjects d human subjects animal subjects Answer a MDL Parallel Question ID Post Institutional Review Boards IRBs require researchers to show that deception in a proposed research study a is a clear objective of the American Psychological Association b will be completely funded by endowment c will contribute to scientific knowledge d will cause no harm to subjects Answer d Difficulty When subjects they are provided with findings results and conclusions of the research study they participated in In addition if deception was used they must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for the deception a are randomly selected b provided informed consent c are debriefed Correct Results findings and major conclusions are provided to subjects during the debriefing Also if deception was used the rationale and justification are explained d are dependent variables Incorrect The dependent variable is the outcome that is measured to calculate the results of the experiment Answer c MDL Parallel Question ID QR Which of the following best describes confidentiality within scientific research a Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may have been part of the study b Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name c They are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines d Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are what participation in the study involves what risks if any are involved in participating and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation Answer b Which of the following best describes informed consent within scientific research a Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may have been part of the study b Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name c Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are what participation in the study involves what risks if any are involved in participating and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation d They are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines Answer c Which of the following best describes a debriefing within scientific research a Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may have been part of the study b Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name c They are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines d Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are what participation in the study involves what risks if any are involved in participating and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation Answer a What is the most commonly used method in social science research a case study b survey c experiment d correlational study Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID CE When participants are provided with specific responses to choose from on a questionnaire what type of format is being used a open-ended question format b closed-question format c stream of consciousness format d multiple choice format Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID Post When participants are allowed to state their responses following the questions what type of format is being used a open-ended question format b closed-question format c stream of consciousness format d multiple choice format Answer A What research method allows a researcher to hear people describe their lives in their own words a case study b survey c experiment d interview Answer D MDL Parallel Question ID Pre What is an example of a qualitative research design a case study b questionnaire c experiment d interview Answer D MDL Parallel Question ID CE Which of the following best describes a questionnaire with a closed-question format a observing people and recording their behavior either through filming or through written records b participants are allowed to state their own responses following the question c researchers spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study often by actually living among them d participants are provided with specific responses to choose from Answer d Which of the following best describes a questionnaire with an open-ended question format a observing people and recording their behavior either through filming or through written records b participants are allowed to state their own responses following the question c researchers spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study often by actually living among them d participants are provided with specific responses to choose from Answer b Which of the following research questions would be best examined by a questionnaire a What is the rate of alcohol use of high school students Correct High schools students are under the legal age to drink alcohol so there is no other ethical alternative research method b What are the cognitive abilities of a -year-old c How does damage to the brain affect one s cognitive and behavioral abilities d How do antidepressant drugs minimize depressive symptoms Incorrect The effects of antidepressant drugs are best examined within an experimental design Answer a Qualitative data is whereas quantitative data is a informed consent debriefing b reliable valid c non-numerical numerical d internally measured externally measured Answer c Difficulty MDL Parallel Question ID QR correct a b c d r Professor Parks is conducting a research study where he is asking individuals to rate their satisfaction with their first year of college His questionnaire is based upon a scale where students respond to questions by choosing one of the following descriptors very satisfied somewhat satisfied not very satisfied not at all satisfied Professor Parks is gathering a valid data b quantitative data Correct This kind of scale allows researchers to convert closed questions from a qualitative measure to quantitative measure c qualitative data Incorrect A questionnaire that asks open-ended questions or direct observations is closer to qualitative measure d reliable data Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID Post Which of the following best describes ethnographic research a observing people and recording their behavior either through filming or through written records b participants are allowed to state their own responses following the question c researchers spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study often by actually living among them d participants are provided with specific responses to choose from Answer c Clarence Maloney is a cultural anthropologist Having lived with individuals from the Republic of Maldives in the Indian Ocean he has chronicled their daily lives and provided detailed descriptions of this cultural group to the scientific community Currently climatologists and anthropologists are working together to illustrate how rising sea levels have changed the daily behaviors of these people and are comparing it to what Maloney had described in the past Which of the following best describes the type of research that Clarence Maloney conducted a an ethnography Correct Ethnographies are commonly used by anthropologists They may live with a cultural group describing many detailed aspects b a quasi-experiment Incorrect This is an example of an ethnography commonly used by anthropologists c a correlation d a survey Answer a Observational methods have an advantage over questionnaires and interviews in that they involve a the reporting of behavior by a close relative of the participant b actual behavior rather than self reports of behavior c self-reporting of behavior d less-involved data analysis Answer B correct a b c d r What type of research method involves researchers spending a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study often by actually living among them a ethnographic research b on-site research c group-processing research d survey research Answer A A book that presents an anthropologist s observations of what life is like in a particular culture is known as a n a biography b ethnography c groupography d anthrography Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID Pre What is the main disadvantage of the ethnographic method a It is a flawed method b Most groups usually will not allow researchers to study them c Researchers do not place any validity on the design d It requires a great deal of time and sacrifice on the part of the researcher Answer D What research method entails the detailed examination of the life of one person or a small number of people a survey b interview c case study d experiment Answer C What is a disadvantage of the case study method The results are a not valid b difficult to generalize c usually exaggerated by the participant d too difficult to analyze Answer B correct a b c d r Jean Piaget based his ideas about infants cognitive development on his detailed observations of his own three children This is an example of what research method a survey Incorrect The method that examines one person or a small group of people is the case study Surveys are generally used for large groups of people b interview c case study Correct Case studies examine one person or a small group of people d experiment Answer C MDL Parallel Question ID Post refers to the consistency of measures whereas refers to the truthfulness of a measurement a Reliability validity b Validity reliability c Variance from the mean standardization d Standardization variance from the mean Answer a Difficulty correct a b c d r refers to the consistency of measurements if a research method obtains similar results on different occasions a Standardization b Measurability c Validity d Reliability Answer d MDL Parallel Question ID CE refers to the truthfulness of a method if a research method measures what it claims to measure a Variance from the mean b Validity c Reliability d Standardization Answer b What research term refers to the consistency of measurements a validity Incorrect According to the text validity refers to the truthfulness of a method b reliability Correct For example a study where two different interviewers obtained similar results from interviewees would be considered reliable c correlation d generalization Answer B MDL Parallel Question ID Pre QR According to the text what research term refers to the truthfulness of a method a validity Correct Validity is more difficult to establish than reliability b reliability Incorrect Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure c correlation d generalization Answer A MDL Parallel Question ID CE are programs intended to change the attitudes or behavior of the participants a Interventions b Primary preventions c Experiments d Confounding variables Answer a In research data is collected on a sample of people on a single occasion Then the researcher examines potential relations between variables in the data based on the hypotheses of the study a semi-reliable b quasi-lateral c longitudinal d cross-sectional Answer d Professor Cook is conducting a research study on the cognitive abilities of infants and young children Rather than follow subjects from birth to the age of he assesses small groups from various ages Of -year-olds he measures five children of -year-olds he measures five different children and so forth By the time he has