The scales of ecology.

(a) Organismal ecology. What is the temperature tolerance of this desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria? (b) Population ecology. What factors, such as the amount and quality of vegetation, influence the growth of desert locust populations? (c) Community ecology. What factors influence the interaction of species in functional communities? Desert locusts are in competition with other herbivores, such as these goats, for grass to eat. (d) Ecosystem ecology. How does energy flow among organisms, and how do nutrients cycle between organisms and the environment in the desert ecosystem? These desert locusts have died over the ocean and have been washed ashore.