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Environmental factors restricting the distribution of Chthamalus to the upper intertidal zone.

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Does variation in interspecific competition completely explain the patterns seen by Connell? At the lowest levels in the lower intertidal zone, Chthamalus suffered high mortality even in the absence of Balanus. What other factors might contribute to high rates of mortality by Chthamalus in the lower intertidal zone? Experiments have shown that this species can withstand periods of submergence of nearly two years, so it seems that it is not excluded by physical factors. It turns out that the presence of predators in the lower intertidal zone introduces complications that we will discuss in chapter 14 when we examine the influences of predators on prey populations.
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