Lineage restriction of human developmental potency.

Totipotent cells at the morula stage have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into all of the cell types of an organism, including extraembryonic tissues. Pluripotent cells - for example, in vitro embryonic stem (ES) cells established at the blastocyst stage and primordial germ cells (PGCs) from the embryo - lose the capacity to form extraembryonic tissues like placenta. Restriction of differentiation is imposed during normal development, going from multipotent stem cells (SCs), which can give rise to cells from multiple but not all lineages, to the well-defined characteristics of a somatic differentiated cell (unipotent). Specific chromatin patterns and epigenetic marks can be observed during human development since they are responsible for controlling transcriptional activation and repression of tissue-specific and pluripotency-related genes, respectively. Global increases of heterochromatin marks and DNA methylation occur during differentiation.