Human genome sequence explosion

300 - A glioma cell line, lnuk, Gubi and 454 Fyrosequencing: Archbishop Desmond Tutu. James Lupski, 454 sequencing is considered the and fun-Iv of four $10,000 iirst“next-generation"technique. A Two Km," males including Smnggin Kim‘ machine could sequence hundreds oi smphen Quake, gnome, ”me, genome, mllllons of base Pal"; I" 8 male "m- George Church. aYorubarl iemale. another male, and iour others 250 2 James Watson. a woman with acute '5 200 _ myeloid leukemia, aVoruba male from 9. Nigeria and the iirst Asian genome 3 Automated Sanger Sequencing: _ 3 At the peak oi this technique, a jisfiffirx; sin Ie machine could roduce '5 hungdreds oflhoussnd: of base . .31'000 seam!“ 9 "y ”93“”: m 150 » pairs in a single run. Sequencmg by Svnfilesm Thistechnrque employed in c Other companles such as Solexa (now SOLiD instruments uses a Third-Generation Sequencing: g Illumina) mo ed me nenfleneration. $1 on difierenl chemistry irom Companies such as Hollccs sequencing-by—symhesis techniques previous technologies and aicSciences already read and can produce billions oi base pairs samples every base twice, sequence horn short, sing- 100 _ in a single run. reducing the error rate. DNA moleculet. Others, such as Fulfil: Bwllflmr 0M 3:13; 35:3:1“ Nanopcre, and Inn Torrent, can read ircrn long-r molecules on 50 they pass through a pore. $10 Firsl drsiis ct two composite haploid human genomes o l I | I I I I 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 201 0 2011 2012 Years