Biology Forums - Study Force

What types of muscles are involuntary in terms of movement?
 
  a. cardiac and smooth
 b. skeletal and cardiac
 c. arterial and venous
 d. rough and smooth
 e. skeletal and contractile

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(Question 2) Which part of the brain controls thirst and urine output, food intake, and body temperature, among other things?
 
  a. cerebral cortex
  b. hypothalamus
  c. basal nuclei
  d. thalamus
  e. pons

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(Question 3) What are the three main muscle types?
 
  a. skeletal, rough, and smooth
 b. flexion, extension, and rotation
  c. skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
 d. thick, thin, and flat
 e. skeletal, arterial, and venous

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(Question 4) Which of the following functions is not associated with the hypothalamus?
 
  a. senses touch in the skin
  b. controls thirst and urine output
  c. regulates body temperature
  d. controls food intake
  e. involved in emotional and behavioral patterns

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(Question 5) Approximately what percentage of body weight does muscle comprise?
 
  a. 20
  b. 35
  c. 50
  d. 70
  e. 85

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(Question 6) The thalamus
 
  a. performs preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to the cortex
  b. inhibits muscle tone throughout the body
  c. controls thirst, urine output, and food intake
  d. plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns
  e. selects and maintains purposeful motor activity while suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement

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(Question 7) Discuss how botulinum toxin can be used beneficially.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

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(Question 8) Parkinson's disease is
 
  a. associated with an excess of dopamine
  b. characterized by an intention tremor
  c. characterized by a resting tremor
  d. characterized by all of the above
  e. associated with abnormalities in the limbic system

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(Question 9) Discuss how organophosphates affect neuromuscular junctions.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

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(Question 10) Broca's area is located in the cerebral cortex
 
  a. near the base of the precentral gyrus
  b. near the middle of the postcentral gyrus
  c. in the parietal lobe
  d. between the parietal and occipital lobe
  e. posterior to Wernicke's area

1) a

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2) B

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3) c

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4) A

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5) c

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6) A

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7) The powerful toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum has been put to use as a treatment for alleviating specific movement disorders and fighting wrinkles. During the past several decades, botulinum toxin, marketed in therapeutic doses as Botox, has offered welcome relief to people with painful, disruptive neuromuscular diseases known categorically as dystonias -- spasms that result in involuntary twisting or abnormal postures. Fortunately, injecting minuscule amounts of botulinum toxin into the affected muscle causes a reversible, partial paralysis of the muscle. It turns out that frown lines, crow's feet, and furrowed brows are caused by facial muscles that have become overactivated, or permanently contracted, as a result of years of performing certain repetitive facial expressions. By relaxing these muscles, botulinum toxin temporarily smoothes out these age-related wrinkles.

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8) C

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9) Organophosphates are a group of chemicals that modify neuromuscular junction activity by irreversibly inhibiting AChE. Inhibition of AChE prevents the inactivation of released ACh. Death from organophosphates results from respiratory failure because the diaphragm remains in a depolarization block and cannot repolarize and return to resting conditions then be stimulated to contract again to bring in a fresh breath of air. In addition to organophosphates' lethal action at nicotinic receptors of respiratory muscles, other symptoms occur related to the effect of ACh buildup at muscarinic receptors, such as drooling, pupillary constriction, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as from ACh overstimulation in the brain, which can lead to seizures. These toxic agents are used in some pesticides and as military nerve gases.

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10) A

TY

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