Title: help with review sheets. physioEX 8. Post by: jshareen on Oct 12, 2011 Hello, I am fairly new to this and trying to figure out if I can get the test bank to the physioEX version 8. review questions. right now I am doing exercises 4(endocrine),5(cardio),6,(frog cardio) and 11(blood). Thanks J.
Title: Re: help with review sheets. physioEX 8. Post by: robertling on Oct 12, 2011 Could you post the questions you're having trouble with, one question per post.
Title: Re: help with review sheets. physioEX 8. Post by: tee on Oct 14, 2011 EX4
Activity 1: Determining Baseline Metabolic Rates (pp. 45–47) 16. The normal rat’s metabolic rate is faster than the metabolic rates of the thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized rats. The thyroidectomized rat lacks a thyroid, thus produced no thyroxine. The hypophysectomized rat lacks a pituitary gland, thus produced no thyroid stimulating hormone tostimulate thyroxine production. Because the normal rat produced thyroxine normally, its metabolic rate was faster than the other rats. Activity 2: Determining the Effect of Thyroxine on Metabolic Rate (p. 47) 7. On the normal rat, the metabolic rate after thyroxine injection is faster than the baseline metabolic rate. The action of thyroxine is to increase the metabolic rate of all cells. On the thyroidectomized rat, the metabolic rate after thyroxine injection is faster than the baseline metabolic rate. The injected thyroxine compensated for the thyroxine lost when the thyroid was removed. On the hypophysectomized rat, the metabolic rate after thyroxine injection is faster than the baseline metabolic rate. The injected thyroxine compensated for the thyroxine lost when the pituitary gland was removed. The pituitary gland did not produce TSH, therefore the thyroid gland did not produce thyroxine. Activity 3: Determining the Effect of TSH on Metabolic Rate (pp. 47–48) 7. On the normal rat, the metabolic rate after TSH injection is faster than the baseline metabolic rate. The TSH increased production of thyroxine. On the thyroidectomized rat, the metabolic rate after TSH injection is the same as the baseline metabolic rate. Since there is no thyroid gland in the thyroidectomized rat, the injected TSH had nothing to act upon. There was no organ to receive the pituitary TSH and produce thyroxine, On the hypophysectomized rat, the metabolic rate after TSH injection is faster than the baseline metabolic rate. The injected TSH compensated for the TSH lost when the pituitary gland was removed, and spurs production of thyroxine. Activity 4: Determining the Effect of Propylthiouracil on Metabolic Rate (p. 48) 7. On the normal rat, the metabolic rate after propylthiouracil injection is slower than the baseline metabolic rate. Propylthiouracil is antagonistic to thyroxine and will tend to decrease the effects of thyroxine. On the thyroidectomized rat, the metabolic rate after propylthiouracil injection is the same as the baseline metabolic rate. Since the thyroidectomized rat cannot make any thyroxine, the propylthiouracil has nothing to be antagonistic to and therefore has no effect. On the hypophysectomized rat, the metabolic rate after propylthiouracil injection is the same as the baseline metabolic rate. Since the hypophysectomized rat does not have a functional thyroid gland, no thyroxine is being made and there is nothing for the propylthiouracil to be antagonistic to. Activity 5: Hormone Replacement Therapy (pp. 49–50) 9. Student answers will vary. 12. T score (control): –2.7 ± 0.15 15. T score (estrogen): –2.0 ± 0.15 16. T score (calcitonin): –2.6 ± 0.15 17. Estrogen injections changed the rat’s T score from the osteoporosis range to the osteopenia range. The calcitonin injections had little to no effect on the rat. Activity 7: Measuring Fasting Plasma Glucose (pp. 52–55) 20. Sample 1: glucose concentration of 95–105 mg/deciliter 23. Sample 2: glucose concentration of 110–120 mg/deciliter Sample 3: glucose concentration of 126–136 mg/deciliter Sample 4: glucose concentration of 115–125 mg/deciliter Sample 5: glucose concentration of 135–145 mg/deciliter Patient 1’s glucose reading was in the normal range. Patient 3’s and Patient 5’s glucose readings were in the diabetic range. Patient 2’s and 4’s glucose readings were in the impaired fasting glucose range. A special diet would be recommended where simple sugars are restricted. The diagnosis would be gestational diabetes. A special diet would be recommended where simple sugars are restricted. Activity 8: Measuring Cortisol and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (pp. 55–57) 17. Patient 1: cortisol 3 ± 1 mcg/dL Low ACTH 18 ± 2 pg/ml Low Patient 2: cortisol 35 ± 5 mcg/dL High ACTH 13 ± 2 pg/ml Low Patient 3: cortisol 45 ± 5 mcg/dL High ACTH 86 ± 5 pg/ml High Patient 4: cortisol 3 ± 1 mcg/dL Low ACTH 100 ± 5 pg/ml High Patient 5: cortisol 50 ± 5 mcg/dL High ACTH 18 ± 2 pg/ml Low Title: Re: help with review sheets. physioEX 8. Post by: tee on Oct 14, 2011 EX 5
Activity 1: Studying the Effect of Flow Tube Radius on Fluid Flow (pp. 60–62) 5. Fluid flow increases as the radius of the flow tube is increased. Because fluid flow is proportional to the fourth power of the radius, increases/decreases in tube radius cause increases/decreases in fluid flow. The relationship between fluid flow and flow tube radius is exponential. We alter blood flow in the human body by increasing or decreasing the diameter of blood vessels by the contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle tissue in vessel walls. After a heavy meal when we are relatively inactive, we might expect blood vessels in the skeletal muscles to be somewhat constricted while blood vessels in the digestive organs are probably dilated. Activity 2: Studying the Effect of Viscosity on Fluid Flow (p. 62) 6. Fluid flow decreases as viscosity is increased. Fluid flow versus viscosity is an inverse relationship. The effect of viscosity does not effect fluid flow as much as vessel radius. Anemia would result in fewer red cells than normal, which would decrease the viscosity of the blood. Consequently, blood flow rate would be increased. If you increased the numbers of red blood cells, blood flow rate would decrease. Blood viscosity would increase in conditions of dehydration, resulting in decreased blood flow. Activity 3: Studying the Effect of Flow Tube Length on Fluid Flow (p. 63) 6. Increasing flow tube length will decrease fluid flow rate. Obesity would result in decreased blood flow because vessels must increase in length in order to serve the increased amount of adipose tissue in the body. Activity 4: Studying the Effect of Pressure on Fluid Flow (pp. 63–64) 6. Increasing the pressure increases fluid flow. The length versus flow rate plot is linear, whereas the plots for radius, viscosity, and length are all exponential. Changing pressure would not be a reasonable method of flow control because a large change in pressure is needed to significantly change flow rate. Activity 5: Studying the Effect of Radius on Pump Activity (pp. 65–66) 2. a. When the piston is at the bottom of its travel, the volume remaining in the pump is analogous to the (EDV, ESV) of the heart. b. the amount of fluid ejected into the right beaker by a single pump cycle is analagous to (stroke volume, cardiac output) of the heart. c. The volume of blood in the heart just before systole is called (EDV, ESV) and is analogous to the volume of fluid present in the simulated pump when it is at the (top, bottom) of the stroke. 5. The radius plot in this experiment appears different from the radius plot in the vessel resistance experiment because only the outflow of the pump was changed. Since the inflow remained constant during the course of the experiment, an entirely different flow pattern is established. a. As the right flow tube radius is increased, fluid flow rate (increases, decreases). This is analogous to (dilation, constriction) of blood vessels in the human body. b. Even though the pump pressure remains constant, the pump rate (increases, decreases) as the radius of the right flow tube is increased. This happens because the resistance to fluid flow is (increased, decreased). c. The heart must contract (more, less) forcefully to maintain cardiac output if the resistance to blood flow in the vessels exiting the heart is increased. d. Increasing the resistance (e.g., a constriction) of the blood vessels entering the heart would (increase, decrease) the time needed to fill the heart chambers. If the left flow tube radius is increased, flow rate into the pump is increased, which increases the pump rate. A decrease in the left flow tube radius causes flow rate and pump rate to decrease. Activity 6: Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity (pp. 66–67) 5. As the stroke volume is increased, it takes longer to fill the pump and the pump rate slows. To maintain adequate blood flow to tissues, the stroke volume must be greater in an athlete if his heart rate is lower. If we keep the rate constant, increasing the stroke volume, causes cardiac output to increase. Activity 7: Studying Combined Effects (pp. 67–68) When the right flow tube radius is kept constant and the left flow tube radius is changed, there is an indirect change in pump filling time which in turn directly changes the pump rate. (An increase in the left tube radius causes a decrease in filling time and an increase in pump rate.) Although decreasing the radius of the left flow tube increases the time required to fill the pump, it does not affect the ability of the pump to empty. A decrease in stroke volume causes an increase in pump rate because the pump is ejecting a lower volume with each pump stroke and thus is able to empty the chamber more rapidly. Increasing the pressure in the left beaker increases fluid delivery to the pump from the left beaker. Decreasing the pressure in the left beaker to 10 mm Hg greatly increases the time required to fill the pump. The pump’s rate increases if the filling time is decreased. If the pressure in the right beaker equals the pump pressure, fluid can not flow. Activity 8: Studying Compensation (p. 68) If the right flow tube radius is decreased to 2.5 mm, the flow rate decreases. The increased peripheral resistance can be overcome by: (1) increasing the pump’s pressure, (2) decreasing the pressure in the right beaker, and (3) increasing the radius of the left flow tube to decrease the pump’s filling time. Decreasing the right flow tube radius is similar to a partial (leakage, blockage) of the aortic valve or (increased, decreased) resistance in the arterial system. The human heart could compensate for this condition by increasing its force of contraction to overcome the increased resistance. To control blood flow to specific organs, it is necessary to adjust the radius of the blood vessels feeding them. It would not be reasonable to adjust the heart rate because that would affect all organs equally. a. If we decreased overall peripheral resistance in the human body (as in an athlete), the heart would need to generate (more, less) pressure to deliver an adequate amount of blood flow and arterial pressure would be (higher, lower). b. If the diameter of the arteries of the body were partly filled with fatty deposits, the heart would need to generate (more, less) force to maintain blood flow, and pressure in the arterial system would be (higher, lower) than normal. Title: Re: help with review sheets. physioEX 8. Post by: tee on Oct 14, 2011 Ex 6
Activity 1: Recording Baseline Frog Heart Activity (p. 75) 2. 62 bpm Activity 2: Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac Muscle (pp. 75–76) 3. It is possible to induce an extrasystole in the relaxation part of the cardiac cycle. 4. The heart can not be tetanized by multiple stimuli. Tetanization would make the heart ineffective as a pump. Activity 3: Examining the Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation (p. 76) 5. Vagal stimulation initially decreased heart rate and force of contraction, and then caused the heart beat to stop for a brief period before returning to a relatively normal contraction state after vagal escape initiates. Activity 4: Assessing the Effect of Temperature (pp. 76–77) 2. Cold Ringer’s solution decreased heart rate. (Various answers depending on students’ predictions.) 5. Warm Ringer’s solution increased heart rate. 51 bpm at 5° C; 70 bpm at 32° C Increasing the temperature causes an increase in heart rate. Activity 5: Assessing the Effect of Pilocarpine (pp. 77–78) 5. 46 bpm Pilocarpine mimics vagal stimulation and slows the heart. Activity 6: Assessing the Effect of Atropine (p. 78) 4. 71 bpm The heart rate should increase. When atropine blocks the effect of acetylcholine, the effect is to allow the sympathetic neurotransmitter to bind to cardiac muscle tissue, thus increasing heart rate. Atropine and pilocarpine are antagonistic in their action. Activity 7: Assessing the Effect of Epinephrine (p. 78) 4. 80 bpm Epinephrine increases the heart rate and force of contraction. Epinephrine mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Activity 8: Assessing the Effect of Digitalis (p. 78) 4. 42 bpm Digitalis slows and steadies the heart. Activity 9: Assessing the Effect of Various Ions (p. 79) 6. Calcium increases the strength of contraction; probably induces spasticity. • The heart rate does not stabilize until 23°C Ringers solution is applied. • The heartbeat is irregular, speeding up at times, slowing down at others. Sodium decreases the strength and rate of contraction. • The heart rate does not stabilize until 23°C Ringers solution is applied. • The heartbeat is irregular, speeding up at times, slowing down at others. Potassium weakens cardiac contractions. • The heart rate does not stabilize until 23°C Ringers solution is applied. • The heartbeat decreases considerably at first, then becomes erratic—alternately speeding up and slowing down. Yes, all three ions may induce arrhythmias. Title: Re: help with review sheets. physioEX 8. Post by: tee on Oct 14, 2011 Ex 11
Activity 1: Hematocrit Determination (pp. 143–144) 10. The hematocrit value of the healthy male living at sea level in Boston is 48. The hematocrit level of the healthy male living at one mile elevation in Denver is 55. No, the air in Denver is “thinner” (contains a lower percentage of oxygen) than it is in Boston. When the blood flowing through the kidneys is hypoxic (low oxygen level), the kidneys respond by producing a hormone, erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. If your bone marrow is producing an elevated number of red blood cells, your hematocrit is elevated. The hematocrit value of the male with aplastic anemia is 19. The red blood cell count for an individual with aplastic anemia would be lower than the red blood cell count of a healthy individual. The hematocrit value of the healthy female living in Boston is 44. The female with iron-deficiency anemia does not have as many normal-sized red blood cells as the healthy female living in Boston, so her hematocrit (packed cell volume) is lower. She is not able to make adequate hemoglobin molecules to fill her red blood cells. Activity 2: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (pp. 144–146) 13. The blood has settled 5 millimeters. The beige-colored portion of the tube is blood plasma. 17. No, the person with sickle-cell anemia did not show an elevated ESR. The ESR for the person with iron-deficiency anemia was higher than the ESR for the healthy individual. The menstruating female is suffering from iron-deficiency anemia, causing her red blood cells to settle. The ESR is elevated in the patient suffering from myocardial infarction (heart attack), but is normal in angina pectoris. Activity 3: Hemoglobin (Hb) Determination (pp. 148–149) 11. The hematocrit value for the healthy male is 48. The hematocrit value for the healthy female is 44. The ratio of PCV to Hb for the female with iron-deficiency anemia tells you that she may have a normal number of red blood cells, but they do not contain adequate levels of hemoglobin molecules. Yes, the male with polycythemia has a normal ratio of PCV to Hb (a ratio of 3:1). Yes, the red blood cells of the male with polycythemia contain adequate levels of hemoglobin molecules. Yes, the female Olympic athlete has a normal ratio of PCV to Hb (a ratio of 3:1). Yes, the red blood cells of the female Olympic athlete contain adequate levels of hemoglobin molecules. Activity 4: Blood Typing (pp. 150–151) 19. If the anti-A antibody causes the blood to agglutinate, antigen (agglutinogen) A would be present on the blood cells. If a person has type AB blood, antigen (agglutinogens) A & B are present on their red blood cells. In a person with type AB blood, neither A nor B antibodies (agglutinins) are present. A person with type O blood has neither A nor B antigens (agglutinogens). Activity 5: Total Cholesterol Determination (p. 153) 10. Patient #2 has elevated cholesterol, which has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Patient #4 has borderline elevated cholesterol. He should be advised to decrease his dietary intake of meats and saturated fats. He should also be encouraged to exercise more. I have posted the answers to the activities, they should help u answer the questions in review sheet because most of questions from the review sheet are taken straight from the activities. But if you have trouble with a few of them just post the specific question and exercise and I will help. :) hope this helps u :) if so mark as solved! |