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Title: Compare and contrast Post by: 3tsmom3 on Jul 27, 2014 Compare and contrast African sleeping sickness and primary amebic meningoencephalopathy
Title: Re: Compare and contrast Post by: f_zah1 on Jul 27, 2014 African sleeping sickness
Signs and symptoms Symptoms of stage 1 (early or hemolymphatic stage) disease may include the following: Painless skin chancre Intermittent fever (refractory to antimalarials), general malaise, myalgia, arthralgias, and headache Generalized or regional lymphadenopathy Facial edema Transient urticarial, erythematous, or macular rashes 6-8 weeks after onset Skin lesions (trypanids) Symptoms of stage 2 (late or neurologic stage) disease may include the following: Persistent headaches (refractory to analgesics) Daytime somnolence followed by nighttime insomnia Behavioral changes, mood swings, or depression Loss of appetite, wasting syndrome, and weight loss Seizures (more common in children) Physical findings in stage 1 (early or hemolymphatic stage) disease may include the following: Indurated chancre at bite site Trypanids in light-skinned patients Lymphadenopathy Fevers, tachycardia, irregular rash, edema, and weight loss Organomegaly, particularly splenomegaly Physical findings in stage 2 (late or neurologic stage) disease may include the following: CNS manifestations (irritability, tremors, increased muscle rigidity and tonicity, ataxia, hemiparesis) Kerandel sign Behavioral changes consistent with mania or psychosis, speech disorders, and seizures Stupor and coma Psychosis Sensory disorders Diagnosis Although general laboratory studies may be helpful, a definitive diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis requires actual detection of trypanosomes. Significant laboratory abnormalities include the following: Anemia Hypergammaglobulinemia Low complement levels Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Thrombocytopenia Hypoalbuminemia Primary amebic meningoencephalopathy Amebic meningoencephalitis, an extremely rare and sporadic central nervous system (CNS) infection, is caused by free-living amoebae; specifically, Naegleria fowleri and Balamuthia mandrillari s ,as well as species of Acanthamoeba and Sappinia. Typically, N fowleri produces primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), which is clinically indistinguishable from acute bacterial meningitis. The other amoebae cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE), which is a more subacute or chronic infection. The presentation of GAE can mimic a brain abscess, aseptic or chronic meningitis, or CNS malignancy. |