Title: [Free] - Introduction to Sociology, 9e (Hewitt/White/Teevan) - Chapter 5 Post by: biolove on Feb 4, 2012 Chapter 5 Deviance
Introduction to Sociology, 9e (Hewitt/White/Teevan) View attachment 1) Sociologists define deviance as departures from what people in society define as ________. Answer: normal Diff: 1 Page Ref: 88 2) Sociologist Erving Goffman introduced the concept of stigma, which he defined as a characteristic, behaviour, or attribute that is deeply ________. Answer: discrediting Diff: 3 Page Ref: 96 3) According to ________, various segments of society, such as the wealthy, the religious, or even bureaucrats, compete to have their definitions of deviance accepted. Answer: pluralism Diff: 2 Page Ref: 112 4) The ________ sees an economic elite as the major force behind definitions of what is and what is not deviant. Answer: critical school Diff: 3 Page Ref: 112 5) A ________ perspective on deviance will tend to highlight the experiences of women and to focus on ways in which they are labelled deviant for both conforming to and deviating from gender norms. Answer: feminist Diff: 1 Page Ref: 105 6) ________ are those who perform no deviant acts but receive audience reaction. Answer: The falsely accused Diff: 2 Page Ref: 110 7) ________ are those who perform deviant acts and receive no audience reaction. Answer: Rule-breakers Diff: 2 Page Ref: 110 8) In terms of Merton's schema, ________ have abandoned fancy success goals, and have lowered their goals to the level of their means. Answer: ritualists Diff: 2 Page Ref: 104 9) ________ theory sees all people as potential deviants, and then argues that social bonds constrain most individuals into conformity. Answer: Social-control Diff: 3 Page Ref: 111 10) The ________ perspective argues for a total restructuring of society as a means to eliminate deviance. Answer: radical Diff: 2 Page Ref: 113 11) Sutherland's learning-based explanation of deviance is closely related to the ________ perspective. Answer: symbolic interactionist Diff: 2 Page Ref: 109 12) ________ theory contends that society creates deviance through its reactions to the people who break its rules. Answer: Labelling Diff: 2 Page Ref: 109 13) Deviance that occurs prior to a reaction is called ________ deviance. Answer: primary Diff: 2 Page Ref: 111 14) ________ involves efforts to shape the physical environment such that the possibilities for deviance are severely reduced. Answer: target hardening Diff: 3 Page Ref: 100 15) ________ is an orientation that recognizes that what counts as deviance varies across cultures and through history, and therefore does not judge whether such acts are right or wrong. Answer: Relativism Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 16) Deviance: A) is a stage that all adolescents go through B) is universally defined C) is arbitrarily defined D) is a culturally relative term E) is agreed upon by all people in a given culture Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 17) Most crimes committed in Canada are: A) social control mechanisms B) universally defined C) norms D) violent crimes E) property crimes Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 18) According to historical religious beliefs, deviance is a result of ________. A) hedonistic calculus B) retreatism C) testosterone D) the bottom boundaries of a social system E) humanity's innate wickedness Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 104 19) According to a functionalist perspective, minor forms of deviant behaviour can serve as: A) social catalysts B) organic releases C) retreatism D) safety valves E) bottom boundaries of a social system Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 104 20) According to some, ________ create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders. A) ethnocentrics B) social groups C) moral entrepreneurs D) religious groups E) conflict perpetrators Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 87 21) Conflict theorists argue that definitions of deviance arise out of: A) societal cooperation B) formal organizational rules C) special interests in society D) deviants' actions themselves E) differential association Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 112 22) A feminist perspective on deviance argues that: A) functionalism provides an adequate explanation of deviance B) rules are made by the powerful to control the less powerful C) participant observation is inadequate as a research method D) rates of deviance are equal for men and women E) rates of deviance are directly related to the gendered division of labour Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 106 23) The radical or ________ school sees an economic elite as the major force behind definitions of what is and what is not deviant. A) rational B) variant C) functionalist D) critical E) clinical Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 112 24) The perspective which argues that various segments of society compete to have their definitions of deviance accepted, is known as: A) pluralism B) radicalism C) the democratic model D) labelling E) moral entrepreneurs Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 112 25) Becker called people and groups who seek to influence the passing of rules and the setting of standards ________. A) moral entrepreneurs B) activists C) pluralists D) radicals E) Marxists Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 112 26) "Rule breakers" are people who commit deviant acts: A) but no one responds to them B) that are always punished C) but are never able to shake the deviant label D) arising from mental illness E) but are falsely accused Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 110 27) The ________ illustrates the loss that takes place from the actual number of crimes committed to the final number of convictions. A) crime graph B) deviant funnel C) statogragh D) crime funnel E) theory of crime Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 28) Conflict theorists have argued that there may be as many as or even more ________ than ________. A) deviants, mentally ill B) rule breakers, deviants C) falsely accused, deviants D) drug abusers, child molesters E) innocents, rule breakers Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 110 29) The feminist approach to deviance suggests that the label of "________" is more often applied to women than men. A) moral entrepreneur B) opportunistic C) domestic D) mentally ill E) innocents Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 106 30) The idea that crime is due to the unavailability of social means to achieve social goals is a tenet of ________ theory. A) labelling B) ecological C) anomie D) sub-cultural E) contracultural Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 104 |