Biology Forums - Study Force

You are training to prepare for a Century (100 mile) bike ride that includes two mountains. In the initial stages of training your muscles tire easily but after vigorous training you develop greater strength and stamina. Identify and describe the different muscle fibers and based on your understanding explain how the composition of muscle fibers may be altered as you prepared for the Century.



One way wrinkles in skin develop is through the frequent use of facial muscles over time. A treatment for this type of facial wrinkling is the use of Botox injections. Explain how these injections work and give a complete description of the neuromuscular junction. Include all the membrane proteins found on the muscle cell and on the synaptic end bulb.



Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a lethal neurotoxin found in the viscera of Japanese puffer fish that affects the generation of an action potential. Describe an action potential in detail and indicate the types of channels involved and the flow of ions. Finally indicate where TTX has its effects. Why is this chemical sometimes lethal?



One of the most debilitating diseases of the nervous system is Parkinson's Disease. Michael Fox is a well-known celebrity that has this disease and has done much to support stem cell research, a possible treatment for the disease. See this link for the type of motions typical of a Parkinsonian patient. The death of dopaminergic neurons is a major cause of the disease. Use the figure below to help you describe a synapse between a dopaminergic neuron and another neuron. In your description include ways that dopamine effects can be modified.


Explain:

1. Excitation-contraction coupling

2. Regulation of the contraction cycle

3. How an action potential is produced

4. How action potentials are propagated

What is the effect of germinating seeds on the volume of gas in a controlled environment?