Biology Forums - Study Force

Respiratory Volumes
Activity 2:  Measuring Normal Respiratory Volumes
1.  Minute respiratory volume:       ml
2.  Judging from the trace you generated, inspiration took place over how many seconds? 
3.  Expiration took place over how many seconds? 
4.  Does the duration of inspiration or expiration vary during ERV or FVC?

Activity 3:  Effect of Restricted Air Flow on Respiratory Volumes
5.  How does this set of data compare to the data you recorded for Activity 2? 
6.  Is the respiratory system functioning better or worse than it did in the previous activity?  Explain why. 
7.  What is the effect of reducing the radius of the air flow tube on respiratory volumes? 
8.  What does the air flow tube simulate in the human body?
9.  What could be some possible causes of reduction in air flow to the lungs? 

Factors Affecting Respiration
Activity 4:  Effect of Surfactant on Respiratory Volumes
10.  When surfactant is added, what happens to the tidal volume? 
11.  As a result of the tidal volume change, what happens to the flow into each lung and total air flow? 
12.  Why does this happen? 

Activity 5:  Effect of Thoracic Cavity Puncture
13.  What happened to the left lung when you clicked on the valve button? 
14.  Why? 
15.  What has happened to the “Total Flow” rate? 
16.  What is the pressure in the left lung? 
17.  Has the pressure in the right lung been affected? 
18.  If there was nothing separating the left lung from the right lung, what would have happened when you opened the valve for the left lung?  Why? 
19.  Now click the valve for the left lung again, closing it.  What happens?  Why? 
20.  Describe the relationship required between intrathoracic pressure and atmospheric pressure in order to draw air into the lungs. 
21.  Design your own experiment for testing the effect of opening the valve of the right lung.  Was there any difference from the effect of opening the valve of the left lung? 

Variations in Breathing
Activity 6:  Rapid Breathing
22.  What happens to the PCO2 level during rapid breathing? 
23.  Why? 

Activity 7:  Rebreathing
24.  What happens to the PCO2 level during rebreathing? 
25.  Why? 
26.  Did the total flow change? 
27.  Why? 
28.  How does the rebreathing trace compare to your baseline trace? 
29.  Why? 

Activity 8:  Breath Holding
30.  What happens to the PCO2 level during breath holding? 
31.  Why? 
32.  What change was seen when you returned to “Normal Breathing”? 

Activity 9:  Comparative Spirometry
   Normal Breathing:
33.  What do you think is the clinical importance of the FVC and FEV1 values? 
34.  Why do you think the ratio of these two values is important to the clinician when diagnosing respiratory diseases? 
Emphysema Breathing:
35.  Is the FVC reduced or increased? 
36.  Is the FEV1 reduced or increased? 
37.  Which of these two changed more? 
38.  Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram for this condition. 
Acute Asthma Attack Breathing:
39.  Is the FVC reduced or increased? 
40.  Is the FEV1 reduced or increased? 
41.  Which of these two changed more? 
42.  Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram for this condition. 
43.  How is this condition similar to having emphysema?  How is it different? 
44.  Emphysema and asthma are called obstructive lung diseases as they limit expiratory flow and volume.  How would a spirogram look for someone with a restrictive lung disease, such as pulmonary fibrosis? 
45.  What volumes and capacities would change in this case, and would these values be increased or decreased? 
46.  In an acute asthma attack, the compliance of the lung is decreased, not increased as it was for emphysema, and air flows freely through the bronchioles.  Therefore, will the FEV1/FVC percentage be less than normal, equal to normal, or higher than normal? 
Acute Asthma Attack Breathing with Inhaler Medication Applied:
47.  Has the FVC reduced or increased?  Is it “normal? 
48.  Has the FEV1 reduced or increased?  Is it “normal”? 
49.  Which of these two changed more? 
50.  Explain the physiological reasons for the lung volumes and capacities that changed in the spirogram with the application of the medication.

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exercise 7 activity 6
How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required for it to be considered significantly improved by the medication? 

This post was very helpful - thanks!  :)

Thanks for the help duddy!

No worries, anytime.

why do premature infants have difficulty breathing?

The ability of the lungs to reversibly change shape can be quantified using two parameters. One of these parameters is compliance, which is a measure of how easy it is to stretch the lung (during inhalation). The other measure is elastance, which is a measure of how readily the lung returns to its original shape (during exhalation). A highly compliant lung stretches more in response to a pressure change than does a less compliant lung. Compliance is a function of the change in lung volume divided by the change in transpulmonary pressure (delta_V / delta_P). Therefore, for a highly compliant lung, generating the same transpulmonary pressure upon inhalation will result in greater filling of the lung, which is desirable. A force that resists lung inflation (and thus reduces compliance) is surface tension of the thin layer of liquid that exists in the small airways and alveoli. Surface tension is generated mostly through hydrogen bonding, and causes two wet surfaces to stick together. This is detrimental to lung filling. For example, in premature human babies, surfactants are not present in the lungs in sufficient amounts to contribute to lung compliance, which makes breathing difficult. Surfactants, however, such as lipoprotein surfactants, reduce the surface tension of the fluid layer lining the lungs by disrupting the hydrogen bonds, increasing lung compliance and permitting lung inflation.

It states that I must be a contributing member to obtain more help. I am unable to read any of the answers to Exercise 7

Does anyone have the answers for exercise 7? I couldn't see them on the first post. Any help would be greatly appreciated!

Hi, I made a small donation and I posted the full answer to Physioex 8 Exercise 3 Activities 1-8 post https://biology-forums.com/index.php/topic,2763.new.html#new (https://biology-forums.com/index.php/topic,2763.new.html#new) Will this make me a contributing member so I can view the full answer on this post? I really just need the answer to Exercise7 activity 5 question 9.   Design your own experiment for testing the effect of opening the valve of the right lung.  Was there any difference from the effect of opening the valve of the left lung?  and The answers to activity 7. Thanks.

There's a lot of people on here that can help answer this, wait till they log on ;)

According the manual, for Exercise 7, activity 5 (Activity 5: Exploring Various Breathing Patterns (p. 92)), I don't have answers that reach to question question 9. :thi:

Thanks I was able to figure out the answers  :) What do I need to do to be considered a contributing member? I already made a donation and answered someones post.

Donations unfortunately don't get you unlimited answers to PhysioEx stuff. :-\ :-\

Ya I wasn't asking for unlimited answers....I just asked what I need to do to be considered a contributing member.  I made a donation and I answered a question that is a contribution. Obviously there is some sort of requirement that's why I asked.  :-\

Hey jwigginjr,

Thanks for your donation. What other questions are you in need of?

Bio_man thanks for the reply. I already completed the assignment so I am good for now. My last assignment is exercise 9 next week. I should be good but if I have a question I will post it. After next week I will have all the answers to PhysioEX 8.0 exercises 1-9 if someone needs help.

No worries, whenever you're ready, start a new topic.

Activity 5/6/7/8?

What does that mean?

This was a fun lab.  My teach asked a different question for Activity 4 the last question: In the last part of the activity, when the reset button was clicked, what procedure would be used in real lungs? What is the condition called in real lungs?
My answer was: The original condition is referred to Pneumothorax, so we would need to reverse this by taking out the air in the intrapleural space with chest tubes.  This allows the pleurae to heal and the lung to re-inflate and resume normal function.
I hope that's right. Thank you all for the help.

Did you open a valve of some sort? If so, you're right, it stimulates the pneumothorax.

Situation:   
Your thirst and hunger centers tell you that you are dehydrated and hungry.  You decide a cold water (or beer if you fancy) and chicken wings will satisfy such desires. You need to reach for your frosty beverage on the counter directly in front of you.  Your starting point should be anatomical position.

Instructions: 
(Part 1)   
Specify the movements, muscles, bones, and joints involved in reaching for the glass and bringing it to your mouth. As in the previous Application Assignment, explain any and all movements individually across each joint involved specifying the actions involved (i.e. flexion, extension, etc.), the muscles causing such actions, the bones being pulled on by said muscles, the types of joints involved, and how these movements collectively relate to the overall scenario/movements in this application.
(Part 2)
Trace the path of the water from the mouth to the urethra, listing the path in as much detail as possible.  Be very specific and very detailed.  Your answer should include both the digestive and renal systems.
(Part 3)
 You finally go in for some chicken wings.  Specify the movements, muscles, bones and joints involved in opening your mouth and chewing those scrumptious wings. Once again, explain any and all movements individually across each joint involved specifying the actions involved (i.e. flexion, extension, etc.), the muscles causing such actions, the bones being pulled on by said muscles, the types of joints involved, and how these movements collectively relate to the overall scenario/movements in this application.
(Part 4)
Trace the path of “the wings” from the mouth to the anus, listing the path in as much detail as possible.  Again, be very specific and very detailed including the absorption/elimination of nutrients/wastes.

Can someone please help me with the last few questions on the comparative spirometry activity for exercise 37b A and P? I found the explanation on search but it will not let me view it because I haven't contributed yet. I just signed up tho and don't need all the other exercises, which I could view bc they were closer to the top of the post.

Please start a new topic, this one is already resolved.

Thank you so much for your help.

43.  How is this condition similar to having emphysema?  How is it different?

Both are respiratory diseases, but they affect different parts of respiratory system. Asthma infects the airways and emphysema attacks the lung tissue.

43 & 44:
Both are respiratory diseases, but they affect different parts of respiratory system. Asthma infects the airways and emphysema attacks the lung tissue.
A spirogram of a person with restrictive lung disease would show reduced VC, TLC, FRC, and RV.

Very Helpful! Thank you!  :)

You guys are awesome! All the questions I normally have are already answered on here. Thanks again!

10. What effect does opening the valve have on the left lung? Why does this happen?

It deflates. Intrapleural pressure allows the lung to recoil and the surface tension of the aveloar fluid.

Activity 1:
1.   MRV = TV X BPM – MRV= 7500 ml/min
2.   The ERV does not include the tidal volume. ERV is the amount of air that can be expelled after a tidal exhalation. Therefore the tidal volume is not included int the ERV.
Activity 2:
Exercise 2: Chart 1   FEV1 as % Of VC
Radius (mm)   FEV1 (ml)   Vital Capacity (ml)   FEV1 (%)
5.00   3541   4791   0.7390
4.50   2303   3143   0.7327
4.00   1422   1962   0.7248
3.50   822   1150   0.7148
3.00   436   621   0.7021

1.   The FEV1 percentage will decrease as the airway radius is decreased. The FEV1 percentage is the amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs in one second during expiration. As the airway becomes smaller, the resistance to the airflow will increase and the FEV1 percentage will decrease.
Activity 3:
1.   The FEV1 percentage decreases as the airway radius decreases.
2.   The airflow increased when the surfactant was applied because the resistance to the lung inflation has been reduced.
3.   Since surfactant actually decreases the resistance of lung inflation, it is actually beneficial. However, premature infants do not have surfactant so they do not get the decreased resistance for lung inflation, hence trouble in breathing.

One or more volumes together equals a capacity.

Great info

Thanks!

Thank you so much!