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Title: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 17, 2019 I would like to know on why people feel blue during winter, does it lack of sunlight?
Does anyone have any suggestions in term of biology? Thanks in advance for any suggestions Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 17, 2019 Long time ago, one of our members wrote a blog about this. It's called seasonal depression and it has to do with sunlight and serotonin levels. Have a read:
https://biology-forums.com/index.php?article=1025 Any follow up questions, let us know! Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 17, 2019 I would like to know on any new articles about following issues since 2014.
"how (SAD - seasonal affective disorder) can be affected by light levels" Conclude : More Sunlight product More SAD , which have less access to serotonin, the brain signalling compound associated with feelings of wellbeing and happiness Do you have any suggestions on how SAD works under light levels? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 17, 2019 Found some great articles for you:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673349/ https://www.europeanreview.org/article/1251 From the first of 2 links above, it states: People with seasonal affective disorder have difficulty regulating the neurotransmitter serotonin, a neurotransmitter believed to be responsible for balancing mood [2]. In one study, people with SAD had 5% more SERT, a protein that assists with serotonin transport, in the winter months than in summer [2]. SERT transports serotonin from the synaptic cleft to the presynaptic neuron, so higher SERT levels lead to lower serotonin activity, thus causing depression [2]. Throughout the summer, sunlight generally keeps SERT levels naturally low [2]. But as sunlight diminishes in the fall, a corresponding decrease in serotonin activity also occurs. Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 18, 2019 people with SAD had 5% more SERT, a protein that assists with serotonin transport, in the winter months than in summer [2]. SERT transports serotonin from the synaptic cleft to the presynaptic neuron, so higher SERT levels lead to higher lower serotonin activity, thus causing depression [2]. Throughout the summer, sunlight generally keeps SERT levels naturally low [2]. But as sunlight diminishes in the fall, a corresponding increase decrease in serotonin activity also occurs. Could you please check on whether the highlight area is correct or not? Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 18, 2019 Here's what I think is happening. SERT is a type of transporter protein that transports serotonin from the synaptic cleft back to the presynaptic neuron.
See the illustration I drew. Therefore, your highlighted suggestion is wrong Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 18, 2019 SERT is a protein if it assists with serotonin transport, then higher SERT levels would lead to higher lower serotonin activity, "SERT is assisting role" Would it make more sense? if not, I would like to know why SERT would lower serotonin activity as an assisting role.
Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 18, 2019 No, SERT is a serotonin reUPTAKE protein. So:
The less sunlight → the more SERT → the less serotonin reaching the postsynaptic neuron ∴ depression. Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 18, 2019 Referring to following video, I would like to know on whether following process is correct or not.
1) When a serotonergic neuron is stimulated, serotonin is released into the synaptic cleft, this process does not require protein as mentioned on video 2) if SERT is uptaking protein, then 3) there is less serotonin-transporter generated with less protein 4) it is less likely able to remove of serotonin from the synaptic cleft back to nerve terminal 5) serotonin should remain longer within synaptic cleft, which should be more serotonin with synaptic space. Do you have any suggestions on which processing stage is wrong? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4D3IlIcqny4 Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 18, 2019 (2) doesn't make sense to me.
The less SERT, the longer serotonin stays in the cleft and the more likely it is to activate serotonin receptors. Thus, the longer its effects. SERT is the bad guy Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 18, 2019 Referring to following image, when SERT increase, I would like to know on which stage is initially affected on serotonin-transporter during serotonin synthesis
(https://biology-forums.com/gallery/40/94679_18_05_19_10_18_19.png) (https://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view&id=40208) Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 18, 2019 SERT production and serotonin synthesis are not coupled. None of the steps shown above indicate the formation of SERT, as SERT levels are assumed to be normal in the video. Also, SERT is already found on the presynaptic membrane, regardless if you have SAD symptoms or not
Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 18, 2019 If there is more SERT on uptaking proteins within (presynaptic membrane) nerve terminal on stage 1, then less serotonergic neuron is stimulated and less serotonin is released into the synaptic cleft, would it be correct process by the role of SERT? On the other words, SERT would affect the amount of released serotonin within (presynaptic membrane) nerve terminal on stage 1. Would it be correct?
Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 18, 2019 Serotonin is released via exocytosis (pockets of internal membrane holding serotonin released out into the synaptic cleft); it's not via a specialized "serotonin protein". Like I mentioned, SERT is a completely different protein whose simple job is to vacuum up the serotonin once it's no longer needed.
Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 18, 2019 SERT is a completely different protein whose simple job is to vacuum up the serotonin once it's no longer needed. Referring to following image, the role of SERT should be on stage 4, Serotonin action is terminated via removal of serotonin molecules from the synaptic space to (presynaptic membrane) nerve terminal through Serotonin transporter. I would like to know on how the role of SERT play on this process. (https://biology-forums.com/gallery/40/94679_18_05_19_10_56_39.png) (https://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view&id=40209) Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 18, 2019 As mentioned in my previous post, SERT acts as a vacuum, taking serotonin back into the nerve to be used again.
That's its only role. Relating back to your original question, those with SAD, according to the study referenced have more SERT produced, so more "vacuuming". Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 18, 2019 With less Sunlight, I would like to know on which following is correct or not
1) serotonin synthesis would be less active, and SERT vacuuming role remain same performance. 2) serotonin synthesis remain same performance, but SERT vacuuming role would be more active. Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 18, 2019 Neither. (2) is more right, except the "vacuuming" happens more because there are more "vacuums"
Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 18, 2019 I would like to know on why SERT vacuuming process is more active / efficient in term of performance with less Sunlight. What elements within SERT relate to process efficiency with less Sunlight? On the other words, Sunlight would suppress any process with SERT in term of efficiency.
Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) The less SERT, the longer serotonin stays in the cleft and the more likely it is to activate serotonin receptors. Thus, the longer its effects. If longer serotonin stays in the cleft and get a higher chances to activate serotonin receptors, I would like to know on how this process related to emotion (less depression). Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 19, 2019 External factors, like the sun, cannot encourage the formation of proteins directly. Rarely do external factors influence a gene directly, unless it's a cancerous source. That being said, the link I provided on page 1 only states that there's a connection between SAD and SERT, but does not provide a biochemical pathway. In fact, it might not even be the sun! I couldn't find any literature either between sun exposure and SERT production after searching, so they probably haven't made that connection yet or one doesn't exist. If it were the sun, hypothetically speaking, it wouldn't act directly on the protein -- that's impossible because these neurons are in the brain.
If longer serotonin stays in the cleft and get a higher chances to activate serotonin receptors, I would like to know on how this process related to emotion (less depression). You're asking how does serotonin affect one's emotions. For this we'd have to research the biochemical pathways associated with serotonin. That's something I do not have much information about currently, but I'll research it further and then update this thread -- or you can start a fresh new topic -- it's up to you Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 19, 2019 Let zoom out the box - biochemical pathways, for activating serotonin receptors, I would like to know what purpose of processing signals are through following process (1) & (2) and how the quality of signals are different if serotonin stays longer within the cleft. On the other hands, do the processing signal relates to send commend from the brain to move the leg, that kind of purpose?
1) serotonin synthesis 2) SERT vacuuming Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 19, 2019 I would like to know what purpose of processing signals are through following process (1) & (2) and how the quality of signals are different if serotonin stays longer within the cleft. With neurons, there's this notion called the "all-or-nothing" principle, which means that a neuron only fires if enough of a signal is present. Anything less than what it needs to activate the initial action potential will not elicit a response. Anything more than what it needs to initiate the action potential will give the same signal regardless. On the other hands, do the processing signal relates to send commend from the brain to move the leg, that kind of purpose? Serotonin has little to do with leg movement. Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 19, 2019 If longer serotonin stays in the cleft and get a higher chances to activate serotonin receptors, If there are higher chances to activate serotonin receptors, would the frequency of impulsing signals is higher on postsynaptic neuron? Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 19, 2019 If there are higher chances to activate serotonin receptors, would the frequency of impulsing signals is higher on postsynaptic neuron? As soon as the threshold of the postsynaptic neuron is met, the response is the same moving forward. In other words, regardless of how many serotonin receptors are activated, as soon as the threshold is reached, an action potential will follow, BUT it must reach that threshold first (whatever that threshold may be -- it's not important). Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 19, 2019 It implied that if there are higher chances to activate serotonin receptors, the frequency of impulsing signals would be higher on postsynaptic neuron.
If Brain sends impulsing signals to kidney for releasing hormone, I would like to know on how kidney responses differently based on following conditions: 1) frequency of impulse signals is 60 times per minute 2) frequency of impulse signals is 10 times per minute Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Starting around 5:00 about postsynaptic neuron https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VitFvNvRIIY Starting at 8:50, "cocaine blocks that reuptake, especially of dopamine, allowing these powerful chemicals to float around and accumulate - makinng the user feel eiphoric for a time, but also paranoid and jittery. And because you have a limited supply of these neurotransmitters, and your body needs time to brew more, flooding your synapses like this eventually depletes your supply, making you feel terrible in a number of ways" Would running out of supply lead to depression as described above? Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 19, 2019 1) frequency of impulse signals is 60 times per minute 2) frequency of impulse signals is 10 times per minute That's not how neurons work. It's not a matter of frequency, as most biological processes work on feedback loops. If a neuron is activated, and its response activates a negative feedback loop, the next impulse to that nerve will not occur because biological processes will inhibit it. If after the neuron is activated, and its response initiates a positive feedback loop, then the neuron will re-activate to produce more of what it's programmed to activate. There's also the absolute refractory period that a neuron needs to overcome. This is the period of time during which a second action potential ABSOLUTELY cannot be initiated, no matter how large the applied stimulus is. Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 19, 2019 Would running out of supply lead to depression as described above? What's that in reference to? Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 Starting at 8:50, "cocaine blocks that reuptake, especially of dopamine, allowing these powerful chemicals to float around and accumulate - makinng the user feel eiphoric for a time, but also paranoid and jittery. And because you have a limited supply of these neurotransmitters, and your body needs time to brew more, flooding your synapses like this eventually depletes your supply, making you feel terrible in a number of ways"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VitFvNvRIIY Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 20, 2019 Thanks for clarifying
Would running out of supply lead to depression as described above? Absolutely, yes Cocaine withdrawal leads to depression, anxiety, agitation, paranoia and drug craving. Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 "cocaine blocks that reuptake, especially of dopamine, allowing these powerful chemicals to float around and accumulate - making the user feel eiphoric for a time, but also paranoid and jittery. And because you have a limited supply of these neurotransmitters, and your body needs time to brew more, flooding your synapses like this eventually depletes your supply, making you feel terrible in a number of ways"
Could you please describe more on how biological processes work, once reuptake is blocked? What process would depletes the supply of these neurotransmitters continually? If limited supply is running out, what would go to happen within neurons? Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 20, 2019 Could you please describe more on how biological processes work, once reuptake is blocked? What process would depletes the supply of these neurotransmitters continually? If limited supply is running out, what would go to happen within neurons? Cocaine prevents dopamine from being recycled back into the presynaptic neuron, causing large amounts to build-up in the space between two nerve cells. This flood of dopamine in the brain’s reward circuit strongly reinforces drug-taking behaviors, because the reward circuit eventually adapts to the excess of dopamine caused by cocaine, and becomes less sensitive to it. As a result, people take stronger and more frequent doses in an attempt to feel the same high, and to obtain relief from withdrawal. Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 Let apply cocaine's logic into feeling blue during winter, if SERT vacuuming process (reuptake) is more active, preventing these powerful serotonin to float around and accumulate - what would make the user feel?
Would the frequency of impulse signals increase as biological processes work faster on feedback loops? Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 20, 2019 Because rather than reaching the post synaptic neuron, it gets sucked back into the pre synaptic neuron.
Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 Therefore it is less impulsing signal to activate serotonin-receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. The purpose of impulsing signal is to send messages to other organs, if there is less signals, I would like to know on how organs are being affected on performance under this situation.
Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 20, 2019 * I'm assuming you're speaking of a nerve impulse.
Hope I understood you correctly Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 Due to SERT reducing the chance of initiating action potential, message (impulsing signals) cannot transfer properly from brain to any organs for certain regular tasks. Would it cause endocrine disorders?
Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 20, 2019 Even if SERT levels are higher than normal, serotonin production is unaffected. Its release is also unaffected. The message will still be relayed to the next neuron, but rather than activating it 100% of the time, it's activate it 80% of the time instead.
Serotonin neurons innervate almost all areas of the brain the human anatomy. For example, serotonin activates respiration and enhances the stimulatory effect of CO2 on breathing. (https://biology-forums.com/gallery/40/6_20_05_19_11_05_15.png) (https://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view&id=40210) Fig: Serotonergic projections in the human brain, arising from the raphe nuclei. The Serotonergic projections innervate sympathetic preganglionic neurons, the sensory glomeruli in olfactory bulb, the intermediate lobe of pituitary, the epithelial cells of choroid plexus, the lateral ventricles, the motor neurons of brainstem, the spinal cord, visual cortex and all regions of cerebral cortex. Other transmitter systems make specialized contacts with serotonergic targets: the dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, the noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus, pacemaker neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, specialized calbindin GABA interneurons in hippocampus,and pyramidal cortical neurons. Cell types in close proximity to the serotonin fibers include glia,endothelial cells, ependymal cells in addition to the pineal gland and subcommissural organ. Source: https://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=downloads;sa=view;down=12831 Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 rather than activating it 100% of the time, it's activate it 80% of the time instead. I would like to know on how body feels with activating 80% of the time instead of 100%, "it seems slow down the frequency of impulsing signals", correct statement? would it be the cause of generating the feeling of depression? Thinking slowly, Response slowly ... Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 20, 2019 Symptoms of SAD arise. SAD is a form of depression, a list of symptoms include:
Sadness, withdrawal, feelings of hopelessness or guilt, changes in sleeping or eating habits, and frequent thoughts of suicide Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 Should SERT be discussed on this issue instead of SAD? Do SAD related to SERT under this situation?
Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) I would like to know on how symptoms of SAD arise under this situation. Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 20, 2019 SAD and SERT are intrinsically related. We discussed this a lot earlier. Please re-read this post, specifically what's in the box.
https://biology-forums.com/index.php?topic=1925261.msg4967995#msg4967995 Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 Throughout the summer, sunlight generally keeps SERT levels naturally low [2]. But as sunlight diminishes in the fall, a corresponding decrease in serotonin activity also occurs. Do you find any related reference on how sunlight keep SERT levels low based on biological processes? Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 20, 2019 Do you find any related reference on how sunlight keep SERT levels low based on biological processes? SERT concentration and sunlight are *not* related. There's no literature that makes this correlation either. There is a correlation, however, between seasonal variations and SERT gene expression, where those with SAD had higher SERT concentrations. We can't blame the lack of sun, for example, for SAD, and for the same reason blame the lack of sun for high SERT concentrations because there isn't a direct biological reason connecting the two variables. Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 "Serotonin levels. A drop in serotonin, a brain chemical (neurotransmitter) that affects mood, might play a role in SAD. Reduced sunlight can cause a drop in serotonin that may trigger depression."
Referring to above statement, it seems that SERT is not the right direction, Redcing sunlight would drop serotonin instead of activating SERT. "Serotonin, normal seasonal variations, and sunlight. According to the empirical literature, there appears to be a relationship between normal seasonal variations in the levels of serotonin and the amount of available sunshine. At the very basic science level, exposure to light has been reported to activate the synthesis of serotonin in yeast extracts, suggesting a direct relationship between sunshine and the production of serotonin." REF : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3779905/ I would like to know on what spectrum (color / wavelength) of light would help to grow yeast faster. Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 20, 2019 You're right. I did not know sunlight affects serotonin levels, this is new to me.
I found an excellent article that should answer all your questions. I've uploaded it below: In this article, it mentions this part which is important to you: Serotonin, normal seasonal variations, and sunlight. According to the empirical literature, there appears to be a relationship between normal seasonal variations in the levels of serotonin and the amount of available sunshine. At the very basic science level, While there have been some inconsistencies among these studies (e.g., a lack of seasonal variation in serotonin transporters has been reported),20,21 they collectively suggest that normal adults tend to exhibit elevated serotonin levels in the late summer and fall, and reduced serotonin levels in the spring—likely in relationship to available sunlight. Given these normal variations, it may be that individuals who are susceptible to seasonal effects are especially sensitive to these changes in the presence of psychopathology. Serotonin and the skin. In addition to other body sites (e.g., brain, gut, platelets), serotonin is present in human cutaneous tissue. This conclusion is founded upon the discovery that the machinery of the serotonergic system is present in the skin. For example, tryptophan hydroxylase, the initial enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin, is found in human skin.14 Likewise, serotonin and serotonin transporters have been detected in human keratinocytes, the predominant cell type (90%) in the epidermis. This leads to the deduction that mammalian skin can actually produce serotonin.14 Stated in scientific prose, Slominski et al22 posit that human skin expresses intrinsic serotonin biosynthetic pathways. Slominski et al also point out the common embryological ectodermal origin of the brain and the epidermis, which supports the presence in both of similar biological elements. These researchers even suggest that the cutaneous serotonergic system may be the evolutionary remnant of an ancestral system that operated primarily in the periphery.14 Skin and light—an explanation for seasonal variation? While there are other contributing explanations for the relationship between light and serotonin, such as the retinoraphe tract23 (i.e., a tract between the retina and raphe nuclei that might account for the light-induced modulation of serotonin), the role of the skin in the generation of serotonin remains a competing possibility. In support of the role of the skin in the photostimulation of serotonin, Gambichler et al24 conducted an intriguing study. These investigators examined the effects of light exposure in the laboratory for three weeks on 42 subjects in comparison with 11 controls. All participants wore opaque goggles, which for those exposed to light were designed to block out ultraviolet-A radiation (i.e., to eliminate the retinal mediation of serotonin effects). Individuals exposed to light evidenced higher serum serotonin levels during this experiment than controls, which the authors proffered might be explained by a “cutaneous pathway.” While the preceding data are preliminary, findings suggest that the seasonal alterations in serotonin may partially be the result of the serotonin infrastructure in the skin. In other words, it is possible that the skin, itself, is involved in the production and bio-regulation of serotonin. (This phenomenon might partially explain the human predilection for sunbathing.) This is not meant to exclude other pathways such as the retinoraphe tract. Hope this helps and apologies for the confusion on my previous post. :innocent: Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 I would like to know on what spectrum (color / wavelength) of light would help to grow yeast faster.
Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 20, 2019 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/2786220/
337 nm But remember, yeast are never used as a model for animals, so do not base your understanding off of that. Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 Conclusion : exposure to light Near-UV (337 nm) has been reported to activate the synthesis of serotonin in yeast extracts, that would solve the winter blue issue, right?
Thank you very much for suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 20, 2019 Conclusion : exposure to light Near-UV (337 nm) has been reported to activate the synthesis of serotonin in yeast extracts, that would solve the winter blue issue, right? Thank you very much for suggestions (^v^) Definitely not the case for humans, not even close. As mentioned: Quote yeast are never used as a model for animals, so do not base your understanding off of that. Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 This conclusion is founded upon the discovery that the machinery of the serotonergic system is present in the skin. For example, tryptophan hydroxylase, the initial enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin, is found in human skin Should enzyme activate the synthesis of serotonin instead of yeast? If yes, I would like to know on what spectrum (color / wavelength) of light would help to grow enzyme faster. Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 20, 2019 Should enzyme activate the synthesis of serotonin instead of yeast? Ignore the yeast finding. It doesn't pertain to humans. Yes, enzymes are what's responsible for the biosynthesis of serotonin in yeast, but who cares? You're concerned about SAD -- a condition related to humans. would like to know on what spectrum (color / wavelength) of light would help to grow enzyme faster. Everything minus ultraviolet. Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 20, 2019 I would like to know on whether blue or red light help to accelerate chemical reactions within enzyme faster.
Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 21, 2019 I looked up the actual study referenced above. It was called
Impact of UVA exposure on psychological parameters and circulating serotonin and melatonin (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC113771/) According to the study, the subjects were exposed to UVA, which has a wavelength between 315–400 nm. Quote I would like to know on whether blue or red light help to accelerate chemical reactions within enzyme faster. The same study mentions: We found a modest increase of serotonin and a decrease of melatonin levels in the UVA-exposed volunteers at T2. Both changes were statistically significant (P < 0.001; P < 0.01). At all times, differences of serotonin levels of the non-exposed controls did not reach significant levels. The conversion of serotonin to melatonin is a photosensitive step resulting from the photoinhibition of the enzymes N-acetyltransferase. It has recently been reported that UVA radiation is a powerful signal affecting the pineal melatonin-generating system and inhibits N-acetyltransferase [33,38,39]. Accordingly, it has been observed that melanocytes are photoresponsive cells which express and metabolize indolamines, such as melatonin, during the G2 phase while responding to UV exposure [40]. Therefore, we make the hypothesis that UVA radiation leads to an inhibition of N-acetyltransferase via a cutaneous pathway [41]. As a result the production of serotonin increases at the expense of melatonin. Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 21, 2019 After UVA exposure, is there information mentioned about how long this chemical effect lasts for increasing the production of serotonin at the expense of melatonin?
For example, UV today is 7 (High) and I go to take a Sunbath for 2 hours on the beach, how long period is last for increasing the production of serotonin at the expense of melatonin within my body? Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) "The sun's rays provide warmth and light that enhance your general feeling of well-being and stimulate blood circulation. Some UV radiation is essential to the body as it stimulates the production of vitamin D. Vitamin D has an important function in increasing calcium and phosphorus absorption from food and plays a crucial role in skeletal development, immune function and blood cell formation. There is no doubt that a little sunlight is good for you! But 5 to 15 minutes of casual sun exposure of hands, face and arms two to three times a week during the summer months is sufficient to keep your vitamin D levels high. Closer to the equator, where UV levels are higher, even shorter periods of exposure suffice." https://www.who.int/uv/faq/uvhealtfac/en/index1.html Referring to above statement, after 15 minutes of sun exposure, vitamin D is generated within body, I would like to know on how long this dosage of vitamin D last based on body's daily consumption. Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) "Another study found that 30 minutes of midday summer sun exposure in Oslo, Norway was equivalent to consuming 10,000–20,000 IU of vitamin D (8). The commonly recommended daily dose of vitamin D is 600 IU (15 mcg) (3)." https://health.usnews.com/wellness/articles/2018-07-18/how-much-time-in-the-sun-do-you-need-for-vitamin-d Based on above statement, for 30 minutes sun exposure, it generates 15,000 IU of vitamin D, which equal to 25 days dose. so for 30 minutes sun exposure, during winter, I would like to know on how long period is last for increasing the production of serotonin at the expense of melatonin within my body? "Rohan and her team followed up with people the next two winters. The CBT folks were done with treatment after the initial winter, but the light-therapy subjects would have to keep it up. In winters one and two, both groups had similar reductions in SAD symptoms. But there was a marked difference in the third winter: People who did light therapy had a relapse rate of 46 percent versus 27 percent in the CBT group, and they had more severe symptoms, too. Why? Because they stopped doing it. People had to return the boxes to the lab after the first winter for upkeep, like bulb replacement. Before winter two, they got letters saying they could come in to borrow a box, and listing specifications if they preferred to buy one. For winter three, the lab didn’t offer loaners, but Rohan did offer to write letters to people’s insurance companies arguing that they should be covered. Less than a third of subjects in this group reported any light therapy that winter. And thus the higher relapse rate." https://www.thecut.com/2016/01/sad-lamp-light-therapy-for-seasonal-depression.html Referring to above statement, I don't understand why people who did light therapy had a relapse rate of 46 percent versus 27 percent in the CBT group, and they had more severe symptoms, too. Do you have any suggestions on what is going on after light therapy? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) Starting 0:50, "The life-sustaining power of enzymes lies in the fact that they catalyze reaction in mild conditions of pH, temperature and atmospheric pressure" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yk14dOOvwMk Referring to above statement, I would like to know on how following factors affect enzymes' efficiency on catalyze reaction: 1) pH 2) temperature 3) atmospheric pressure Do you find any related reference on this issue? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) The optimum factors are different based on different enzymes, for winter blue - moods, I would like to know on what optimum factors are for those enzymes related to moods' issues. (https://biology-forums.com/gallery/40/94679_21_05_19_5_25_38.png) (https://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view&id=40212) (https://biology-forums.com/gallery/40/94679_21_05_19_5_26_08.png) (https://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view&id=40213) Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: bio_man on May 21, 2019 Quote After UVA exposure, is there information mentioned about how long this chemical effect lasts for increasing the production of serotonin at the expense of melatonin? For example, UV today is 7 (High) and I go to take a Sunbath for 2 hours on the beach, how long period is last for increasing the production of serotonin at the expense of melatonin within my body? Do you have any suggestions? Thank you very much for any suggestions (^v^) According to the study, subjects were separated into two groups based on their skin type:
These types were based on the Fitzpatrick's classification (best to read the article to understand this further). Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC113771/ - - - Given that our discussion here is based on SAD, serotonin, etc., best to start a new topic on the other inquiries you have. We're not staying on topic :lol: Title: Re: Why do people feel blue during winter? Post by: oemBiology on May 21, 2019 Thank you very much for suggestions (^v^)
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