Biology Forums - Study Force

What accurately characterizes the nature of the Opium War?
 
  a. It was begun, and won, by China.
  b. The Chinese began hostilities as the only means available to them to stop the opium trade of the British.
  c. Philippine smugglers used the war to monopolize the Chinese opium trade.
  d. The British used Chinese objection to opium importation as a pretext to unilaterally invade China and forcibly open it to Western trade.
  e. The war was a competitive confrontation between the Western colonialist nations to determine which would be the most successful at flooding China with opium.

d