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CAR3153 CAR3153
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12 years ago

EXERCISE 9:  RENAL SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY

ACTIVITY 1:  The Effect of Arteriole Radius on Glomerular Filtration   Answers
1.   According to your lab manual, in humans the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ranges from _____ to _____ ml/minute.   
2.   When the radii of both the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole were set at 0.45mm, the GFR was approximately ______ ml/minute.
a.   40
b.   60          
c.   80
d.   120   
3.   True or False:  Drinking a lot of caffeine (coffee or cola) leads to an increased urine volume.  This might result from a decrease in the radius of the efferent arteriole.    
4.   What are two primary functions of the kidney?   
5.   What are the components of the renal corpuscle?   
6.   Starting at the renal corpuscle, list the components of the renal tubule as they are encountered by filtrate.   
7.   Describe the effect of decreasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate.   
8.   Describe the effect of increasing the afferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate.   
9.   Describe the effect of decreasing the efferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate.   
10.   Describe the effect of increasing the efferent arteriole radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate.   
ACTIVITY 2:  The Effect of Pressure on Glomerular Filtration
11.   True or False:  In humans, glomerular capillaries can filter as much as 180 liters of filtrate in 24 hours.   
12.   In this simulation, when the radius of the afferent arteriole was 50mm, the radius of the efferent arteriole was 0.45mm, and the beaker pressure was set to 100mmHg, the GFR was approximately _____ ml/min.   
13.   When the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder was closed and when the beaker pressure was 100mmHg, the GFR was approximately _____ ml/min and the urine volume was approximately ______ ml.
a.   100;  100
b.   110;  50        
c.   60;  0
d.   110;  0   
14.   As the systemic blood pressure increased, what happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and the GFR?   
15.   Compare the urine volume in your baseline data with the urine volume as you increased the systemic blood pressure.   
16.   How could the change in urine volume with the increase in blood pressure be viewed as being beneficial to the body?   
17.   When the one-way valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder was closed, what happened to the filtrate pressure in Bowman’s capsule (was not directly measured) and the GFR?   
18.   How did increasing the systemic blood pressure alter the results when the valve was closed?   
ACTIVITY 3:  Renal Response to Altered Blood Pressure
19.   True or False:  The renal system (the kidneys) is very important in regulating plasma osmolarity, plasma volume, and the body’s electrolyte balance.     
20.   In this simulation, when the radius of the afferent arteriole was 0.60mm, the radius of the efferent arteriole was 0.45mm, and the beaker pressure was 70mmHg, the GFR was approximately _______ mm/min.   
21.   When the radius of the afferent arteriole was 0.60mm, the radius of the efferent arteriole was 0.35mm, and the beaker pressure was 70mmHg, the urine volume changed to approximately ______ ml.
a.   50
b.   80          
c.   200
d.   240   
22.   List the several “mechanisms” you have explored that change the GFR.  How does each of them specifically alter the GFR?   
23.   Describe and explain what happened to the glomerular capillary pressure and GFR when both arteriole radii changes were implemented simultaneously with the low blood pressure condition.   
24.   Which arteriole radius adjustment was more effective at compensating for the effect of low blood pressure on the GFR?   
ACTIVITY 4:  Solute Gradients and Their Impact on Urine Concentration
25.   Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a.   is synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted from the posterior pituitary gland.
b.   affects the reabsorption of water in the kidneys.
c.   if absent from the body, results in a condition named diabetes insipidus.
d.   All of the above are correct.            
26.   If a person is very dehydrated, compared to normal, the urine volume will ______ and the concentration of the urine will ________.
a.   increase;  increase
b.   increase;  decrease         
c.   decrease;  increase
d.   decrease;  decrease   
27.   True or False:   ADH affects water reabsorption by its effect on the glomerular arterioles.     
28.   What happened to the urine concentration as the solute concentration in the interstitital space was increased?   
29.   What happened to the volume of urine as the solute concentration in the interstitial space was increased?   
30.   What do you think would happen to the urine volume if you did not add ADH to the collecting duct?   
31.   Is most of the tubule filtrate reabsorbed into the blood stream (the body) or excreted in urine?  Explain.   
ACTIVITY 5:  Reabsorption of Glucose via Carrier Proteins
32.   True or False:  Renal processing of glucose that is filtered in the glomeruli is primarily by secretion back into the blood stream.         
33.   In this simulation, you varied the number of glucose carriers.  When the glucose concentration in the tubules and urinary bladder became zero, the total number of glucose carriers was ______.
   
34.   True or False:  The kidneys of a person with type 1 diabetes are able to synthesize extra glucose carrier molecules so that no glucose is excreted in urine.      
35.   When there were 200 glucose carriers, the glucose concentration in the distal tubule and urinary bladder was approximately
a.   0
b.   2.5         
c.   5
d.   10   
36.   What happens to the concentration of glucose in the urinary bladder as the number of glucose carriers increases?   
37.   What types of transport are utilized during glucose reabsorption and where do they occur?   
38.   Why does the concentration of glucose in the urinary bladder become zero in these experiments?   
39.   A person with type 1 diabetes cannot make insulin in the pancreas; a person with type 2 diabetes does not respond normally to the insulin that is made in the pancreas.  In either case, why (or when) would you expect to find glucose in the person’s urine?   
ACTIVITY 6:  The Effect of Hormones on Urine Formation
43.   The hormone aldosterone promotes renal absorption of _______ into the body and the secretion of _______ from the body.
a.   Water;  NaCl 
b.   sodium;  potassium         
c.   NaCl;  potassium
d.   Glucose;  NaCl   
44.   In this simulation, when both aldosterone and ADH were added, the concentration of potassium in the urine increased from approximately 6 to ______.   
45.   How did the addition of aldosterone affect urine volume (compared with baseline)?    
46.   How did the addition of ADH affect urine volume (when compared with baseline)?
Why did the addition of ADH also affect the concentration of potassium in the urine (when compared with baseline)?   
47.   What is the principal determinant for the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?   
48.   How did the addition of both aldosterone and ADH affect urine volume (compared with baseline)?    
49.   What is the principal determinant for the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland?
Does ADH favor the formation of dilute urine or of concentrated urine?     
50.   Which hormone (aldosterone or ADH) has the greater effect on urine volume?   

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lemurlemur
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