× Didn't find what you were looking for? Ask a question
Top Posters
Since Sunday
5
o
5
4
m
4
b
4
x
4
a
4
l
4
t
4
S
4
m
3
s
3
New Topic  
MEKAYLA MEKAYLA
wrote...
Posts: 27
Rep: 4 0
12 years ago
1.   Mrs. Jackson, a 59 year old woman, has undergone a left radical mastectomy (removal of left breast and left axillary lymph nodes and vessels). Her arm is severely swollen and painful, and she is unable to raise it to more than shoulder height. (a). Explain her signs and symptoms. (b) can she expect to have relief from these symptoms in time? How so? (4 points). Answer:  (a). After Mrs. Jacksons radical mastectomy, an infection to set up causing inflammation.  (b.)  Yes, she can expect relief in no time.  Mrs. Jacksons arm need to be immobilized to hinder the flow of inflammatory material from that region (pg. 754 in Marieb).
2.   A friend tells you that she has tender, swollen, “glands” along the left side of the front of her neck. You notice that she has a bandage on her left cheek that is not fully hiding a large infected cut there. Exactly what are her swollen, “glands”, and how did they become swollen? (4 points). Answer:  The swollen glands are the lymph nodes in her neck, which is detecting the infection from the cut on the friend neck.  The lymph nodes are becoming overwhelmed with trying to fight the infection and its causing them to become swollen and painful (pg. 757 in Marieb).
3.   Once almost a rite of childhood, tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils) is now rarely performed. Similarly, while ruptured spleens were once routinely removed, they are now conserved whenever possible. Why should these lymphoid organs be preserved whenever possible? (4 points). Answer:  These lymphoid organs are preserved because surgeons have discovered that if left alone, these organs can often repair itself (pg. 758 in Marieb).
10. Compare and contrast blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph (4 points). Answer:  as blood circulates through the body, nutrients, wastes, and gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluid.  The hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures operating at capillary beds force fluid out of the blood at the arterial ends of the beds and cause most of it to be reabsorbed at the venous ends.  The fluid that remains behind in the tissue spaces becomes part of the interstitial fluid.  This leaked fluid, plus any plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream, must be carried back to the blood to ensure that the cardiovascular system has sufficient blood volume to operate properly.  Once interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic, it is called lymph (pg. 753 in Marieb).
11. Compare the structure and functions of a lymph node to those of the spleen. (4 points). Answer:  The spleen is about the size of a fist and is the largest lymphoid organ.  Located in the left side of the abdominal cavity, it curls around the anterior aspect of the stomach.   The spleen is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, has trabeculae that extend inward, and contains both lymphocytes and macrophages.  Its functions are to cleanse the blood by extracting aged and defective blood cells and platelets in the blood.  And its macrophages removes debris and foreign matter from blood flowing through it sinuses.  The spleen also stores some of the break down products of red blood cells for later reuse and releases others to the blood for processing by the liver.  It stores blood plates and it is also thought to be a site of erythrocyte production in the fetus (pg. 758 in Marieb).  A lymph node varies in shape and size, but most are bean shaped and less than 1 inch in length.  Each node is surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule from which trabeculae extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments.  Lymph nodes have two basic functions, (1). As lymph is transported back to the blood stream, the lymph nodes act as lymph filters.  (2). Lymph nodes also help to activate the immune system (pg. 756 in Marieb).

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions (1-5) page 803.
1.   Jenny, a 6-year-old child who has been raised in a germ-free environment from birth, is a victim of one of the most severe examples of an abnormal immune system. Jenny also suffers from cancer caused by the Epstein Barr virus. Relative to this case: (a) What is the usual fate of children with Jenny’s condition and similar circumstances if no treatment is attempted? (b) Why is Jenny’s brother chose as the hematopoietic stem cell donor? (c) Why is her physician planning to use the umbilical cord blood as a source of stem cells for transplant if her brother’s stem cells fail (what are the hoped for results)? (d) attempt to explain Jenny’s cancer. (e) What similarities and dissimilarities exists between Jenny’s illness and aids? (10 points, 2 point each). Answer:
2.   Some people with a deficit of IgA exhibit recurrent respiratory tract infections. Explain this observation. (2 points). Answer:  If there is a deficit of IgA, which is a secretion of antibodies, it means that the body cannot fight off any unwanted pathogens and that’s the reason behind the reoccurring infections (pg. 784 in Marieb).
3.   Capillary permeability increases and plasma proteins leak into the interstitial fluid as part of the inflammatory process. Why is this desirable? (2 points). Answer:  It is desirable because when there is an injury, the clotting proteins in the interstitial fluids forms a gel like fibrin mesh that forms a scaffold for permanent repair.  This isolates the injured area and prevents the spread of bacteria and other harmful agents to the surrounding tissues (pg. 769 in Marieb).
4.   Costanza was picking grapes in her father’s arbor when she felt a short prickling pain in her finger. She ran crying to her father, who removed an insect stinger and calmed her with a glass of lemonade. Twenty minutes later Costanza’s finger was red, swollen, and throbbing where she had been stung. What type of immune response was she exhibiting? What treatment would relieve her discomfort? (4 points). Answer:  The type of immune response that Costanza is exhibiting is known as anaphylactic shock.  Epinephrine is the drug of choice to reverse these histamine mediated affects (pg. 798 in Marieb). 
5.   Caroline, a pregnant 29 year old woman who is HIV positive and has no signs of AIDS. Which of Caroline’s cells are infected by the virus and why can this be devastating to the immune system? (2 points). Answer:  Although Caroline’s TH cells are the main HIV targets, other cells displaying CD4 protein are at risk as well.  It is devastating because, in time, a profound deficit of B cell and cytotoxic cell function develops, sending the whole immune system into disorder (pg. 796 in Marieb).

Read 13778 times

Related Topics

New Topic      
Explore
Post your homework questions and get free online help from our incredible volunteers
  963 People Browsing
Related Images
  
 177
  
 148
  
 1476
Your Opinion
Where do you get your textbooks?
Votes: 284