Hughes and Hughes (1952) suggested that if it is easy to resign from the group:

Hughes and Hughes (1952) suggested that if it is easy to resign from the group:
 
  a. it is a true ethnic group.
  b. it is not a true ethnic group.
  c. it is probably Eurocentric ethnicity.
  d. it is probably Afrocentric ethnicity.

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The author argues that, for Americans, a paradoxical result of studying race and ethnic relations in other societies is:
 
  a. they learn that in many ways Americans are no different from people in other parts of the world.
  b. they learn that in many ways Americans are fundamentally different from people in other societies.
  c. they begin to better understand their own society.
  d. they begin to realize that the United States is superior to other societies.