Different community and school perceptions and treatment of the Saints and the Roughnecks are due to ...

Different community and school perceptions and treatment of the Saints and the Roughnecks are due to all of the following EXCEPT
 
  a. visibility: the Saints' economic resources enabled them to commit their deviant acts away from center their hometown and community unlike the Roughnecks.
  b. political correctness: the Saints unlike the Roughnecks were politically more conservative, voted in elections and discussed current political issues.
  c. demeanor: the Saints unlike the Roughnecks responded to authorities with politeness, appearing apologetic and penitent when accused of wrongdoing.
  d. bias: community tended to excuse Saints but not Roughnecks for deviant acts.

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Because of recent court decisions and referenda, affirmative action is today increasingly focused on
 
  a. African-Americans and Latinos.
  b. job quotas.
  c. hiring goals.
  d. active recruitment of women and minority applicants.
  e. both b and c