When a person is chewing food, the concentration of ions in saliva changes with:
A. a decrease in Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-
B. a decrease in Na+, Cl-, and an increase in HCO3-
C. a decrease in K+ and Na+
D. an increase in Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-
E. a decrease in K+ and HCO3-
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Question 2) A patient with a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease has been treated chronically with a proton pump inhibitor that substantially reduces gastric acid secretion.
Compared with a normal individual, the patient will be at increased risk of which of the following?
A. enteric infections
B. fat malabsorption
C. carbohydrate malabsorption
D. lactose intolerance
E. cystic fibrosis
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Question 3) A swallow will initiate which of the following events?
A. contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter
B. relaxation of the gastric antrum
C. secondary esophageal peristalsis
D. relaxation of the pyloric sphincter
E. relaxation of the gastric cardia
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Question 4) In an experimental study, a researcher transects cranial nerve IX in a dog. Compared to an unoperated animal, which of the following responses to the sight and smell of a meal will be reduced?
A. pancreatic enzyme secretion
B. relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
C. gastric acid secretion
D. gastric relaxation
E. salivation
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Question 5) A patient is referred to a rheumatologist for treatment of an autoimmune disease. She complains of excessive dryness of her eyes and mouth. After tests, a diagnosis of Sjgren's syndrome is made.
The rheumatologist advises her that she is also at increased risk for which of the following?
A. foodborne diarrheal diseases
B. compression fractures
C. hypertension
D. tooth decay
E. asthma
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Question 6) The enteric nervous system contains which kinds of neurons?
A. interneurons
B. afferent (sensory) neurons
C. efferent (motor) neurons
D. all of the above
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Question 7) Gastrin stimulates release of histamine via an action defined as:
A. neurocrine
B. endocrine
C. paracrine
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Question 8) A scientist genetically engineers a mouse to lack the hormone secretin. Compared with a normal animal, which of the following would be expected to be increased in the mutant mouse?
A. pH of pancreatic ductular secretion
B. volume of pancreatic secretion
C. pH of duodenal contents
D. susceptibility to duodenal erosions and ulcerations
E. gallbladder contractibility
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Question 9) The postganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating the gastrointestinal tract lie in which ganglia?
A. dorsal root ganglia
B. nodose ganglia
C. ventral horn of the spinal cord
D. paravertebral ganglia
E. prevertebral ganglia
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Question 10) The craniosacral outflow from the central nervous system gives rise to which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system?
A. sympathetic
B. parasympathetic
C. enteric nervous system
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