The cells of the retina in which action potentials are generated are the ________.
A) amacrine cells
B) ganglion cells
C) rods and cones
D) bipolar cells
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Question 2) Select the statement below that is not true with regards to the process of light adaptation.
A) Visual acuity is diminished.
B) Retinal sensitivity decreases.
C) Rhodopsin is uncoupled from light transduction.
D) The activity of rods is reduced by rapid bleaching of rhodopsin.
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Question 3) Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
A) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
B) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
C) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide
D) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
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Question 4) Addison's disease is usually due to an insufficient output of glucocorticoids only.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
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Question 5) Matching
A) Neural stimulus
B) Hormonal stimulus
C) Humoral stimulus
31) Testosterone production.
32) Epinephrine production.
33) Aldosterone production.
34) Parathyroid hormone production.
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Question 6) Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate.
This is possible because ________.
A) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers
B) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
C) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
D) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene
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Question 7) Matching
A) D
B) A
C) B
D) C
25) Mainly produces glucocorticoids.
26) Produces epinephrine.
27) Produces aldosterone.
28) Excess hormone levels from this region result in Cushing's syndrome.
29) Hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters.
30) Mainly produces small amounts of gonadocorticoids.
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Question 8) If you shine a light into one eye both pupils will constrict. The best explanation for this is ________.
A) sensory input from the retinas of both eyes converges at the optic chiasm and information from each eye is delivered to both the left and right sides of the brain
B) information from one eye is directly and immediately transferred to the other eye to maintain alignment of the eyes
C) a small portion of light always enters the other eye
D) this in fact does not occur and information from both eyes is always separated
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Question 9) Matching
A) Addison's disease
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Graves' disease
D) Acromegaly
E) Pituitary dwarfism
11) An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland.
12) Hyposecretion of growth hormone.
13) Hyposecretion of the pancreas.
14) Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex.
15) Hypersecretion of growth hormone
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Question 10) Matching
A) Myxedema
B) Cushing's disease
C) Gigantism
D) Cretinism
16) Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults.
17) Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex.
18) Hypersecretion of growth hormone.
19) Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants.
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