Opsonization involves
A. cross-linking several antigens together so that they are no longer soluble, and it is facilitated by the Fc region of the antibody.
B. marking a target for phagocytosis, and it is facilitated by interaction of the Fc region of the antibody with a phagocyte.
C. activation of NK cells, and it is a function of the antigen-binding site of the antibody.
D. fixation of antibodies in the IgG and IgM classes, and it involves the antigen-binding site of the antibody.
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Question 2) An immunoglobulin is a(n)
A. antibody, which is a white blood cell.
B. antibody, which is a protein molecule.
C. lymphocyte, which is a white blood cell.
D. lymphocyte, which is a protein molecule.
E. antigen, which is a cell receptor.
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Question 3) The clumping of foreign cells that occurs when antibodies cross-link their antigens is known as
A. agglutination.
B. neutralization.
C. precipitation.
D. opsonization.
E. fixation.
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Question 4) The concentration of a particular antibody within the blood is referred to as the antibody ________.
Fill in the blank with correct word.
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Question 5) The secondary response of the immune system to an infectious agent involves
A. fewer cells than the antigen challenge, as the response has become more specific.
B. more cells than the antigen challenge, due to the proliferation of memory cells.
C. amnesia of past exposures, so that a perfectly adapted response can be generated to the new pathogen.
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Question 6) Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by
A. increasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis.
B. increasing the permeability of infected cells and preventing apoptosis.
C. decreasing the permeability of infected cells and inducing apoptosis.
D. decreasing the permeability of infected cells and preventing apoptosis.
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Question 7) Some biologists have criticized the traditional analogy of the immune system to an army, arguing that it is unnecessarily militaristic. They have proposed other analogies that compare immune functioning to gardening or housekeeping.
Develop one of these or create your own analogy for immune function and describe the roles of helper T-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and B-lymphocytes using language that fits your metaphor.
What will be an ideal response?
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Question 8) Why are functions of T-lymphocytes referred to as cell-mediated immunity?
A. Because T-lymphocytes are cells and not just plasma proteins
B. Because T-lymphocytes work against antigens associated with cells
C. Because T-lymphocytes work only against single-celled infectious agents
D. Because T-lymphocytes must activate other classes of cells in order to have any effect
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Question 9) One function of helper T-lymphocytes is to enhance the activity of cells of the innate immune system.
Indicate whether this statement is true or false.
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Question 10) The second signal during B-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation from
A. IL-2 released by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
B. IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes.
C. bradykinin released by antigen-presenting cells.
D. antibodies released by antigens.
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