1) The answer should include the following points:
- Because children lack power on account of their age, size, and lack of resources, they are easy targets for adult oppression.
- Adult oppression of children occurs in multiple social contexts and falls on a continuum ranging from benign neglect to malignant abuse.
- Oppression leads to adaptive reactions by children. The oppression of children produces at least four adaptations: passive acceptance, exercise of illegitimate coercive power, manipulation of peers, and retaliation.
- Childrens adaptations to oppression create and reinforce adults view of children as inferior subordinate beings and as troublemakers. This view enables adults to justify their role as oppressors and further reinforces childrens powerlessness.
2) The answer should include the following points:
- The symbolic interactionist theory of delinquency has several strengths:
- It builds on symbolic interactionist theory.
- It builds on and adds to the insights of labeling theory.
- The symbolic interactionist theory of delinquent behavior is insightful regarding how both law-abiding and delinquent youths form their conceptions of themselves and how these perceptions influence their decision making.
- It contributes helpful insights about the influence of delinquent peers and the group context on youths self-appraisals.
3) The answer should include the following points:
- The public health approach employs the following four-step procedure to identify issues that need attention and to develop solutions:
(1) Define the nature of the problem using scientific methods or data.
(2) Identify potential causes using analyses of risk and protective factors associated with the problem.
(3) Design, develop, and evaluate interventions.
(4) Disseminate successful models as part of education and outreach.
4) The answer should include the following points:
- Big Brothers Big Sisters of America
- Bullying Prevention Program
- Functional Family Therapy
- Incredible Years: Parent, Teacher, and Child Training Series
- Life Skills Training
- Midwestern Prevention Project
- Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care
- Multisystemic Therapy
- NurseFamily Partnership
- Project Toward No Drug Abuse
- Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies
5) The answer should include the following points:
The three basic groups of conflict criminologists are:
- those emphasizing socioeconomic class
- those emphasizing power and authority relationships
- those emphasizing group and cultural conflict
Those who emphasize socioeconomic class call themselves radical, Marxist, critical, humanist, or new criminologists and do not identify with the other two groups.
Some significant differences exist between radical criminologists and the other two groups:
- The non-Marxist conflict criminologists emphasize a plurality of interests and power and do not put a single emphasis on capitalism, as do the Marxist conflict criminologists, nor do the non-Marxist conflict criminologists reject the legal order as such or the use of legal definitions of crime.
6) The answer should include the following points:
- social order as a dynamic process that is the ever-evolving product of an ongoing system of social interaction and communication
- theory proposes to explain delinquent behavior in terms of self-development mediated by language
- focus on the process by which shared meanings, behavioral expectations, and reflected appraisals are built up through interaction and applied to behavior
Matsuedas four features of the self and delinquent behavior are:
- the self is formed by how an individual perceives that others view him or her and thus is rooted in symbolic interaction
- the self is an object that arises partly endogenously within situations, and partly exogenously from prior situational self being carried over from previous experience
- the self as an object becomes a process that has been determined by the self at a previous point in time and by prior resolutions of problematic situations
- delinquent behavior takes place partly because habits are formed and partly because the stable perception of oneself is shaped by the standpoint of others
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